Evidence for Cognitive Load Theory
Abstract
Dixon (1991) and Goldman (1991) have provided thoughtful commentaries on Chandler and Sweller (1991). The general issue they raise concerns the scientific procedures we should use when conducting research in cognition and instruction. It is an issue of great importance, and we welcome the opportunity provided by their criticisms to discuss the techniques we use. To clarify the findings based on cognitive load theory, we begin by indicating the essential characteristics of a theory concerned with cognition and instruction, followed by a brief history of cognitive load theory to make clear that it has these characteristics. These statements will then be used to address specific comments made by Goldman and Dixon.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cognitive load theory, introduced by John Sweller, is rooted in cognitive psychology and provides a framework for understanding how the human cognitive architecture interacts with information presented during learning.
“Cognitive load theory, which was introduced by John Sweller, is rooted in cognitive psychology and provides a framework for understanding how the human cognitive architecture interacts with information presented during learning [15, 16].”
From Teaching a single manual therapy technique at a time reduces cognitive load in physiotherapy students: a randomized controlled educational study (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Cites
Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning
Sweller, J. (1988) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7 · Cited by 11,048 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, J. R. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9781315799438 · Cited by 6,761 · see citing works
Cognitive Load Theory and the Format of Instruction
Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1991) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0804_2 · Cited by 2,894 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in the Psychology of Human Intelligence
Sternberg, R. J. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315808246 · Cited by 1,771 · see citing works
Michelene, T. H., Glaser, R. A., & Rees, E. T. (1981) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 1,533 · see citing works
The Use of Worked Examples as a Substitute for Problem Solving in Learning Algebra
Sweller, J., & Cooper, G. A. (1985) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0201_3 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of schema acquisition and rule automation on mathematical problem-solving transfer.
Cooper, G., & Sweller, J. (1987) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.79.4.347 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive load as a factor in the structuring of technical material.
Sweller, J., Chandler, P., Tierney, P., & Cooper, M. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.119.2.176 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Self-citation(1981) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Models of Competence in Solving Physics Problems*
Larkin, J. H., McDermott, J. P., Simon, D. P., & Simon, H. A. (1980) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0404_1 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Guidance during mathematical problem solving.
Tarmizi, R. A., & Sweller, J. (1988) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.80.4.424 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Self-citationStructuring Effective Worked Examples
Ward, M., & Sweller, J. (1990) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0701_1 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of expertise in mathematical problem solving.
Sweller, J., Mawer, R. F., & Ward, M. R. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.112.4.639 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citationCarroll, J. M., Smith-Kerker, P. L., Ford, J. K., & Mazur-Rimetz, S. (1987) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327051hci0302_2 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Do Written Instructions Need Examples?
LeFevre, J., & Dixon, P. (1986) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0301_1 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
What do students learn while solving mathematics problems?
Owen, E., & Sweller, J. (1985) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.77.3.272 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of goal specificity on means–ends analysis and learning.
Sweller, J., & Levine, M. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.8.5.463 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationA comparison of texts and their summaries: Memorial consequences
Reder, L. M., & Anderson, J. R. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90122-x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Effects of spacing and embellishment on memory for the main points of a text
Reder, L. M., & Anderson, J. R. (1982) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03209210 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Consequences of History-Cued and Means-End Strategies in Problem Solving
Sweller, J., Mawer, R. F., & Howe, W. (1982) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422136 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationControl mechanisms in problem solving
Sweller, J. (1983) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197659 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of subgoal density and location on learning during problem solving.
Mawer, R. F., & Sweller, J. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.8.3.252 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldman, S. R. (1991) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0804_3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
From Research to Theory to Practice: Commentary on Chandler and Sweller
Dixon, P. (1991) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0804_4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 25 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why Some Material Is Difficult to Learn
Sweller, J., & Chandler, P. (1994) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1203_1 · Cited by 1,455 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: some food for thought
de Jong, T. (2010) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-009-9110-0 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
“This can be remedied by presenting material in an integrated way (e.g., Cerpa et al. 1996; Chandler and Sweller 1992; Sweller and Chandler 1991).”
BackgroundA Reconsideration of Cognitive Load Theory
Schnotz, W., & Kürschner, C. (2007) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-007-9053-4 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Klepsch, M., Schmitz, F., & Seufert, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01997 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
When two sensory modes are better than one.
