Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
Background: The excess mortality of schizophrenia is well recognised, but its precise causes are not well understood. Aims: To measure the standardised mortality ratio (SMR) and examine the reasons for any excess mortality in a community cohort with schizophrenia. Method: We carried out a 13-year follow-up of 370 patients with schizophrenia, identifying those who died and their circumstances. Results: Ninety-six per cent of the cohort was traced. There were 79 deaths. The SMRs for all causes (298), for natural (232) and for unnatural causes (1273), were significantly higher than those to be expected in the general population, as were the SMRs for disease of the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, nervous and respiratory systems, suicide and undetermined death. Smoking-related fatal disease was more prominent than in the general population. Conclusions: Some of the excess mortality of schizophrenia could be lessened by reducing patients' smoking and exposure to other environmental risk factors and by improving the management of medical disease, mood disturbance and psychosis.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Excess mortality associated with mental disorders has been demonstrated to be predominantly due to 'natural' causes.
“Excess mortality associated with mental disorders has been demonstrated to be predominantly due to ‘natural’ causes [3], [5], [30], [31], [36]–[38]”
From Life Expectancy at Birth for People with Serious Mental Illness and Other Major Disorders from a Secondary Mental Health Care Case Register in London (2011) · cites this paper as [5]
The Natural cause mortality section reports that natural causes accounted for 63% of excess mortality, and Overall mortality says about two-thirds of extra deaths were from natural causes. The study concerns people with schizophrenia; it does not establish the same predominance across mental disorders generally. Page numbers are not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOther studies found an increased or no different overall risk of cancer in patients with schizophrenia compared to the general population.
“On the other hand, other studies found an increased (9,21,28,(449)(450)(451) or no different (292,419,452,453) overall risk of cancer in patients with schizophrenia compared to the general population.”
From Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care (2011) · cites this paper as [9]
People with psychosis still do not appear to be benefitting from improvements in healthcare available to the general population.
“people with psychosis still do not appear to be benefitting from improvements in healthcare available to the general population.9,34”
From Mortality in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses: A 10-Year Follow-up of the ӔSOP First-Episode Cohort (2015) · cites this paper as [34]
The mortality gap in people with schizophrenia and other psychoses remains high and may be wider for unnatural-cause mortality than reported in earlier studies.
“Our findings suggest that the mortality gap in people with schizophrenia and other psychoses remains high and may be wider for unnatural-cause mortality than reported in earlier studies”
From Mortality in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses: A 10-Year Follow-up of the ӔSOP First-Episode Cohort (2015) · cites this paper as [34]
Unemployment may have varied at the level of individual cases and therefore attenuated differences in mortality rates.
“this may have varied at the level of individual cases and therefore attenuated differences in mortality rates.34”
From Mortality in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses: A 10-Year Follow-up of the ӔSOP First-Episode Cohort (2015) · cites this paper as [34]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical Methods in Cancer Research
Breslow, N. E. (1980) · Cited by 6,695 · see citing works
Statistical Methods in Cancer Research. Volume II – The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies
Juul, S. (1989) · Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine · doi:10.1177/140349488901700214 · Cited by 3,602 · see citing works
Excess mortality of mental disorder
Harris, C., & Barraclough, B. (1998) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.173.1.11 · Cited by 1,881 · see citing works
Self-citationSmithson, M. J. (2000) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446218525 · Cited by 1,871 · see citing works
The design and analysis of cohort studies
Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1987) · International Agency for Research on Cancer eBooks · Cited by 1,279 · see citing works
Measuring the Quality of Medical Care
Rutstein, D. D., Berenberg, W., Chalmers, T. C., Child, C. G., Fishman, A. P., Perrin, E. B., Feldman, J. J., Leaverton, P. E., Lane, J. M., Sencer, D. J., et al. (1976) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197603112941104 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death.
