Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein, successful aging, and mortality: the PolSenior study
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BACKGROUND: In the elderly, chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) is a risk factor for the development of aging-related diseases and frailty. Using data from several thousand Eastern Europeans aged 65 years and older, we investigated whether the serum levels of two proinflammatory factors, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), were associated with physical and cognitive performance, and could predict mortality in successfully aging elderly. RESULTS: IL-6 and CRP levels systematically increased in an age-dependent manner in the entire study group (IL-6: n = 3496 individuals, p < 0.001 and CRP: n = 3632, p = 0.003), and in the subgroup of successfully aging individuals who had never been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, type 2 diabetes, or cancer, and had a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥24 and a Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) score ≥5 (IL-6: n = 1258, p < 0.001 and CRP: n = 1312, p < 0.001). In the subgroup of individuals suffering from aging-related diseases/disability, only IL-6 increased with age (IL-6: n = 2238, p < 0.001 and CRP: n = 2320, p = 0.249). IL-6 and CRP levels were lower in successfully aging individuals than in the remaining study participants (both p < 0.001). Higher IL-6 and CRP levels were associated with poorer physical performance (lower ADL score) and poorer cognitive performance (lower MMSE score) (both p < 0.001). This association remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, lipids, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and smoking status. Longer survival was associated with lower concentrations of IL-6 and CRP not only in individuals with aging-related diseases/disability (HR = 1.063 per each pg/mL, 95 % CI: 1.052-1.074, p < 0.001 and HR = 1.020 per each mg/L, 95 % CI: 1.015-1.025, p < 0.001, respectively) but also in the successfully aging subgroup (HR = 1.163 per each pg/mL, 95 % CI: 1.128-1.199, p < 0.001 and HR = 1.074 per each mg/L, 95 % CI: 1.047-1.100, p < 0.001, respectively). These associations remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, lipids and smoking status. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed similar results (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Both IL-6 and CRP levels were good predictors of physical and cognitive performance and the risk of mortality in both the entire elderly population and in successfully aging individuals.
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In the serum of healthy adults, IL-6 is normally lower than 2 pg/mL or undetectable, and serum IL-6 gradually increases with advancing age.
“In the serum of healthy adults, IL-6 is normally lower than 2 pg/mL or undetectable, while a gradual increment of serum IL-6 amounts with advancing ages (Fig. 3) [39, 40].”
From The double-edged effects of IL-6 in liver regeneration, aging, inflammation, and diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
The Results section’s Table 1 shows median serum IL-6 rising across age groups from 65–69 to 90+, including among successfully aging participants. It does not establish that IL-6 is normally below 2 pg/mL or undetectable in healthy adults generally; even in the 65–69 successfully aging group, 2 pg/mL is not an upper limit. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis leads to an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins.
“This leads to an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins (59, 60).”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
Chronic and low-grade inflammation can lead to tissue dysfunction and degeneration.
“Chronic and low-grade inflammation can lead to tissue dysfunction and degeneration.”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
In the course of aging, there is a reduction in the ability to endure consequences of antigenic, chemical, physical, and nutritional triggers of inflammation.
“In the course of aging, there is a reduction in the ability to endure consequences of antigenic, chemical, physical, and nutritional triggers of inflammation.”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
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- Authors
- Puzianowska-Kuźnicka, M., Owczarz, M., Wieczorowska-Tobis, K., Nadrowski, P., Chudek, J., Slusarczyk, P., Skalska, A., Jonas, M., Franek, E., & Mossakowska, M.
- Affiliations
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (PL)
- Medical University of Silesia (PL)
- Jagiellonian University (PL)
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
- Venue
- Immunity & Ageing
- Published
- 2016-06-03
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-21
- ISSN
- 1742-4933 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4891873
- OpenAlex
- W2416122254
- Cited by
- 445
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 48.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Immunity & Ageing (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Homo Politicus (Academy of Humanities and Economics in Lodz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (PBZ-MEiN-9/2/2006 – K143/P01/2007/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, inflammaging, successful aging, mortality, older adults, physical performance, activities of daily living, cognitive performance, Mini-Mental State Examination, frailty, age-related diseases, Eastern Europe, aging biomarkers, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, smoking, glomerular filtration rate, body mass index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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