Tindall-Ford, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.3.4.257 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Self-citationKapur, M. (2016) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1155457 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
- Self-citation
Productive Failure in Learning Math
Kapur, M. (2014) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12107 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Cierniak, G., Scheiter, K., & Gerjets, P. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.020 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Turel, O., & Qahri‐Saremi, H. (2016) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2016.1267529 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Cognitive Load Theory for the Design of Medical Simulations
Fraser, K. L., Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2015) · Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare · doi:10.1097/sih.0000000000000097 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationGoal orientation and task demand effects on motivation, affect, and performance.
Steele‐Johnson, D., Beauregard, R. S., Hoover, P. B., & Schmidt, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.724 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
The Redundancy Principle in Multimedia Learning
Kalyuga, S., & Sweller, J. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139547369.013 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationWittwer, J., & Renkl, A. (2008) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520701756420 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
The active integration of information during learning with dynamic and interactive visualisations
Bodemer, D., Ploetzner, R., Feuerlein, I., & Spada, H. (2004) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.06.006 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Antle, A. N., & Wise, A. F. (2013) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iws007 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Yeung, A. S., Jin, P., & Sweller, J. (1998) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1997.0951 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Redundancy Principle in Multimedia Learning
Sweller, J. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816819.011 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Load Theory: A Broader View on the Role of Memory in Learning and Education
PAAS, F. G. W. C., & Ayres, P. (2014) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-014-9263-5 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
A Primer on Aspects of Cognition for Medical Informatics
Patel, V. L., Arocha, J. F., & Kaufman, D. R. (2001) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1136/jamia.2001.0080324 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Aesthetic principles for instructional design
Parrish, P. E. (2007) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-007-9060-7 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Keep it Coherent: A Meta-Analysis of the Seductive Details Effect
Sundararajan, N., & Adesope, O. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09522-4 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Riar, M., Xi, N., Korbel, J. J., Zarnekow, R., & Hamari, J. (2022) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-08-2021-0611 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Some cognitive processes and their consequences for the organisation and presentation of information
Sweller, J. (1993) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049539308259112 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationArtino, A. R. (2008) · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Perceptual Learning, Cognition, and Expertise
(2013) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407237-4.00004-9 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Medicine and heuristics: cognitive biases and medical decision-making
Whelehan, D. F., Conlon, K. C., & Ridgway, P. F. (2020) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-020-02235-1 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Virtual reality: A new method to investigate cognitive load during navigation
Armougum, A., Orriols, É., Gaston‐Bellegarde, A., Marle, C. J.-L., & Piolino, P. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101338 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The Complex Matter of Online Hotel Choice
Pan, B., Zhang, L., & Law, R. (2012) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1938965512463264 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Getting Students “Partially” Involved in Note-Taking Using Graphic Organizers
Katayama, A. D., & Robinson, D. H. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220970009598498 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Learning from productive failure
Kapur, M. (2015) · Learning Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/23735082.2015.1002195 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Patel, V. L., Yoskowitz, N. A., Arocha, J. F., & Shortliffe, E. H. (2008) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2008.12.002 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Teaching for understanding in medical classrooms using multimedia design principles
Issa, N., Mayer, R. E., Schuller, M. C., Wang, E., Shapiro, M. B., & DaRosa, D. A. (2013) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12127 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
External and mental referencing of multiple representations
Bodemer, D., & Faust, U. (2006) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2005.01.005 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The effect of redundant text in multimedia instruction
Jamet, É., & Bohec, O. L. (2006) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2006.07.001 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Orrú, G., & Longo, L. (2019) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14273-5_3 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Khalil, M. K., PAAS, F. G. W. C., Johnson, T. E., & Payer, A. F. (2005) · The Anatomical Record Part B The New Anatomist · doi:10.1002/ar.b.20077 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Tzafilkou, K., Perifanou, M. A., & Economides, A. A. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10604-1 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Cognitive load effects in a primary-school geometry task
Bobis, J., Sweller, J., & Cooper, M. G. (1993) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/s0959-4752(09)80002-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationReady student one: Exploring the predictors of student learning in virtual reality
Madden, J., Pandita, S., Schuldt, J. P., Kim, B., Won, A. S., & Holmes, N. G. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229788 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Designs for learning about climate change as a complex system
