The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 78 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Adverse Effects of Two Nights of Sleep Restriction on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Healthy Men
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Insufficient sleep is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may underlie this link. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the impact of restricted sleep on daytime profiles of ACTH and cortisol concentrations. METHODS: Thirteen subjects participated in 2 laboratory sessions (2 nights of 10 hours in bed versus 2 nights of 4 hours in bed) in a randomized crossover design. Sleep was polygraphically recorded. After the second night of each session, blood was sampled at 20-minute intervals from 9:00 am to midnight to measure ACTH and total cortisol. Saliva was collected every 20 minutes from 2:00 pm to midnight to measure free cortisol. Perceived stress, hunger, and appetite were assessed at hourly intervals by validated scales. RESULTS: Sleep restriction was associated with a 19% increase in overall ACTH levels (P < .03) that was correlated with the individual amount of sleep loss (rSp = 0.63, P < .02). Overall total cortisol levels were also elevated (+21%; P = .10). Pulse frequency was unchanged for both ACTH and cortisol. Morning levels of ACTH were higher after sleep restriction (P < .04) without concomitant elevation of cortisol. In contrast, evening ACTH levels were unchanged while total and free cortisol increased by, respectively, 30% (P < .03) and 200% (P < .04). Thus, the amplitude of the circadian cortisol decline was dampened by sleep restriction (-21%; P < .05). Sleep restriction was not associated with higher perceived stress but resulted in an increase in appetite that was correlated with the increase in total cortisol. CONCLUSION: The impact of sleep loss on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity is dependent on time of day. Insufficient sleep dampens the circadian rhythm of cortisol, a major internal synchronizer of central and peripheral clocks.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Two nights of sleep restriction to 4 hours in bed increased daytime HPA-axis activity in healthy young men, with higher overall ACTH and a trend toward higher total cortisol. The effect varied by time of day: morning ACTH rose without cortisol, while evening total and free cortisol rose without ACTH, dampening the circadian cortisol decline.
Key findings
- Sleep restriction increased overall daytime ACTH by 19% (P < .03) and total cortisol by 21% (P = .10); the ACTH increase correlated with the amount of sleep loss (rSp = 0.63, P < .02).
- Morning ACTH was 10% higher after sleep restriction (P < .04) without a significant morning cortisol elevation, whereas evening total cortisol increased by 30% (P < .03) and evening free cortisol by 200% (P < .04) without an evening ACTH increase.
- The circadian decline in total cortisol was dampened by 21% (P < .05); pulse frequency was unchanged for ACTH and cortisol, though ACTH pulse trough and peak values were higher (both P < .05).
- Perceived stress did not differ between conditions, but increased appetite correlated with increased total cortisol (rSp = 0.67, P < .04; hunger rSp = 0.60, P < .06).
Methods
- Thirteen healthy young men (median age 21 [20; 23] years; BMI 24.6 [21; 25] kg/m²) completed a randomized crossover study with two laboratory sessions: 2 nights of 10 hours in bed vs 2 nights of 4 hours in bed, spaced at least 6 weeks apart.
- After the second night of each session, blood was sampled every 20 minutes from 9:00 am to midnight for ACTH and total cortisol, and saliva every 20 minutes from 2:00 pm to midnight for free cortisol; participants received constant glucose infusion and remained recumbent.
- Analyses used Wilcoxon exact rank tests, mixed-effects ANOVA for serial hormone data, Spearman correlations, and the ULTRA algorithm for pulse detection.
Limitations
- The paper states: small sample size; only young men, so findings cannot be extrapolated to the general population; constant glucose infusion instead of meals does not mimic real-life conditions; and sleep restriction lasted only 2 nights, so results may not translate to chronic sleep debt.
- Evident from the text: the controlled laboratory setting and exclusion of women, smokers, and medicated individuals limit generalizability to everyday sleep restriction contexts.
