Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods

Fitting in with the flock: Social attractiveness as a mechanism for well‐being in religious groups

Hayward, R. D., & Elliott, M. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.552 · Cited by 29

Does Vocational Still Imply Tracking? Examining the Evolution of Career and Technical Education Curricular Policy in Texas

Giani, M. S. (2019) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904817745375 · Cited by 28

Post-traumatic stress disorder as a moderator of transdiagnostic, residential eating disorder treatment outcome trajectory

Scharff, A., Ortiz, S. N., Forrest, L. N., Smith, A. R., & Boswell, J. F. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23106 · Cited by 27

Perspective-taking influences autonomic attunement between partners during discussion of conflict

Nelson, B. W., Laurent, S. M., Bernstein, R., & Laurent, H. K. (2017) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407515626595 · Cited by 25

DSM-5 severity specifiers for anorexia nervosa and treatment outcomes in adult females

Dalle Grave, R., Sartirana, M., El Ghoch, M., & Calugi, S. (2018) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.07.006 · Cited by 27

Development of personality traits in response to childbirth: A longitudinal dyadic perspective

Galdiolo, S., & Roskam, I. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.002 · Cited by 27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Sexual Assault With Pre-assault Substance Consumption: A Systematic Review

Gong, A. T., Kamboj, S. K., & Curran, H. V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00092 · Cited by 27

Punishment in Indian Country: Ironies of Federal Punishment of Native Americans

Ulmer, J. T., & Bradley, M. S. (2018) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2017.1341540 · Cited by 26

Today’s Older Adults Are Cognitively Fitter Than Older Adults Were 20 Years Ago, but When and How They Decline Is No Different Than in the Past

Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Drewelies, J., Duezel, S., Eibich, P., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., Liebig, S., Goebel, J., Demuth, I., Villringer, A., et al. (2023) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221118541 · Cited by 26

The Effect of School-Wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports on Disciplinary Exclusions: A Conceptual Replication

Gage, N. A., Grasley-Boy, N., Lombardo, M., & Anderson, L. (2020) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/0198742919896305 · Cited by 26

Updating the relationship of the Ne/ERN to task-related behavior: A brief review and suggestions for future research

LoTemplio, S. B., Lopes, C. L., McDonnell, A. S., Scott, E. E., Payne, B. R., & Strayer, D. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1150244 · Cited by 25

Therapist Self-Report of Evidence-Based Practices in Usual Care for Adolescent Behavior Problems: Factor and Construct Validity

Hogue, A., Dauber, S., & Henderson, C. E. (2014) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-012-0442-8 · Cited by 25

A pilot randomized controlled trial of the alliance project gatekeeper training for suicide prevention

Kuhlman, S. T. W., Smith, P. N., Marie, L., Fadoir, N. A., & Hudson, K. (2021) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1767246 · Cited by 25

Securing self-integrity over time: Self-affirmation disrupts a negative cycle between psychological threat and academic performance

Binning, K. R., Cook, J. E., Greenaway, V. P., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2021) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12461 · Cited by 25

Generative Strategies, Working Memory, and Word Problem Solving Accuracy in Children at Risk for Math Disabilities

Swanson, H. L., Moran, A. S., Bocian, K., Lussier, C., & Zheng, X. (2013) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0731948712464034 · Cited by 25

Event-level analysis of antecedents for youth violence: Comparison of dating violence with non-dating violence

Epstein-Ngo, Q. M., Walton, M. A., Chermack, S. T., Blow, F. C., Zimmerman, M. A., & Cunningham, R. M. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.015 · Cited by 25

Motivation and treatment credibility predict alliance in cognitive behavioral treatment for youth with anxiety disorders in community clinics

Fjermestad, K. W., Lerner, M. D., McLeod, B. D., Wergeland, G. J. H., Haugland, B. S. M., Havik, O. E., Öst, L. ‐., & Silverman, W. K. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22551 · Cited by 24