Jacobson, M. J., Markauskaitė, L., Portolese, A., Kapur, M., Lai, P. K., & Roberts, G. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.03.007 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Some Conditions under Which Integrated Computer-Based Training Software Can Facilitate Learning
Cerpa, N., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1996) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/mg7x-4j8n-ckyr-p06t · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationKulgemeyer, C. (2018) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-018-9787-7 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The role of working memory components in multimedia comprehension
Gyselinck, V., Jamet, É., & Dubois, V. (2008) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1411 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cognitive Load Theory: What It Is, Why It's Important for Accounting Instruction and Research
Mostyn, G. R. (2011) · Issues in Accounting Education · doi:10.2308/iace-50099 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Use of Knowledge Management Systems and the Impact on the Acquisition of Explicit Knowledge
McCall, H., Arnold, V., & Sutton, S. G. (2008) · Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.2308/jis.2008.22.2.77 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Representational competence: towards a distributed and embodied cognition account
Pande, P., & Chandrasekharan, S. (2016) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057267.2017.1248627 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Khalil, M. K., Paas, F., Johnson, T. E., & Payer, A. F. (2005) · The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist · doi:10.1002/ar.b.20078 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Learning in a sheltered Internet environment: The use of WebQuests
Segers, E., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2009) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.02.017 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Koć‐Januchta, M., Schönborn, K. J., Roehrig, C., Chaudhri, V. K., Tibell, L. A. E., & Heller, H. C. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-021-00317-3 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Dynamic visualisations and learning
Ploetzner, R., & Lowe, R. (2004) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2004.06.001 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Effects of multimedia on cognitive load, self‐efficacy, and multiple rule‐based problem solving
Zheng, R. Z., McAlack, M., Wilmes, B., Kohler‐Evans, P., & Williamson, J. (2008) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00859.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Analysis of trainees' memory after classroom presentations of didactical ultrasound courses
Hempel, D., Stenger, T., Orto, M. C. D., Stenger, D. P., Seibel, A., Rohrig, S. A. H., Heringer, F., Walcher, F., & Breitkreutz, R. (2014) · The Ultrasound Journal · doi:10.1186/2036-7902-6-10 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Too much social media? Unveiling the effects of determinants in social media fatigue
Qin, C., Li, Y., Wang, T., Zhao, J., Tong, L., Yang, J., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1277846 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Yeung, A. S. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220979909598353 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Measuring learning gain: Comparing anatomy drawing screencasts and paper‐based resources
Pickering, J. D. (2016) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1666 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Zheng, R. Z., & Gupta, U. (2020) · European Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.20897/ejsteme/9252 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Tangible Business Process Modeling – Methodology and Experiment Design
Großkopf, A., Edelman, J. A., & Weske, M. (2010) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12186-9_46 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Khalil, M. K., Nelson, L. D., & Kibble, J. D. (2010) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.177 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Chiu, T. K. F., & Churchill, D. (2015) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2015.1006237 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Towards a framework for effective instructional explanations in science teaching
Kulgemeyer, C. (2018) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057267.2018.1598054 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Fiorella, L., Vogel-Walcutt, J. J., & Schatz, S. L. (2011) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-011-9218-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Söllner, M., Bitzer, P., Janson, A., & Leimeister, J. (2018) · Journal of Information and Technology · doi:10.1057/s41265-017-0046-6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Solving complex problems: A convergent approach to cognitive load measurement
Zheng, R. Z., & Cook, A. E. (2012) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01169.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The role of cognitive load in effective strategic issue management
Laamanen, T. M. M., MAULA, M. V. J., Kajanto, M., & Kunnas, P. (2017) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2017.03.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Learning information and communications technology skills and the subject context of the learning
Selinger, M. (2001) · Technology Pedagogy and Education · doi:10.1080/14759390100200108 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Explorations in Learning and the Brain
de Jong, T., van Gog, T., Jenks, K., Manlove, S., van Hell, J. G., Jolles, J., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., van Leeuwen, T. H., & Boschloo, A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89512-3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Antle, A. N., Wise, A. F., & Nielsen, K. (2011) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/1999030.1999032 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Student teacher challenges: using the cognitive load theory as an explanatory lens
Moos, D. C., & Pitton, D. E. (2013) · Teaching Education · doi:10.1080/10476210.2012.754869 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Eftekhari, M., Sotoudehnama, E., & Marandi, S. S. (2016) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-016-9431-z · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ohly, S., Plückthun, L., & Kissel, D. (2016) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.1177/1475725716681714 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The power of affective pedagogical agent and self-explanation in computer-based learning