Schneider, B. A. (1953) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/399926 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Standard occupational classification
Surveys (1990) · HMSO eBooks · Cited by 963 · see citing works
The unhealthy lifestyle of people with schizophrenia
Brown, S., Birtwistle, J., ROE, L., & THOMPSON, C. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798008186 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Self-citationExcess mortality of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis
Brown, S. (1997) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.171.6.502 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Self-citationStatistical Methods in Cancer Research, Vol. II: The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies.
Machin, D., Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1990) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532481 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Medical Comorbidity in Schizophrenia
Jeste, D. V., Gladsjo, J. A., Lindamer, L. A., & Lacro, J. P. (1996) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/22.3.413 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Mortality and Causes of Death in First Admitted Schizophrenic Patients
Mortensen, P. B., & Juel, K. (1993) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.163.2.183 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
ASV (1990) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.45.2.160-a · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Kelly, C., & McCreadie, R. G. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.11.1751 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Outcome of common mental disorders in Harare, Zimbabwe
Patel, V., Todd, C. H., Winston, M., Simunyu, E., Ottemöller, F. G., Acuda, W., & MANN, A. H. (1998) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.172.1.53 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Heilä, H., Isometsä, E. T., HENRIKSSON, M. M., Heikkinen, M. E., MARTTUNEN, M. J., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.9.1235 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Ziedonis, D. M., & George, T. P. (1997) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/23.2.247 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Schizophrenic Patients and their Families a Survey in a Psychiatric service based on a DGH Unit
Gibbons, J., Horn, S. H., Powell, J. M., & GIBBONS, J. L. (1984) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.144.1.70 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The Mortality Experience of a Population with Psychiatric Illness
Babigian, H. M., & Odoroff, C. L. (1969) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.126.4.470 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Compendium of Health Statistics
Hawe, E. (2018) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315384122 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Dietary intake of schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale, Scotland: case-control study
McCreadie, R. G., Elizabeth, M., Blacklock, C., Tilak-Singh, D., Wiles, D., Halliday, J., & Paterson, J. R. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7161.784 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Mortality and causes of death in schizophrenic patients in Denmark
Mortensen, P. B., & Juel, K. (1990) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb05466.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
On the state of the public health.
Calman, K. C. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Lister, J. (1971) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197103252841207 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Baxter, D. N. (1996) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.168.6.772 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A Twin Study of Mortality in Schizophrenia and Neurosis
Kendler, K. S. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800070029004 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Suicide in psychiatric patients in Denmark, 1971–81
Barner-Rasmussen, P., DUPONT, A., & Bille, H. (1986) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02709.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Excess mortality by natural causes of italian schizophrenic patients
LESAGE, A. D., Trapani, V., & Tansella, M. (1990) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/bf01734542 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Suicide in psychiatric patients in Denmark, 1971–1981
Barner-Rasmussen, P. (1986) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02710.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 17
Kelly, C., McCreadie, R. G., MacEwan, T., & Carey, S. (1998) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.172.6.513 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Anderson, C., Connelly, J., Johnstone, E. C., & Owens, D. G. C. (1991) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000296335 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Anxiety and depression in migraine.
Lawrie, S. M., Buckley, L. A., Ulyatt, B. C., et al. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
DE HERT, M., CORRELL, C. U., BOBES, J., CETKOVICH‐BAKMAS, M., COHEN, D., ASAI, I., DETRAUX, J., GAUTAM, S., MÖLLER, H., NDETEI, D. M., et al. (2011) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00014.x · Cited by 2,488 · see citing works
Saha, S., Chant, D., & McGrath, J. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1123 · Cited by 2,065 · see citing works
Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease
Hennekens, C. H., Hennekens, A. R., Hollar, D., & Casey, D. E. (2005) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.02.007 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
De Hert, M., Dekker, J. M., Wood, D., Kahl, K. G., Holt, R. I. G., & Möller, H.-J. (2009) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.01.005 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
The evolution of personality variation in humans and other animals.
