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Depressive disorders in Europe: prevalence figures from the ODIN study
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Background: This is the first report on the epidemiology of depressive disorders from the European Outcome of Depression International Network (ODIN) study. Aims: To assess the prevalence of depressive disorders in randomly selected samples of the general population in five European countries. Method: The study was designed as a cross-sectional two-phase community study using the Beck Depression Inventory during Phase 1, and the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry during Phase 2. Results: An analysis of the combined sample ( n =8.764) gave an overall prevalence of depressive disorders of 8.56% (95% Cl 7.05–10.37). The figures were 10.05% (95% Cl 7.80–12.85) for women and 6.61% (95% Cl 4.92–8.83) for men. The centres fall into three categories: high prevalence (urban Ireland and urban UK), low prevalence (urban Spain) and medium prevalence (the remaining sites). Conclusions: Depressive disorder is a highly prevalent condition in Europe. The major finding is the wide difference in the prevalence of depressive disorders found across the study sites.
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“These studies, based in selected samples from Liverpool in the case of the ODIN study (Ayuso-Mateos et al., 2001), and south east London in the case of the SELCoH study (Hatch et al., 2012), have reported higher prevalence estimates for depression, varying between 5% and 15% depending on the specific study.”
From Prevalence and age patterns of depression in the United Kingdom. A population-based study (2021) · cites this paper as Ayuso-Mateos et al., 2001
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“…community studies have been conducted in Spain to date and they report prevalence estimates ranging up to 20% for lifetime prevalence of depression (Ayuso-Mateos et al., 2001; Fernandez Fernandez et al., 2006; Haro et al., 2006b; Mateos et al., 2000; Roca-Bennasar et al., 2001; Urbina Torija et…”
InfluentialAdjustment disorder as proposed for ICD-11: Dimensionality and symptom differentiation
Glaesmer, H., Romppel, M., Brähler, E., Hinz, A., & Maercker, A. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.010 · Cited by 130
“Overall the prevalence is in line with the few epidemiologic studies in the general population (Ayuso-Mateos et al., 2001; Maercker et al., 2008, 2012).”
ResultA Longitudinal Study of Adjustment Disorder After Trauma Exposure
O'Donnell, M. L., Alkemade, N., Creamer, M. C., McFARLANE, A. C., Silove, D. M., Bryant, R. A., Felmingham, K. L., Steel, Z., & Forbes, D. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16010071 · Cited by 125
Mental illness in a rural area
Kringlen, E., Torgersen, S. O., & Cramer, V. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0080-0 · Cited by 113
Robertson, K., Bayón, C., Molina, J., McNamara, P. H., Resch, C., Muñoz-Moreno, J. A., Kulasegaram, R., Schewe, K., Burgos-Ramirez, A., de Álvaro, C., et al. (2014) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.936813 · Cited by 111
“Depressive and anxiety symptomatology were assessed using the self-administered Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire, which consists of seven items each relating to depression (HADS-D) and anxiety (HADS-A), respectively.”
MethodResultInfluentialThe Prevalence and Risk Factors for Depression Symptoms in a Rural Chinese Sample Population
Zhou, X., Bi, B., Zheng, L., Li, Z., Yang, H., Song, H., & Sun, Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099692 · Cited by 113
Lewis, A. J., Kremer, P. J., Douglas, K., Toumbourou, J. W., Hameed, M. A., Patton, G. C., & Williams, J. W. (2015) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12086 · Cited by 122
Richards, D., Timulak, L., O'Brien, E., Hayes, C., Vigano, N., Sharry, J., & Doherty, G. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.10.005 · Cited by 109
Aarestrup, F. M., Brown, E. W., Detter, C., Gerner‐Smidt, P., Gilmour, M. W., Harmsen, D., Hendriksen, R. S., Hewson, R., Heymann, D. L., Johansson, K., et al. (2012) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid/1811.120453 · Cited by 112
“Variations in the prevalence of unipolar depressive disorders in some European countries, Australia, New Zealand and Japan were estimated directly from relevant population studies (115) .”
BackgroundViinamäki, H. T., Tanskanen, A. J., Honkalampi, K. M., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H. T., Haatainen, K. M., Kaustio, O., & Hintikka, J. (2004) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480310000798 · Cited by 112
Higher levels of state depression in masculine than in feminine nations
Arrindell, W. A., Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00185-7 · Cited by 105
Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy in primary health care: a review.
Høifødt, R., Strøm, C., Kolstrup, N., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2011) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmr017 · Cited by 101
Unrecognised symptoms of depression in a community–based population with multiple sclerosis
McGuigan, C., & Hutchinson, M. (2006) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0963-0 · Cited by 102
“12:1) providing a comparable control population to the MS group used in this study [4].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssociation between suicidal behaviour and impaired glucose metabolism in depressive disorders
Koponen, H., Kautiainen, H., Leppänen, E., Mäntyselkä, P. T., & Vanhala, M. J. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0567-x · Cited by 103
“Background Depression is thought to have multifaceted pathophysiology and increased risk for having depression is related to type two diabetes and other cardiometabolic disorders [1–3].”