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Claims the paper makes
43 Own result · 26 Not checked yet · 12 Own method · 11 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Multiple studies have observed that sleep loss, either from acute partial or total sleep deprivation or from recurrent sleep curtailment or insomnia, results in elevated evening cortisol levels (12–19).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Leproult, 1997, Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening, Sleep
- Not checked yetcites [13] Spiegel, 1999, Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Vgontzas, 2001, Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: clinical implications, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Partly supportedcites [15] Spiegel, 2004, Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin, J Clin Endocrinol Metab sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports higher late-afternoon and evening cortisol after six days of sleep restriction and links chronic partial sleep loss to increased evening cortisol. The Abstract also reports elevated evening cortisol in experimental sleep loss and in insomniacs, but the passages do not establish the claim specifically for acute total sleep deprivation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked yetcites [16] Nedeltcheva, 2009, Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Supportedcites [17] Buxton, 2010, Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men, Diabetes source
The Results (Cortisol and norepinephrine) report higher salivary cortisol from 1500 to 2100 h after one week of restricted sleep than under sleep-replete conditions. This source supports the recurrent sleep-curtailment portion of the multiply cited sentence; the other forms of sleep loss need not each be shown by this study. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked yetcites [18] Omisade, 2010, Impact of acute sleep restriction on cortisol and leptin levels in young women, Physiol Behav source
- Partly supportedcites [19] Reynolds, 2012, Impact of five nights of sleep restriction on glucose metabolism, leptin and testosterone in young adult men, PloS One sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says several studies found elevated late-day cortisol after sleep restriction, and the Results (page unavailable) report higher cortisol at 16:00 and 18:00 after five nights of restriction. Our copy does not establish the claim for total sleep deprivation or insomnia, and the Introduction notes that other studies found little or no change. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, evening ACTH levels were unchanged while total and free cortisol increased by, respectively, 30% (P < .03) and 200% (P < .04).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Morning levels of ACTH were higher after sleep restriction (P < .04) without concomitant elevation of cortisol.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, evening ACTH levels were unchanged while total and free cortisol increased by, respectively, 30% (P < .03) and 200% (P < .04).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pulse frequency was unchanged for both ACTH and cortisol.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Morning levels of ACTH were higher after sleep restriction (P < .04) without concomitant elevation of cortisol.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep restriction was associated with a 19% increase in overall ACTH levels (P < .03) that was correlated with the individual amount of sleep loss (rSp = 0.63, P < .02).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“overall daytime ACTH levels during short sleep were 19% (10%; 24%) higher (AUC 9:00 am to midnight, 10 551 [5575; 13 821] vs 7481 [5104; 12418] pg/mL/min, P < .03)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“short sleep was associated with increased overall ACTH (F = 5.6, P < .04)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep restriction was associated with a 19% increase in overall ACTH levels (P < .03) that was correlated with the individual amount of sleep loss (rSp = 0.63, P < .02).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep restriction was not associated with higher perceived stress but resulted in an increase in appetite that was correlated with the increase in total cortisol.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, evening ACTH levels were unchanged while total and free cortisol increased by, respectively, 30% (P < .03) and 200% (P < .04).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mixed-effects ANOVA confirmed these findings; short sleep was associated with increased overall ACTH (F = 5.6, P < .04) and with a trend for increased overall serum cortisol (F = 3.0, P = .11), and a condition × time of day interaction was found for plasma ACTH (F = 1.4, P < .05) but not for serum cortisol (F = 0.9, P = .67).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the amplitude of the circadian cortisol decline was dampened by sleep restriction (−21%; P < .05).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep efficiency and maintenance were enhanced (+5% [1%; 8%], P < .06; and +3% [1%; 6%], P < .03), the time spent in WASO was decreased (−24 [−32; −12] minutes, P < .003) and sleep latency was reduced (−14 [−29; −11] minutes, P < .002).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, we showed that the increase in overall cortisol after restricted sleep correlated with the increases in hunger and appetite.