Effects of Acutely Displaced Sleep on Testosterone
Abstract
CONTEXT: It is not yet clear whether the diurnal variation in testosterone is regulated by circadian or homeostatic (sleep) influences. OBJECTIVE: The present study tested whether testosterone is driven by a circadian-independent sleep effect by shifting sleep acutely to daytime in a 24-h sampling regiment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In the sleep laboratory, seven healthy young men (age, 22-32 yr) participated in three conditions: habituation (sleep between 2300-0700 h), night sleep (2300-0700 h), and day sleep (0700-1500 h), the latter two in a balanced order. INTERVENTION AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Serum testosterone was, in all conditions, sampled by hourly blood drawing for 24 h during constant bed rest. RESULTS: Mean testosterone levels increased as a log-linear function of time (hours) across both sleep periods (b = 4.88; P < 0.001), from 15.3 +/- 2.1 to 25.3 +/- 2.2 nmol/liter during night sleep and from 17.3 +/- 2.1 to 26.4 +/- 2.9 nmol/liter during day sleep. Similarly, mean testosterone levels decreased with time (log-linear) awake (b = -1.80; P < 0.001). There was also evidence of a weak circadian component (acrophase ranging between 0651-0924 h) and an increase with time in the laboratory. Moreover, all these effects, except for the increase during sleep, differed significantly between individuals. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, testosterone increased during sleep and fell during waking, whereas circadian effects seemed marginal. Individual differences were pronounced.
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Plasma testosterone fluctuates during the day, increasing during sleep and gradually decreasing during waking periods.
“In males, plasma testosterone fluctuates during the day, with concentrations increasing during sleep and gradually decreasing during waking periods (Axelsson et al., 2005; Touitou et al., 1990), with marginal circadian effects (Axelsson et al., 2005).”
From The effect of acute sleep deprivation on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and the hormonal environment (2021) · cites this paper as Axelsson et al., 2005
The majority of daily testosterone release in men occurs during sleep.
“The majority of the daily testosterone release in men occurs during sleep.1”
From Effect of 1 Week of Sleep Restriction on Testosterone Levels in Young Healthy Men (2011) · cites this paper as [1]
Exercise is independently associated with increasing testosterone levels.
“In addition to weight loss, exercise is independently associated with increasing T levels.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [75]
Compared with aerobic activity, resistance exercise likely produces greater testosterone improvements, with untrained men having larger increases than those routinely performing resistance exercise.
“Compared to aerobic activity, resistance exercise likely results in greater improvements in T, with untrained men experiencing larger increases compared to those routinely performing resistance exercises.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [75]
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- Authors
- Axelsson, J., Ingre, M., Åkerstedt, T., & Holmbäck, U.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Axelsson, John
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 4530-4535
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2089025220
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- testosterone, sleep, circadian rhythm, diurnal variation, sleep timing, nocturnal sleep, homeostatic regulation, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Sleep, Testosterone, Wakefulness
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