Nettle, D. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.6.622 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
DE HERT, M., COHEN, D., BOBES, J., CETKOVICH‐BAKMAS, M., LEUCHT, S., NDETEI, D. M., NEWCOMER, J. W., UWAKWE, R., ASAI, I., MÖLLER, H., et al. (2011) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00036.x · Cited by 870 · see citing works
Nordentoft, M., Wahlbeck, K., Hällgren, J., Westman, J., Ösby, U., Alinaghizadeh, H., Gissler, M., & Laursen, T. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055176 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Chang, C.-K., Hayes, R. D., Perera, G., Broadbent, M. T. M., Fernandes, A. C., Lee, W. E., Hotopf, M., & Stewart, R. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019590 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
“Excess mortality associated with mental disorders has been demonstrated to be predominantly due to ‘natural’ causes [3,5,30,31,36–38], although mental health service provision is often focused on preventing more rare outcomes of suicide and violent death [39–41].”
BackgroundPhysical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature
Leucht, S., Burkard, T., Henderson, J., Maj, M., & Sartorius, N. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01095.x · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome in people with schizophrenia: a review
DE HERT, M., SCHREURS, V., VANCAMPFORT, D., & VAN WINKEL, R. (2009) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00199.x · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Twenty-five year mortality of a community cohort with schizophrenia
Brown, S., Kim, M., Mitchell, C., & Inskip, H. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067512 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Self-citationSerious mental illness and physical health problems: A discussion paper
Robson, D., & Gray, R. (2007) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.07.013 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Schizophrenia, neuroleptic medication and mortality
Joukamaa, M., Heliövaara, M., Knekt, P., Aromaa, A., Raitasalo, R., & Lehtinen, V. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.188.2.122 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Schroeder, S. A., & Morris, C. D. (2010) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103701 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
McClave, A. K., McKnight-Eily, L. R., Davis, S. P., & Dube, S. R. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.188136 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Laursen, T. M., Munk-Olsen, T., Agerbo, E., Gasse, C., & Mortensen, P. B. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.61 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Callaghan, R. C., Veldhuizen, S., Jeysingh, T., Orlan, C., Graham, C., Kakouris, G., Remington, G., & Gatley, J. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.09.014 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Auquier, P., Lançon, C., Rouillon, F., Lader, M., & Holmes, C. (2006) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1325 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Risk of Malignancy in Patients With Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder: Nested Case-Control Study
Hippisley-Cox, J., Vinogradova, Y., Coupland, C., & Parker, C. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.12.1368 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Björkenstam, E., Ljung, R., Burström, B., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Hallqvist, J., & Weitoft, G. R. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000778 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
John, A., McGregor, J., Jones, I., Lee, S. C., Walters, J. T. R., Owen, M. J., O'Donovan, M., DelPozo-Banos, M., Berridge, D., & Lloyd, K. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.009 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Review: Mortality in schizophrenia: a measurable clinical endpoint
Bushe, C. J., Taylor, M., & Haukka, J. (2010) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/1359786810382468 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Inequitable access for mentally ill patients to some medically necessary procedures
Kisely, S., Smith, M., Lawrence, D., Cox, M., Campbell, L. A., & Maaten, S. (2007) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.060482 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Bobes, J., Arango, C., Garcia-Garcia, M., & Rejas, J. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.1030 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Evins, A. E., Cather, C., Culhane, M. A., Birnbaum, A., Horowitz, J., Hsieh, E., Freudenreich, O., Henderson, D. C., Schoenfeld, D. A., Rigotti, N. A., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0b013e3180ca86fa · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Cancer mortality in patients with schizophrenia: An 11‐year prospective cohort study
Tran, E., Rouillon, F., Loze, J., Casadebaig, F., Philippe, A., Vitry, F., & Limosin, F. (2009) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.24383 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Elman, I., Borsook, D., & Lukas, S. E. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301051 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Williams, J. M., Anthenelli, R. M., Morris, C. D., Treadow, J., Thompson, J. R., Yunis, C., & George, T. P. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.11m07522 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Reduced cancer incidence among patients with schizophrenia