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mixed-effects ANOVA confirmed these findings; short sleep was associated with increased overall ACTH (F = 5.6, P < .04) and with a trend for increased overall serum cortisol (F = 3.0, P = .11), and a condition × time of day interaction was found for plasma ACTH (F = 1.4, P < .05) but not for serum cortisol (F = 0.9, P = .67).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep restriction was associated with a 10% (+3%; +45%) increase in morning ACTH levels (3828 [2094; 4491] vs 2504 [2008; 3444] pg/mL/min, P < .04) (Figure 2C)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep curtailment was achieved by a 3-hour 28-minute (3-hour 3-minute; 3-hour 56-minute) decrease in the lighter stages of non-REM sleep (stages N1 + N2, P < .0003) and a 1-hour 35-minute [1-hour 28-minute; 1-hour 50-minute) decrease in REM sleep (P < .0003).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep efficiency and maintenance were enhanced (+5% [1%; 8%], P < .06; and +3% [1%; 6%], P < .03), the time spent in WASO was decreased (−24 [−32; −12] minutes, P < .003) and sleep latency was reduced (−14 [−29; −11] minutes, P < .002).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and salivary cortisol (120 [73; 170] vs 63 [36; 85] μg/dL/min, P < .04)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, this elevation of evening cortisol levels after sleep restriction resulted in a more than 20% dampening of the daytime variation of this major internal synchronizing signal of the peripheral circadian clock.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The difference in TST between the 2 sleep conditions averaged 5 hours 16 minutes (−5 hours 27 minutes; −4 hours 49 minutes) (P < .0003).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not with the increase of plasma ACTH (hunger, rSp = 0.10, P = .92; appetite, rSp = 0.09, P = .77).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the time spent in deep non-REM sleep, ie, SWS, was not enhanced by sleep restriction.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the rate of decline of serum or salivary cortisol was unaffected by the sleep condition (P = .84 and P = .64, respectively), the rate of ACTH decline across the day tended to be faster (−0.6 [−0.9; −0.4] vs −0.4 [−0.7; −0.3] pg/mL/h, P < .06) in the short sleep condition.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trough and peak values of the ACTH pulses were enhanced in the sleep restriction condition as compared with the rested condition (+17% [−12%; +49%], P < .05; and +21% [−0.3%; +33%], P < .05, respectively).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increases in hunger and appetite correlated with the increase in total serum cortisol levels during the same time period (hunger, rSp = 0.60, P < .06; appetite, rSp = 0.67, P < .04)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep efficiency and maintenance were enhanced (+5% [1%; 8%], P < .06; and +3% [1%; 6%], P < .03), the time spent in WASO was decreased (−24 [−32; −12] minutes, P < .003) and sleep latency was reduced (−14 [−29; −11] minutes, P < .002).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the rate of decline of serum or salivary cortisol was unaffected by the sleep condition (P = .84 and P = .64, respectively), the rate of ACTH decline across the day tended to be faster (−0.6 [−0.9; −0.4] vs −0.4 [−0.7; −0.3] pg/mL/h, P < .06) in the short sleep condition.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep curtailment was achieved by a 3-hour 28-minute (3-hour 3-minute; 3-hour 56-minute) decrease in the lighter stages of non-REM sleep (stages N1 + N2, P < .0003) and a 1-hour 35-minute [1-hour 28-minute; 1-hour 50-minute) decrease in REM sleep (P < .0003).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the amplitude of the circadian decline of total cortisol levels across the daytime, estimated as the ratio (morning mean levels/evening mean levels), was decreased by 21% (−45%; −4%) when the subjects were sleep-restricted (P < .05)”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas ACTH levels were unaffected (1396 [854; 2458] vs 1389 [734; 2256] pg/mL/min, P = .22) (Figure 2D)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep restriction was not associated with higher perceived stress but resulted in an increase in appetite that was correlated with the increase in total cortisol.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas this estimate of circadian amplitude was unchanged for ACTH.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the evening, sleep loss was associated with increased levels of total cortisol (1026 [865; 1326] vs 642 [522; 880] μg/dL/min, P < .03) (Figure 2D)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep restriction was not associated with higher perceived stress but resulted in an increase in appetite that was correlated with the increase in total cortisol.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“without significant elevation of morning cortisol levels (2429 [2059; 2580] vs 2006 [1642; 2310] μg/dL/min, P = .27) (Figure 2C)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reduction in TST from the 10-hours-in-bed to the 4-hours-in-bed condition was correlated with the increase in the overall daytime levels of ACTH (rSp = 0.64, P < .02)”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep efficiency and maintenance were enhanced (+5% [1%; 8%], P < .06; and +3% [1%; 6%], P < .03), the time spent in WASO was decreased (−24 [−32; −12] minutes, P < .003) and sleep latency was reduced (−14 [−29; −11] minutes, P < .002).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Spiegel, 2009, Effects of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk, Nat Rev
