CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 601Schizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health Treatment and AccessSuicide and Self-Harm Studies

Twenty-five year mortality of a community cohort with schizophrenia

Open access
Brown, Steve, Kim, Miranda, Mitchell, Clemence, Inskip, Hazel·2010·British Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067512PMC PMC4560167
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background: People with schizophrenia have significantly raised mortality but we do not know how these mortality patterns in the UK have changed since the 1990s. Aims: To measure the 25-year mortality of people with schizophrenia with particular focus on changes over time. Method: Prospective record linkage study of the mortality of a community cohort of 370 people with schizophrenia. Results: The cohort had an all-cause standardised mortality ratio of 289 (95% CI 247–337). Most deaths were from the common causes seen in the general population. Unnatural deaths were concentrated in the first 5 years of follow-up. There was an indication that cardiovascular mortality may have increased relative to the general population ( P = 0.053) over the course of the study. Conclusions: People with schizophrenia have a mortality risk that is two to three times that of the general population. Most of the extra deaths are from natural causes. The apparent increase in cardiovascular mortality relative to the general population should be of concern to anyone with an interest in mental health.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067512

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Death rates are increased in people with severe mental illness (SMI) relative to the general population, reflected in the 10- to 20-year reduced life expectancy observed.

    “Death rates are increased in people with severe mental illness (SMI) relative to the general population, and this is reflected in the 10- to 20-year reduced life expectancy observed.1–3”

    From Mortality gap for people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: UK-based cohort study 2000–2014 (2017) · cites this paper as [1]

    The Results (All cause mortality; page unavailable) report an all-cause mortality ratio of 289 for the schizophrenia cohort—about three times the rate in England and Wales. The paper does not establish a 10- to 20-year reduction in life expectancy or extend its finding to all people with severe mental illness. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The same widening of the mortality gap was found in another Danish study and in a UK study.

    “The same widening of the mortality gap was found in another Danish study (Nielsen et al. 2013b) and in a study from the United Kingdom (Brown et al. 2010).”

    From Excess early mortality in schizophrenia. (2014) · cites this paper as Brown et al. 2010

    The Results (Time trends in mortality; page unavailable) show a rise in cardiovascular mortality relative to the general population, but the trend was of borderline statistical significance. The all-cause mortality ratio changed only slightly and not significantly (P=0.6), so the paper does not establish the unqualified widening of the mortality gap attributed to the UK study. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A British study found an MRR of 2 to 3.

    “In the British study, an MRR of 2 to 3 was found.”

    From Excess early mortality in schizophrenia. (2014) · cites this paper as Brown et al. 2010

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Brown, S., Kim, M., Mitchell, C., & Inskip, H.
Affiliations
  • Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
  • University of Southampton (GB)
Corresponding author
Brown, Steve
ORCID
Venue
British Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
Royal College of Psychiatrists
Published
2010-02
Volume
196
Issue
2
Pages
116-121
ISSN
  • 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
  • 1472-1465
DOI
10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067512
PMC
PMC4560167
OpenAlex
W2117811890
Cited by
601
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 42
FWCI
30.97
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 2892 d)
Locations
  • The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Keywords
schizophrenia, mortality, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, unnatural death, natural death, mortality trends, community-based cohort, data linkage
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, England, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Schizophrenia, Sex Factors, Smoking, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review