Wang, Y., Gong, S., Cao, Y., & Fan, W. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104723 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Relevance of Hierarchies to Learning Biology From Hypertext
Shapiro, A. M. (1999) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1207/s15327809jls0802_2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Computer-based training for safety: Comparing methods with older and younger workers
Wallen, E. S., & Mulloy, K. B. (2006) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2006.08.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Using pop-up windows to improve multimedia learning
Erhel, S., & Jamet, E. (2006) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00165.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Yakmacı-Güzel, B., & Adadan, E. (2013) · The International Journal of Environmental and Science Education · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lin, J. J. H., & Lin, S. S. J. (2013) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-013-9479-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Walkington, C., Clinton‐Lisell, V., & Sparks, A. (2019) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-019-09481-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Over two decades of research on choice overload: An overview and research agenda
Jacob, B. M., Thomas, S., & Joseph, J. (2024) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.13029 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Differences between experts and novices in the monitoring of automated systems
Bruder, C., & Hasse, C. (2019) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2019.03.007 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Controlling split attention and redundancy in physical therapy instruction
Pociask, F. D., & Morrison, G. R. (2007) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-007-9062-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cognitive load while learning with a graphical computer interface
Martin‐Michiellot, S., & Mendelsohn, P. (2000) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2729.2000.00141.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Clinical study of student learning using mastery style versus immediate feedback online activities
Gladding, G. E., Gutmann, B., Schroeder, N. L., & Stelzer, T. J. (2015) · Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevstper.11.010114 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Narjaikaew, P., Emarat, N., & Cowie, B. (2009) · Research in Science & Technological Education · doi:10.1080/02635140802658917 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Lyu, C., & Deng, S. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102564 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Amount of invested mental effort (AIME) in online searching
Rieh, S. Y., Kim, Y.-M., & Markey, K. (2012) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2012.05.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Increasing Shopper Trust in Retailer Technological Interfaces via Auditory Confirmation
Reynolds-McIlnay, R., & Morrin, M. (2019) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2019.10.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
An investigation of SOAR study strategies for learning from multiple online resources
Daher, T. A., & Kiewra, K. A. (2016) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.12.004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pastore, R. (2009) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-009-9145-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Applying social tagging to manage cognitive load in a Web 2.0 self-learning environment
Huang, Y., Huang, Y.-M., Liu, C., & Tsai, C. (2011) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2011.555839 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The effects of teaching notetaking strategies on elementary students’ science learning
Lee, P.-L., Lan, W. Y., Hamman, D., & Hendricks, B. (2007) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-007-9027-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
van Hooijdonk, C. V., & Krahmer, E. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication · doi:10.1109/tpc.2007.2000054 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
An examination of the effects of argument mapping on students’ memory and comprehension performance
Dwyer, C. P., Hogan, M. J., & Stewart, I. (2013) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2012.12.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A systematic survey on embodied cognition: 11 years of research in child–computer interaction
Ale, M., Sturdee, M., & Rubegni, E. (2022) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2022.100478 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The job perception inventory: Considering human factors and needs in the design of human-AI work
Berretta, S., Tausch, A., Peifer, C., & Kluge, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128945 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Cognitive load (CL) describes the way information is processed in working memory and stored in long-term memory in learning or complex situations (Sweller and Chandler, 1991).”
BackgroundHuang, A. Y. Q., Lin, C., Su, S., & Yang, S. J. H. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13589 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Begolli, K. N., Dai, T., McGinn, K. M., & Booth, J. L. (2021) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-021-09550-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hospital doctors and their schemas about appropriate prescribing
Higgins, M. P., & Tully, M. P. (2005) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.02056.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Non‐native Chinese language learners' attitudes towards online vision‐based motion games
Hao, Y., Hong, J., Jong, J., Hwang, M., Su, C., & Yang, J. (2010) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01050.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wynder, M. B. (2017) · Accounting Education · doi:10.1080/09639284.2017.1361847 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sweller, J., & Chandler, P.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Venue
- Cognition and Instruction
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1991-12
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 351-362
- ISSN
- 0737-0008 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-690X
- OpenAlex
- W2077546866
- Cited by
- 543
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 3.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition and Instruction (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Keywords
- cognitive load theory, research methodology, instructional design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