- Not checked yetcites [4] Cappuccio, 2010, Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Cappuccio, 2011, Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Eur Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Nielsen, 2011, Short sleep duration as a possible cause of obesity: critical analysis of the epidemiological evidence, Obes Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Morselli, 2012, Sleep and metabolic function, Pflugers Arch source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Faraut, 2012, Immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of sleep restriction and recovery, Sleep Med Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Cappuccio, 2013, Sleep and mortality: cause, consequence, or symptom?, Sleep Med source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Alvaro, 2013, A systematic review assessing bidirectionality between sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Chrousos, 2007, Glucocorticoid action networks and complex psychiatric and/or somatic disorders, Stress source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies have assessed ACTH and cortisol at different times of day in sleep-deprived subjects, but they have yielded inconsistent results.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Reynolds, 2012, Impact of five nights of sleep restriction on glucose metabolism, leptin and testosterone in young adult men, PloS One source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Schmid, 2011, Disturbed glucoregulatory response to food intake after moderate sleep restriction, Sleep source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Spiegel, 2009, Effects of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk, Nat Rev
- Not checked yetcites [4] Cappuccio, 2010, Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Cappuccio, 2011, Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Eur Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Nielsen, 2011, Short sleep duration as a possible cause of obesity: critical analysis of the epidemiological evidence, Obes Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Morselli, 2012, Sleep and metabolic function, Pflugers Arch source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Faraut, 2012, Immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of sleep restriction and recovery, Sleep Med Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Cappuccio, 2013, Sleep and mortality: cause, consequence, or symptom?, Sleep Med source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Alvaro, 2013, A systematic review assessing bidirectionality between sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Chrousos, 2007, Glucocorticoid action networks and complex psychiatric and/or somatic disorders, Stress source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The mechanisms by which sleep loss activates ACTH release are likely to involve increased brain CRH levels rather than increased pituitary sensitivity to CRH, because rodents studies have reported enhanced brain synthesis and release of CRH (32–34) but also reduced CRH binding in the pituitary (32) after acute and chronic sleep restriction.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Fadda, 1997, Stress-induced sleep deprivation modifies corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) levels and CRF binding in rat brain and pituitary, Pharmacol Res source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Fujihara, 2003, Short-term sleep disturbance enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in rat hippocampus by acting as internal stressor, J Mol Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Koban, 2006, Changes in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone, neuropeptide Y, and proopiomelanocortin gene expression during chronic rapid eye movement sleep deprivation of rats, Endocrinology source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The increase in evening cortisol levels indicates that insufficient sleep may have an impact on the multitude of physiological processes modulated by circulating glucocorticoids (11).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Chrousos, 2007, Glucocorticoid action networks and complex psychiatric and/or somatic disorders, Stress source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding suggests that the enhanced ACTH levels observed after restricted sleep in our healthy young participants is more likely to be the consequence of a physiological stress rather than of a psychological stress, possibly because in the laboratory environment, the only challenge that our participants had to meet was to comply with the protocol.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As such, the modest but recurrent elevations in cortisol when cortisol levels are usually low are likely to favor, especially in vulnerable subjects, mental or metabolic illnesses (21, 38).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Plat, 1999, Metabolic effects of short-term elevations of plasma cortisol are more pronounced in the evening than in the morning, J Clin Endocrinol Metab