Barak, Y., Achiron, A., Mandel, M., Mirecki, I., & Aizenberg, D. (2005) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.21574 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking and mortality risk in people with schizophrenia
Kelly, D. L., McMahon, R. P., Wehring, H. J., Liu, F., Mackowick, K. M., Boggs, D. L., Warren, K. R., Feldman, S., Shim, J.-C., Love, R. C., et al. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp152 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Mortality in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses: A 10-Year Follow-up of the ӔSOP First-Episode Cohort
Reininghaus, U., Dutta, R., Dazzan, P., Doody, G. A., Fearon, P., Lappin, J., Heslin, M., Onyejiaka, A., Donoghue, K., Lomas, B., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu138 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Rüther, T., Bobes, J., De Hert, M., Svensson, T. H., Mann, K., Batra, A., Gorwood, P., & Möller, H. J. (2014) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.11.002 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Vancampfort, D., Probst, M., Helvik Skjaerven, L., Catalán-Matamoros, D., Lundvik-Gyllensten, A., Gómez-Conesa, A., Ijntema, R., & De Hert, M. (2012) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20110218 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Diverging trends in smoking behaviors according to mental health status
Szatkowski, L., & McNeill, A. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu173 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The cardiovascular and respiratory health of people with schizophrenia
Filik, R., Sipos, A., Kehoe, P. G., Burns, T., Cooper, S. J., Stevens, H., Laugharne, R., Young, G., Perrington, S., McKendrick, J., et al. (2006) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00768.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Excess Cancer Mortality in Psychiatric Patients
Kisely, S., Sadek, J., MacKenzie, A., Lawrence, D., & Campbell, L. A. (2008) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370805301107 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Scott, K. M., Von Korff, M., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Bromet, E. J., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Fernandez, A., Gureje, O., et al. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003413 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The effects of physical exercise in schizophrenia and affective disorders.
Malchow, B., Reich-Erkelenz, D., Oertel-Knöchel, V., Keller, K., Hasan, A., Schmitt, A., Scheewe, T. W., Cahn, W., Kahn, R. S., & Falkai, P. (2013) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-013-0423-2 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hepgul, N., Pariante, C. M., Dipasquale, S., DiForti, M., Taylor, H., Marques, T. R., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., Murray, R. M., & Mondelli, V. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711002947 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Mortality in individuals who have had psychiatric treatment: Population-based study in Nova Scotia
Kisely, S., Smith, M., Lawrence, D., & Maaten, S. (2005) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.187.6.552 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Smith, S., Yeomans, D., Bushe, C. J. P., Eriksson, C., Harrison, T., Holmes, R., Mynors-Wallis, L., Oatway, H., & Sullivan, G. (2007) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.07.002 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Heart rate variability in acute psychosis
Valkonen‐Korhonen, M., Tarvainen, M. P., Ranta‐Aho, P., Karjalainen, P. A., Partanen, J., Karhu, J., & Lehtonen, J. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00072 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Rosenberg, S. D., Drake, R. E., Brunette, M. F., Wolford, G. L., & Marsh, B. J. (2005) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000192067.94033.aa · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Beyazyüz, M., Albayrak, Y., Eğilmez, O. B., Albayrak, N., & Beyazyüz, E. (2013) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2013.10.2.148 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Martens, P. J., Chochinov, H. M., Prior, H. J., Fransoo, R., & Burland, E. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.015 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Tidemalm, D., Waern, M., Stefansson, C.-G., Elofsson, S., & Runeson, B. (2008) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1745-0179-4-23 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Thomas, S. H. L., Drici, M. D., Hall, G. C., Crocq, M. A., Everitt, B., Lader, M. H., Jeunne, C. L., Naber, D., Priori, S., Sturkenboom, M., et al. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01563.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Differential pattern of heart rate variability in patients with schizophrenia