Cognitive and Emotion Regulation Change Processes in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder

O'Toole, M. S., Mennin, D. S., Hougaard, E., Zachariae, R., & Rosenberg, N. K. (2015) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1926 · Cited by 24

Behavioral Engagement among Adolescents with Reading Difficulties: The Role of Active Involvement in a Universally Designed Digital Literacy Platform

Daley, S. G., Xu, Y., Proctor, C. P., Rappolt-Schlichtmann, G., & Goldowsky, B. (2020) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2019.1635545 · Cited by 24

A diary study to open up the black box of overtime work among university faculty members

Beckers, D. G., van Hooff, M. L., van der Linden, D., Kompier, M. A., Taris, T. W., & Geurts, S. A. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.1226 · Cited by 23

Interrater reliability for multilevel data: A generalizability theory approach.

ten Hove, D., Jorgensen, T. D., & van der Ark, L. A. (2022) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000391 · Cited by 22

Advancing our understanding of the intersection between emotion regulation and alcohol and drug use problems: Dyadic analysis in couples with intimate partner violence and alcohol use disorder

Weiss, N. H., Hogan, J., Brem, M., Massa, A. A., Kirby, C. M., & Flanagan, J. C. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109066 · Cited by 22

Yoga is effective in treating symptoms of Gulf War illness: A randomized clinical trial

Bayley, P. J., Schulz-Heik, R. J., Cho, R., Mathersul, D., Collery, L., Shankar, K., Ashford, J. W., Jennings, J. S., Tang, J., Wong, M. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.024 · Cited by 20

Personality Vulnerabilities to Psychopathology: Relations Between Trait Structure and Affective-Cognitive Processes

Hong, R. Y., & Paunonen, S. V. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00683.x · Cited by 21

Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the trajectory of externalizing and internalizing symptoms across childhood: Similarities and differences across parent, teacher, and self reports

Sutin, A. R., Flynn, H. A., & Terracciano, A. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.003 · Cited by 21

Frequency of Text Messaging and Adolescents' Mental Health Symptoms Across 4 Years of High School

George, M. J., Beron, K., Vollet, J. W., Burnell, K., Ehrenreich, S. E., & Underwood, M. K. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.012 · Cited by 21

Results of a cluster randomised controlled trial to reduce risky use of alcohol, alcohol-related HIV risks and improve help-seeking behaviour among safety and security employees in the Western Cape, South Africa

Burnhams, N. H., London, L., Laubscher, R., Nel, E., & Parry, C. (2015) · Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-015-0014-5 · Cited by 20

The relation of dissociation and mind wandering to unresolved/disorganized attachment: an experience sampling study

Marcusson-Clavertz, D., Gušić, S., Bengtsson, H., Jacobsen, H., & Cardeña, E. (2017) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1261914 · Cited by 19

Variability in STEM Summer Bridge Programs: Associations with Belonging and STEM Self-Efficacy

Barth, J. M., Dunlap, S. T., Bolland, A. C., McCallum, D. M., & Acoff, V. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.667589 · Cited by 19

Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Sustained and Selective Attention in Young Top-Level Athletes in a School Training Setting: A Randomized Control Trial Study

Kittler, C., Arnold, M., & Jekauc, D. (2022) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2021-0053 · Cited by 19

Predictive processing in depression: increased prediction error following negative valence contexts and influence of recent mood-congruent yet irrelevant experiences

Ramos-Grille, I., Weyant, J., Wormwood, J. B., Robles, M., Vallès, V., Camprodon, J. A., & Chanes, L. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.030 · Cited by 19

Session-specific effects of the Metacognitive Training for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (MCT-OCD)

Miegel, F., Cludius, B., Hottenrott, B., Demiralay, C., Sure, A., & Jelinek, L. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1613582 · Cited by 19

An experimental investigation of the effect of worry on responses to a discrimination learning task