- Not checked yetcites [38] de Kloet, 2005, Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease, Nat Rev Neurosci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, the elevated ACTH levels reported here during sleep loss in healthy men are in line with rodent studies that showed increased ACTH after total sleep deprivation or recurrent partial sleep restriction (31).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Meerlo, 2008, Restricted and disrupted sleep: effects on autonomic function, neuroendocrine stress systems and stress responsivity, Sleep Med Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the data suggest that an upregulation of the systems linking arousal and energy homeostasis regulation is likely to be an important contributor of the activation of the HPA axis after sleep restriction.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The dampening of the cortisol rhythm after 2 nights of sleep loss is consistent with recent studies that have shown that lack of sleep alters the phase and the amplitude of circadian-driven rhythms (40, 41).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Markwald, 2013, Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [41] Moller-Levet, 2013, Effects of insufficient sleep on circadian rhythmicity and expression amplitude of the human blood transcriptome, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The impact of sleep loss on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity is dependent on time of day.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This stimulation of CRH release when wakefulness is extended could be mediated by upregulation of neuropeptides involved in the regulation of both energy homeostasis and HPA axis activity (35).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Rohleder, 2007, Effects of nutrition on neuro-endocrine stress responses, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The fact that these studies sampled ACTH 3 to 6 times less frequently than our study is a likely explanation of the contradictory results (19, 22).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Reynolds, 2012, Impact of five nights of sleep restriction on glucose metabolism, leptin and testosterone in young adult men, PloS One source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Schmid, 2011, Disturbed glucoregulatory response to food intake after moderate sleep restriction, Sleep source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dampening of the circadian rhythmicity of circulating glucocorticoids is also likely to play an important role in the deleterious impact of insufficient sleep.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The only 2 studies that previously assessed ACTH at regular intervals during a prolonged period of time in humans yielded negative results.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Schmid, 2011, Disturbed glucoregulatory response to food intake after moderate sleep restriction, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Reynolds, 2012, Impact of five nights of sleep restriction on glucose metabolism, leptin and testosterone in young adult men, PloS One source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The orexin system has been shown to be overactive when sleep deprivation is behaviorally enforced (36).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Mieda, 2012, Overview of orexin/hypocretin system, Prog Brain Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 28
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Spiegel, 2009, Effects of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk, Nat Rev
- Could not verifycites [4] Cappuccio, 2010, Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions section (Potential mechanisms; page not provided) mentions increased cortisol secretion and altered growth hormone metabolism in connection with sleep problems. Searches for the HPA axis and its regulation of physiologic processes found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Not checked yetcites [5] Cappuccio, 2011, Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Eur Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Nielsen, 2011, Short sleep duration as a possible cause of obesity: critical analysis of the epidemiological evidence, Obes Rev source
- Could not verifycites [7] Morselli, 2012, Sleep and metabolic function, Pflugers Arch sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Glucose regulation and sleep section discusses cortisol’s role in glucose regulation and its daily rhythm, but does not say that the HPA axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes. Searches for “HPA axis” and “hypothalamic pituitary adrenal” found no passage in the paper’s body establishing that broader claim; a reference title mentions the axis. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Not checked yetcites [8] Faraut, 2012, Immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of sleep restriction and recovery, Sleep Med Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Cappuccio, 2013, Sleep and mortality: cause, consequence, or symptom?, Sleep Med source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Alvaro, 2013, A systematic review assessing bidirectionality between sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression, Sleep source
- Supportedcites [11] Chrousos, 2007, Glucocorticoid action networks and complex psychiatric and/or somatic disorders, Stress source
