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Cited by 411Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchOccupational Health and PerformanceTraumatic Brain Injury Research

Predictors of posttraumatic stress in police and other first responders

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MARMAR, CHARLES R., McCASLIN, SHANNON E., METZLER, THOMAS J., BEST, SUZANNE, WEISS, DANIEL S., FAGAN, JEFFERY, LIBERMAN, AKIVA, POLE, NNAMDI +4 more·2006·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1196/annals.1364.001
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Abstract

We provide an overview of previous research conducted by our group on risk and resilience factors for PTSD symptoms in police and other first responders. Based on our work, the findings of other investigators on individual differences in risk for PTSD, and drawing on preclinical studies fear conditioning and extinction, we propose a conceptual model for the development of PTSD symptoms emphasizing the role of vulnerability and resilience to peritraumatic panic reactions. We tested this conceptual model in a cross-sectional sample of police officers (n = 715). Utilizing an hierarchical linear regression model we were able to explain 39.7% of the variance in PTSD symptoms. Five variables remained significant in the final model; greater peritraumatic distress (beta = 0.240, P < .001), greater peritraumatic dissociation (beta = 0.174, P < .001), greater problem-solving coping (beta = 0.103, P < .01), greater routine work environment stress (beta = 0.182, P < .001), and lower levels of social support (beta = -0.246, P < .001). These results were largely consistent with the proposed conceptual model. Next steps in this line of research will be to test this model prospectively in a sample of 400 police academy recruits assessed during training and currently being followed for the first 2 years of police service.

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  • Irregular working hours, overtime, and rotating shifts alter circadian rhythms, which can lead to sleep disruptions and increased PTSD vulnerability.

    “For example, irregular working hours, overtime, and rotating shifts alter circadian rhythms, which can lead to sleep disruptions [32] and increased PTSD vulnerability [44].”

    From Canadian Public Safety Personnel and Occupational Stressors: How PSP Interpret Stressors on Duty (2020) · cites this paper as [44]

    In the Cross-Sectional Survey section (page unavailable), the paper reports that sleep disturbances were strongly associated with PTSD symptoms and that routine work stress predicted PTSD symptoms. It does not establish that irregular hours, overtime, or rotating shifts alter circadian rhythms or increase PTSD vulnerability through sleep disruption; work shift schedule was controlled for in the sleep analysis. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • Municipal/provincial police may have more access to structural and social supports from consistent urban deployment, whereas RCMP relocate frequently and often to rural areas, which would have less access to such supports.

    “municipal/provincial police may have more access to structural and social supports from consistent urban deployment, whereas RCMP relocate frequently and often to rural areas, which would have less access to such supports.53,54”

    From Mental Disorder Symptoms among Public Safety Personnel in Canada (2018) · cites this paper as [53]

    The Cross-Sectional Survey and Multivariate Predictors sections discuss social support and work stress among New York and Bay Area officers, but do not compare access to support by police service or deployment location. Searches for RCMP, relocation, rural postings, and municipal/provincial police found no passage addressing the claimed contrast. (LLM, conf=0.74)

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. WEISS, D.S., A. BRUNET, T.J. METZLER, et al. 1999. Critical incident exposure in police officers: frequency, impact, and correlates. [Abstract] 1999 International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies Conference Miami, FL, p 52.
  2. BALLENGER, J., S.R. BEST, T.J. METZLER, et al. 2006. Patterns and predictors of alcohol use in urban police officers. J. Addict. Behav. In press.

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Authors
MARMAR, C. R., McCASLIN, S. E., METZLER, T. J., BEST, S., WEISS, D. S., FAGAN, J., LIBERMAN, A., POLE, N., OTTE, C., YEHUDA, R., MOHR, D., & NEYLAN, T.
Affiliations
  • San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • Columbia University (US)
  • National Institute of Justice (US)
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
  • James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
MARMAR, CHARLES R.
ORCID
Venue
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2006-07
Volume
1071
Issue
1
Pages
1-18
ISSN
  • 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
  • 1749-6632
DOI
10.1196/annals.1364.001
OpenAlex
W2098360939
Cited by
409
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
FWCI
2.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 25 d)
Locations
  • Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH56350, R01MH056350)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, police officers, first responders, peritraumatic dissociation, peritraumatic distress, resilience, fear conditioning, fear extinction, social support, coping, PTSD risk factors, conceptual model
MeSH terms
Data Collection, Disasters, Humans, Individuality, Models, Psychological, Predictive Value of Tests, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Police

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