Psychological Needs and the Facilitation of Integrative Processes
Abstract
ABSTRACT The assumption that there are innate integrative or actualizing tendencies underlying personality and social development is reexamined. Rather than viewing such processes as either nonexistent or as automatic, I argue that they are dynamic and dependent upon social‐contextual supports Pertaining to basic human psychological needs. To develop this viewpoint, I conceptually link the notion of integrative tendencies to specific developmental processes, namely intrinsic motivation; internalization; and emotional integration. These processes are then shown to be facilitated by conditions that fulfill psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and forestalled within contexts that frustrate these needs. Interactions between psychological needs and contextual supports account, in part, for the domain and situational specificity of motivation, experience, and relative integration. The meaning of psychological needs (vs. wants) is directly considered, as are the relations between concepts of integration and autonomy and those of independence, individualism, efficacy, and cognitive models of “multiple selves.”
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Intrinsic motivation leads to enhanced creativity and improved learning outcomes.
“Intrinsic motivation is defined as ''doing something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable'' [51] (pp.55), leading to enhanced creativity and improved learning outcomes [51]- [53].”
From Extracting Design Guidelines for Augmented Reality Serious Games for Children (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
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- Authors
- Ryan, R. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ryan, Richard M.
- ORCID
- Ryan, Richard M.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1995-09
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 397-427
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2006905596
- Cited by
- 2,245
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 185 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 105 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 112
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD019914, HD-19914)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- psychological needs, integration processes, actualizing tendency, intrinsic motivation, internalization, emotional integration, autonomy, competence, relatedness, individualism, multiple selves, personality development, social development (developmental psychology)
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Humans, Individuality, Individuation, Internal-External Control, Motivation, Personality Development, Self Concept, Social Adjustment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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