BackgroundCasey, P., Dunn, G., Kelly, B. D., Lehtinen, V., Dalgard, O. S., Dowrick, C. F., & Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0313-5 · Cited by 102
Self-citationCan adjustment disorder and depressive episode be distinguished? Results from ODIN
Casey, P., Maracy, M., Kelly, B. D., Lehtinen, V., Ayuso-Mateos, J.-L., Dalgard, O. S., & Dowrick, C. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.01.021 · Cited by 101
“…light of the findings regarding symptom severity in the present study further study is required, since the high prevalence of depressive episodes found in this (Ayuso-Mateos et al 2001)and other studies (Kessler et al 1994; Jenkins et al 1997) has implications for treatment and resource allocation.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAssessment of depression and suicidal behaviour among medical students in Portugal
Coentre, R. M., Faravelli, C., & Figueira, M. L. (2016) · International Journal of Medical Education · doi:10.5116/ijme.57f8.c468 · Cited by 103
Multimodal e-mental health treatment for depression: a feasibility trial
Mohr, D. C., Duffecy, J., Jin, L., Ludman, E. J., Lewis, A., Begale, M., & McCarthy Jr, M. (2010) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1370 · Cited by 82
“1% of the general population suffers from a depressive or mood disorder in a 12-month period [1,2].”
BackgroundAdjustment disorders: prevalence in a representative nationwide survey in Germany
Maercker, A., Forstmeier, S., Pielmaier, L., Spangenberg, L., Brähler, E., & Glaesmer, H. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0493-x · Cited by 92
“9% (meeting the impairment criterion) are consistent with previous findings [12, 16].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCasey, P. (2009) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11311000-000000000-00000 · Cited by 92
Self-citationZhang, K., Xu, Q., Xu, Y. J., Yang, H., Luo, J., Sun, Y., Sun, N., Wang, S., & Shen, Y. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.07.012 · Cited by 91
THE BEREAVEMENT EXCLUSION AND DSM-5
Zisook, S., Corruble, E., Duan, N., Iglewicz, A., Karam, E. G., Lanuoette, N., Lebowitz, B., Pies, R., Reynolds, C., Seay, K., et al. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21927 · Cited by 89
“On the contrary, European studies generally find similar depression prevalence rates when DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria are compared[35].”
ResultPrevalence and age patterns of depression in the United Kingdom. A population-based study
Arias de la Torre, J., Vilagut, G., Ronaldson, A., Dregan, A., Ricci-Cabello, I., Hatch, S. L., Serrano-Blanco, A., Valderas, J. M., Hotopf, M., & Alonso, J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.129 · Cited by 92
Li, H.-Y., Luo, X.-N., Ke, X.-Y., Dai, Q., Zheng, W., Zhang, C., Cassidy, R., Soares, J., Zhang, X.-Y., & Ning, Y.-P. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186143 · Cited by 85
Neuropsychiatric symptoms following metal-on-metal implant failure with cobalt and chromium toxicity
Green, B., Griffiths, E., & Almond, S. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1174-1 · Cited by 89
“We analysed the sample prevalence of depressive disorder against the prevalence of depression found in Liverpool in the 2001 ODIN study, as Liverpool was the nearest city to the sample population [4].”
MethodThe State of Mental Health in the European Union
Kovess, Brugha, T. S., Carta, M. G., & Lehtinen, V. (2004) · UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) · Cited by 87
Self-citationAdjustment Disorder: New Developments
Casey, P. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0451-2 · Cited by 89
Self-citationChazelle, É., Lemogne, C., Morgan, K., Kelleher, C. C., Chastang, J., & Niedhammer, I. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.049 · Cited by 88
“The prevalence of MD and GAD observed in our sample were perfectly consistent with previous results in Europe and in the US (Ayuso-Mateos et al., 2001;Kessler et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultGallagher, S. M., & Hannigan, A. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.11.029 · Cited by 88
Hintikka, J., Tolmunen, T., Honkalampi, K. M., Haatainen, K. M., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H. T., Tanskanen, A. J., & Viinamäki, H. T. (2005) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-005-0148-2 · Cited by 87
The Impact of Well - Being Therapy on Symptoms of Depression
Moeenizadeh, M., & Salagame, K. K. K. (2010) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v2n2p223 · Cited by 89
Nonataxia symptoms in Friedreich Ataxia
Reetz, K., Dogan, I., Hohenfeld, C., Didszun, C., Giunti, P., Mariotti, C., Dürr, A., Boesch, S., Klopstock, T., Garrido, F. J. R. D. R., et al. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006121 · Cited by 94
Self-citationA European Approach to Rural—Urban Differences in Mental Health: The ESEMeD 2000 Comparative Study
Kovess–Masféty, V., Alonso, J., de Graaf, R., & Demyttenaere, K. (2005) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370505001407 · Cited by 84
“The ODIN investigators found large urban–rural differences in the prevalence of depressive disorders in the British Isles (that is, in the UK and Ireland) but not in the 2 participating Nordic countries (Finland and Norway).”
BackgroundResultMurcia, M., Chastang, J.-F., & Niedhammer, I. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.014 · Cited by 81
“countries (Ayuso-Mateos et al., 2001; Demyttenaere, 2004) and studied populations, and differences may be observed between general population and working population.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Vázquez-Barquero, J. L., Dowrick, C., Lehtinen, V., Dalgard, O. S., Casey, P., Wilkinson, C., Lasa, L., Page, H., Dunn, G., Wilkinson, G., & the Odin Group
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- University of Wales (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2001-10
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 308-316
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2166822947
- Cited by
- 564
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 28.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Research and Development
- European Commission
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depressive disorders, prevalence, community-based epidemiology, sex differences, urban-rural differences, cross-national variation, general population, Beck Depression Inventory
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Community Psychiatry, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Europe, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Rural Population, Urban Population, Prevalence
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