Salters-Pedneault, K., Suvak, M., & Roemer, L. (2008) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.01.001 · Cited by 16

Impact of a Tibetan Buddhist Meditation Course and Application of Related Modern Contemplative Practices on College Students’ Psychological Well-being: a Pilot Study

Penberthy, J. K., Williams, S., Hook, J. N., Le, N., Bloch, J., Forsyth, J., Penberthy, J. M., Germano, D., Schaeffer, K., & Schorling, J. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0665-y · Cited by 17

Center-Based Care in the Context of One-Child Policy in China: Do Child Gender and Siblings Matter?

Zhai, F., & Gao, Q. (2010) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-009-9171-4 · Cited by 17

Educational process factors for effective education in resource-constrained countries: a multilevel analysis

Mugendawala, H., & Muijs, D. (2020) · School Effectiveness and School Improvement · doi:10.1080/09243453.2019.1702562 · Cited by 17

The substantiveness of socioeconomic school compositional effects in Australia: measurement error and the relationship with academic composition

Sciffer, M. G., Perry, L. B., & McConney, A. (2022) · Large-scale Assessments in Education · doi:10.1186/s40536-022-00142-8 · Cited by 16

Sleep duration change and its associated factors during adolescence: a 6 year longitudinal study

Yoo, C. (2020) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-018-9615-7 · Cited by 15

Affective differentiation in breast cancer patients

Dasch, K. B., Cohen, L. H., Belcher, A., Laurenceau, J.-P., Kendall, J., Siegel, S., Parrish, B., & Graber, E. (2010) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-010-9274-8 · Cited by 13

State and trait narcissism predict everyday helping

Chen, S., Friesdorf, R., & Jordan, C. H. (2021) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2019.1598892 · Cited by 14

Prohibitive Voice as a Moral Act: The Role of Moral Identity, Leaders, and Workgroups

Mesdaghinia, S., Shapiro, D. L., & Eisenberger, R. (2022) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-021-04862-9 · Cited by 14

Randomized Controlled Trial of an Integrated Family-Based Treatment for Adolescents Presenting to Community Mental Health Centers

Sheidow, A. J., Zajac, K., Chapman, J. E., McCart, M. R., & Drazdowski, T. K. (2021) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00735-z · Cited by 14

Examining the Effects of a National Alcohol-Free Fraternity Housing Policy

Crosse, S. B., Ginexi, E. M., & Caudill, B. D. (2006) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-006-0049-5 · Cited by 14

How therapists' emotion recognition relates to therapy process and outcome

Abargil, M., & Tishby, O. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2680 · Cited by 21

Making Inferences About Teacher Observation Scores Over Time

Briggs, D. C., & Alzen, J. L. (2019) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164419826237 · Cited by 14

Enforcement trends in the city of St. Louis from 2007 to 2017: Exploring variability in arrests and criminal summonses over time and across communities

Slocum, L. A., Huebner, B. M., Greene, C., & Rosenfeld, R. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22265 · Cited by 13

Inflexible autonomic responses to sadness predict habitual and real-world rumination: A multi-level, multi-wave study

Stange, J. P., Hamilton, J. L., Shepard, R., Wu, J., Fresco, D. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107886 · Cited by 12

Effectiveness of an ACT-based rehabilitation program for the treatment of chronic fatigue: Results from a 12-months longitudinal study

Brugnera, A., Nordstrand Jacobsen, T., Woodhouse, A., Compare, A., & Børsting Jacobsen, H. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12672 · Cited by 12

Mediators of treatment effect in minimal-contact cognitive behaviour therapy for severe health anxiety: A theory-driven analysis based on a randomised controlled trial

Axelsson, E., Hesser, H., Andersson, E., Ljótsson, B., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102172 · Cited by 12

The Impact of Restorative Practices with Diplomas Now on School Climate and Teachers’ Turnover Intentions: Evidence from a Cluster Multi-Site Randomized Control Trial