Chang, J. S., Yoo, C. S., Yi, S. H., Hong, K. H., Oh, H. S., Hwang, J. Y., Kim, S.-G., Ahn, Y. M., & Kim, Y. S. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.05.004 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Jablensky, A. (2003) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1002/9780470987353.ch12 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bateman, K., Hansen, L., Turkington, D., & Kingdon, D. (2007) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.3.284 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Dose-dependent effect of antipsychotic drugs on autonomic nervous system activity in schizophrenia
Iwamoto, Y., Kawanishi, C., Kishida, I., Furuno, T., Fujibayashi, M., Ishii, C., Ishii, N., Moritani, T., Taguri, M., & Hirayasu, Y. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-199 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Sexual problems in schizophrenia: prevalence and characteristics. A cross sectional survey
Harley, E. W.-Y., Boardman, J., & Craig, T. (2010) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0119-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Nuevo, R., Chatterji, S., Fraguas, D., Verdes, E., Naidoo, N., Arango, C., & Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06801 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ojala, K., Repo-Tiihonen, E., Tiihonen, J., & Niskanen, L. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107077815 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Pulmonary disease among inpatient decedents: Impact of schizophrenia
Copeland, L. A., Mortensen, E. M., Zeber, J. E., Pugh, M. J., Restrepo, M. I., & Dalack, G. W. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.01.008 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Amaddeo, F., Barbui, C., Perini, G., Biggeri, A., & Tansella, M. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00894.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Eight-year trends of cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality in patients with schizophrenia
Morden, N. E., Lai, Z., Goodrich, D. E., MacKenzie, T., McCarthy, J. F., Austin, K., Welsh, D. E., Bartels, S., & Kilbourne, A. M. (2012) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.02.009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Høye, A., Jacobsen, B. K., & Hansen, V. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.021 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cardiac autonomic dysregulation in acute schizophrenia
Chang, H.-A., Chang, C.-C., Tzeng, N.-S., Kuo, T. B. J., Lu, R.-B., & Huang, S.-Y. (2013) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/acn.12014 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Young, S. J., Praskova, A., Hayward, N., & Patterson, S. (2017) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12349 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lyu, X., Du, J., Zhan, G., Wu, Y., Su, H., Zhu, Y., Jarskog, F., Zhao, M., & Fan, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00181 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Brown, R. A., Minami, H., Hecht, J., Kahler, C. W., Price, L. H., Kjome, K. L., Bloom, E. L., Levy, D. E., Carpenter, K. M., Smith, A., et al. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0707 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mackell, J. A., Harrison, D. J., & McDonnell, D. D. (2005) · Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s11020-005-7454-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Diabetic retinopathy screening in persons with mental illness: a literature review
Bradley, E. R., & Delaffon, V. (2020) · BMJ Open Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000437 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Interventions for co-occurring addictive and other mental disorders (AMDs)
Kavanagh, D. J., & Connolly, J. M. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.03.005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Nicotine intake and smoking topography in smokers with bipolar disorder
Williams, J. M., Gandhi, K. K., Lu, S., Steinberg, M. L., & Benowitz, N. L. (2012) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01047.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bespalova, I. N., Angelo, G. W., Ritter, B. P., Hunter, J., Reyes-Rabanillo, M. L., Siever, L. J., & Silverman, J. M. (2012) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-012-8169-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brown, S., Inskip, H., & Barraclough, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Brown, Steve
- ORCID
- Inskip, Hazel
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 177
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 212-217
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2140154855
- Cited by
- 1,087
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 9.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Southampton
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, excess mortality, standardized mortality ratio, causes of death, smoking-related mortality, suicide, circulatory diseases, respiratory diseases, endocrine disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, neurological disorders, environmental risk factors, comorbidities, community-based cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cause of Death, England, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Schizophrenia, Suicide, Cohort Studies, Health Behavior, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
