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COVID-19 in adult patients with pre-existing chronic cardiac, respiratory and metabolic disease: a critical literature review with clinical recommendations
Open accessAbstract
Background: A high burden of severe disease and death from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been consistently observed in older patients, especially those with pre-existing medical co-morbidities. The global pandemic lockdown has isolated many patients with chronic illnesses from their routine medical care. This narrative review article analyses the multitude of issues faced by individuals with underlying medical conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Sources for this publication were identified through searches of PubMed for articles published between 31st December 2019 and 4th June 2020, using combinations of search terms. Guidelines and updates from reputable agencies were also consulted. Only articles published in the English language were included. Results: The volume of literature on COVID-19 continues to expand, with 17,845 articles indexed on PubMed by 4th June 2020, 130 of which were deemed particularly relevant to the subject matter of this review. Older patients are more likely to progress to severe COVID-19 disease requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, especially hypertension and coronary heart disease, are at greatly increased risk of developing severe and fatal COVID-19 disease. A controversial aspect of the management of COVID-19 disease has been the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Obese COVID-19 patients are more likely to require complex ICU management. Putative mechanisms of increased COVID-19 disease severity in diabetes include hyperglycaemia, altered immune function, sub-optimal glycaemic control during hospitalisation, a pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory state. Patients with mental health disorders are particularly vulnerable to social isolation, and this has been compounded by the suspension of non-emergency care in hospitals around the world, making it difficult for patients with chronic mental illness to attend outpatient appointments. Conclusions: The global pandemic of COVID-19 disease has had a disproportionately negative impact on patients living with chronic medical illness. Future research should be directed at efforts to protect vulnerable patients from possible further waves of COVID-19 and minimising the negative impact of pandemic mitigation strategies on these individuals.
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“COVID-19 has imposed especially high morbidity and mortality burdens on people with comorbid conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and heart disease.”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [389]
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Richez, C., Flipo, R., Berenbaum, F., Cantagrel, A. G., Claudepierre, P., Debiais, F., Dieudé, P., Goupille, P., Roux, C., Schaeverbeke, T., et al. (2020) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.05.006 · Cited by 24
Severe obesity as a barrier to international travel: a qualitative analysis
Flaherty, G. T., Geoghegan, R., Brown, I. G., & Finucane, F. M. (2019) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taz018 · Cited by 17
Self-citationRetrospective analysis of older travellers attending a specialist travel health clinic
Darrat, M., & Flaherty, G. T. (2019) · Tropical Diseases Travel Medicine and Vaccines · doi:10.1186/s40794-019-0094-8 · Cited by 16
Self-citationEnsuring care for clozapine-treated schizophrenia patients during the COVID-19 pandemic
Nichols, J. E., Gannon, J. M., Conlogue, J., Sarpal, D. K., Montgomery, J. L., Sherwood, R., Fabian, T. J., Ballough, J. R., Fredrick, N. M., & Chengappa, K. N. R. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.053 · Cited by 16
Health challenges of international travel for obese patients
Mozo, M. V., Finucane, F. M., & Flaherty, G. T. (2017) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/tax065 · Cited by 15
Self-citationOne size does not fit all: towards personalized risk assessment in travel medicine
Flaherty, G. T. (2018) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/tay076 · Cited by 10
Self-citationThe significance of non-communicable threats to travellers: time for a sea-change?
Sanford, C. A., & Flaherty, G. T. (2018) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/tay103 · Cited by 10
Self-citationPatel, T. K., Barvaliya, M. J., Kevadiya, B. D., Patel, P. B., & Bhalla, H. L. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-020-09940-9 · Cited by 10
Caring for Patients with Advanced Stage Cancer at the Time of COVID-19
Brunello, A., & Zagonel, V. (2020) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2020-0230 · Cited by 9
Psoriasis, biologic therapy, and the pandemic of the 21st century
Nogueira, M., Vender, R. B., & Torres, T. (2020) · Drugs in Context · doi:10.7573/dic.2020-4-10 · Cited by 9
Sleep apnoea: no obstruction to international travel
Walsh, S. M., & Flaherty, G. T. (2020) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa078 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPre-travel Health Advice for Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
Liew, C. H., & Flaherty, G. T. (2019) · International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health · doi:10.15171/ijtmgh.2019.18 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
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Immunology of aging: the birth of inflammaging
Fulop, T., Larbi, A., Pawelec, G., Khalil, A., Cohen, A. A., Hirokawa, K., Witkowski, J. M., & Franceschi, C. (2021) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-021-08899-6 · Cited by 464
SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 expression, and systemic organ invasion
Ashraf, U., Abokor, A. A., Edwards, J. M., Waigi, E. W., Royfman, R., Hasan, S. A., Smedlund, K., Grégio, A. M. T., Chakravarti, R., & Koch, L. G. (2020) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00087.2020 · Cited by 181
Neuropsychiatric Complications of COVID-19
Nakamura, Z. M., Nash, R. P., Laughon, S. L., & Rosenstein, D. L. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01237-9 · Cited by 153
Immune response in COVID-19: what is next?
Li, Q., Wang, Y., Sun, Q., Knopf, J., i, M. H., Lin, L., Jiang, J., Shao, C., Li, P., He, X., et al. (2022) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-022-01015-x · Cited by 150
Metadata
- Authors
- Flaherty, G. T., Hession, P., Liew, C. H., Lim, B. C. W., Leong, T. K., Lim, V., & Sulaiman, L. H.
- Affiliations
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- IMU University (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Flaherty, Gerard Thomas
- ORCID
- Venue
- Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines
- Published
- 2020-08-28
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16-16
- ISSN
- 2055-0936 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7453673
- OpenAlex
- W3082633457
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Tropical Diseases Travel Medicine and Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › COVID-19 and healthcare impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, comorbid chronic disease, cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases, metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, coronary artery disease, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, intensive care unit admission, hyperglycemia, social isolation, mental illness, pandemic lockdown, access to outpatient care, vulnerable populations
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