Grant, A. A., Mac Iver, D. J., & Mac Iver, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2021.2018745 · Cited by 13

The effect of neuroimmune modulation on subjective response to alcohol in the natural environment

Meredith, L. R., Grodin, E. N., Montoya, A. K., Miranda, R., Squeglia, L. M., Towns, B., Evans, C., & Ray, L. A. (2022) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14821 · Cited by 12

The meaning in loss protocol: A clinical trial of online grief therapy

Batista, J., Alves, D., Pires, N., Silva, J. R., Mendes, I., Magalhães, C., Rosa, C., Oliveira, J. T., Gonçalves, M. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2370633 · Cited by 12

Extracurricular activity participation in kindergarten: Who participates, and why does it matter?

Allen, E. C., Black, A. L., Lin, T.-J., Purtell, K. M., & Justice, L. M. (2022) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101455 · Cited by 12

Physical Activity of Patients With Chronic Pain Receiving Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

VanBuskirk, K., Roesch, S., Afari, N., & Wetherell, J. L. (2014) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2014.6 · Cited by 11

Social inequality in skills: Exploring the moderating role of extracurricular activities related to socio‐economic differences in non‐cognitive and cognitive outcomes

Palou, A., Ursin, P. A., & Demanet, J. (2024) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12670 · Cited by 10

Primary students’ online homework completion and learning achievement

Wu, D., Li, H., Zhu, S., Yang, H. H., Bai, J., Zhao, J., & Yang, K. (2024) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2201343 · Cited by 9

Predictors of faculty narrative evaluation quality in medical school clerkships

Mooney, C. J., Pascoe, J. M., Blatt, A. E., Lang, V. J., Kelly, M. S., Braun, M. K., Burch, J. E., & Stone, R. T. (2022) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14911 · Cited by 10

Longitudinal investigation of cognition, social competence, and anxiety in children and adolescents with Turner syndrome

Jordan, T. L., Klabunde, M., Green, T., Hong, D. S., Ross, J. L., Jo, B., & Reiss, A. L. (2023) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105300 · Cited by 11

La aplicación de modelos lineales jerárquicos para el estudio de la eficacia en psicoterapia

Gómez Penedo, J. M., Muiños, R., Hirsch, P., & Roussos, A. (2019) · Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento · doi:10.32348/1852.4206.v11.n1.20412 · Cited by 9

Advancing a cascading train-the-trainer model of frontline HIV service providers in South Africa: protocol of an implementation trial

Kuo, C. C., Sibeko, G., Akande, M., Allie, S., Tisaker, N., Stein, D. J., & Becker, S. J. (2021) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-021-00236-8 · Cited by 8

Salivary cortisol and interpersonal functioning: an event-contingent recording study in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder

Ellenbogen, M. A., Linnen, A.-M., Santo, J. B., aan het Rot, M., Hodgins, S., & Young, S. N. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.10.005 · Cited by 8

Mindfulness Predicts Psycho-behavioral Improvement after Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Influence of Childhood Adversity

Janusek, L. W., Tell, D., & Mathews, H. L. (2021) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945920932290 · Cited by 7

Catching That Playful Beat: Social Anxiety and Synchronous Group Functioning

Gordon, I., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Gilboa, A., Cohen, S., & Kivity, Y. (2023) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-023-00436-7 · Cited by 7

Analyzing the Presence and Consequences of Unobserved Heterogeneity in Recidivism Research

Morris, R. G., Barnes, J. C., Worrall, J. L., & Orrick, E. A. (2016) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128713495952 · Cited by 8

Does cannabis use impact cognitive behavioural therapy outcomes for anxiety and related disorders? A preliminary examination

Ouellette, M. J., Rowa, K., Cameron, D. H., Elcock, A., Soreni, N., Pawluk, E. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.054 · Cited by 7

Client interpersonal impacts as mediators of long-term outcome in cognitive-behavioral therapy integrated with motivational interviewing for generalized anxiety disorder

Constantino, M. J., Romano, F. M., Coyne, A. E., Westra, H. A., & Antony, M. M. (2018) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1301689 · Cited by 7

Get secure soon: attachment in abused adolescents and young adults before and after trauma-focused cognitive processing therapy.

Rimane, E., Steil, R., Renneberg, B., & Rosner, R. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01637-x · Cited by 9

The Effects of Student–Teacher Ethnoracial Matching on Chronic Absenteeism: Exploring the Role of Relational Dynamics in Early Education

Chhikara, D. (2025) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2025.2484852 · Cited by 6

Judging a text by its author—a meta-analysis of interventions to foster source credibility assessment

Fendt, M., Muth, X., & Edelsbrunner, P. A. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102782 · Cited by 6

Ecological momentary assessment of post-event processing in between two speech tasks: Relationships with cognitive and affective factors involved in the maintenance of social anxiety

Kane, L., & Ashbaugh, A. R. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104208 · Cited by 6

The adherence/resource priming paradigm – a randomised clinical trial conducting a bonafide psychotherapy protocol for generalised anxiety disorder

Flückiger, C. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-49 · Cited by 6

Group trauma focused cognitive behavior therapy for parents of premature infants compared to individual therapy intervention

Shaw, R. J., Moreyra, A., Simon, S., Wharton, E., Dowtin, L. L., Armer, E., Goldman, L. W., Borkovi, T., Neri, E., Jo, B., et al. (2023) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105773 · Cited by 6

Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire-Past Week (PSWQ-PW) in an anxiety and related disorders sample

Puccinelli, C., Cameron, D. H., Ouellette, M. J., McCabe, R. E., & Rowa, K. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-023-10029-9 · Cited by 5

Infants attend longer to controlling versus supportive directive speech

Gerson, S., Weinstein, N., Gattis, M., & Paulmann, S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.06.007 · Cited by 5

Quantifying Family, School, and Location Effects in the Presence of Complementarities and Sorting

Agrawal, M., Altonji, J., & Mansfield, R. (2018) · doi:10.3386/w25167 · Cited by 5

Negative mood regulation as a mechanism of change in cognitive therapy for depression.

Areas, M., Penedo, J. M. G., Alalú, N., Babl, A. M., Roussos, A., & grosse Holtforth, M. (2021) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000373 · Cited by 4

Rethinking Alternative Education Accountability Indicators: A Multilevel and Contextual Perspective

Newton, X. A., Lohmeier, J. H., Thompson, S. R., Oh, B., Dmello, J. R., & Trainor, A. (2022) · Performance Improvement Quarterly · doi:10.1002/piq.21358 · Cited by 4

Effectiveness and predictors of group cognitive behaviour therapy outcome for generalised anxiety disorder in an out-patient hospital setting

Malivoire, B. L., Stewart, K. E., Cameron, D., Rowa, K., & McCabe, R. E. (2024) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465823000632 · Cited by 4

A two-way street: Mentor stress and depression influence relational satisfaction and attachment in youth mentoring relationships

Lindquist, E. G., & Raposa, E. B. (2020) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12412 · Cited by 4

Key Enhancements to the WFRC/MAG Four-Step Travel Demand Model

University of Utah, Ewing, R., Sabouri, S., University of Utah, Park, K., University of Utah, Lyons, T., University of Utah, Tian, G., & University of Utah (2019) · doi:10.15760/trec.246 · Cited by 3

Reducing Khat use among Somalis living in Kenya: a controlled pilot study on the modified ASSIST-linked brief intervention delivered in the community

Widmann, M., Apondi, B., Musau, A., Warsame, A. H., Isse, M., Mutiso, V., Veltrup, C., Schalinski, I., Ndetei, D., & Odenwald, M. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14681-w · Cited by 3