In “Glucocorticoid effects—physiology, pathophysiology,” the paper identifies glucocorticoids as the end product of the HPA axis and says they are involved in almost every physiological network. This supports the attributed claim that the HPA axis regulates a wide range of physiological processes; the claim does not attribute the sleep-restriction or health-effects assertions to this source specifically. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall total cortisol levels were also elevated (+21%; P = .10).”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“there was a trend for a similar increase (ie, +21% [−6%; +41%]) in total cortisol (6844 [6308; 7324] vs 4826 [4519; 7240] μg/dL/min, P = .10)”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“with a trend for increased overall serum cortisol (F = 3.0, P = .11)”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not of total (rSp = −0.27, P = .36) or free cortisol (rSp = −0.20, P = .52).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar results were obtained when we analyzed scores obtained in the morning (9:00 am to 1:00 pm, 7 [6; 8] vs 7 [6; 8], P = .27, 2 [1; 3] vs 2 [1; 3], P = .27; and 1 [1; 2] vs 1 [1; 2], P = .50) or in the evening (8:00 pm to midnight; P > .34).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall mean scores for calm, tense and nervous were similar in both sleep conditions (7 [5; 8] vs 7 [6; 8], P = .42; 2 [1; 3] vs 2 [1;3], P = .15; and 1 [1; 1] vs 1 [1; 1[, P = .34, respectively).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resulting daily variations of cortisol are characterized by an increase in evening total (+30%) and free cortisol levels (+200%).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the entire sampling period, the number of ACTH pulses as well as the number, mean trough, and peak and absolute increment of pulses of total and free cortisol were unaffected by the sleep condition.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistent with our previous study of 6 nights of sleep restriction (15), we found that levels of perceived stress in the present study remained low and were not affected by sleep loss.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Spiegel, 2004, Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Habitual short sleep, usually 6 hours or less, has been linked in epidemiological studies to increased mortality and increased prevalence and incidence of numerous pathological conditions including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, vulnerability to infection, depression, and anxiety (3–10).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Spiegel, 2009, Effects of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk, Nat Rev
- Not checked yetcites [4] Cappuccio, 2010, Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Cappuccio, 2011, Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Eur Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Nielsen, 2011, Short sleep duration as a possible cause of obesity: critical analysis of the epidemiological evidence, Obes Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Morselli, 2012, Sleep and metabolic function, Pflugers Arch source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Faraut, 2012, Immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of sleep restriction and recovery, Sleep Med Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Cappuccio, 2013, Sleep and mortality: cause, consequence, or symptom?, Sleep Med source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Alvaro, 2013, A systematic review assessing bidirectionality between sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression, Sleep source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, not only the levels of cortisol but also its variation across the day play a role for health and disease (20, 21).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Chung, 2011, Circadian rhythm of adrenal glucocorticoid: its regulation and clinical implications, Biochim Biophys Acta source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Plat, 1999, Metabolic effects of short-term elevations of plasma cortisol are more pronounced in the evening than in the morning, J Clin Endocrinol Metab
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The other examined the impact of 2 nights of 4 hours in bed vs 2 nights of 8 hours in bed and found no differences in either ACTH or cortisol (22).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Schmid, 2011, Disturbed glucoregulatory response to food intake after moderate sleep restriction, Sleep source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the subjects participated in 2 laboratory sessions in randomized order.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Insufficient sleep is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Perceived stress, hunger, and appetite were assessed at hourly intervals by validated scales.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Monk, 1989, A visual analogue scale technique to measure global vigor and affect, Psychiatry Res source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Clark, 1989, Diurnal variation in the positive affects, Motivation Emotion source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Stubbs, 2000, The use of visual analogue scales to assess motivation to eat in human subjects: a review of their reliability and validity with an evaluation of new hand-held computerized systems for temporal tracking of appetite ratings, Br J Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Fernstrom, 1987, Appetite and food preference in depression: effects of imipramine treatment, Biol Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For each hormone, all samples from the same subject were measured in the same assay.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Plasma ACTH and serum cortisol were measured by immunochemiluminometric assay (Immulite; Siemens). The limit of sensitivity of the ACTH assay was 1 pg/mL, and the coefficient of intra-assay variation was ≤9.6%. The limit of sensitivity of the cortisol assay was 1.0 μg/dL, and the coefficient of intra-assay variation was 5% on average (21).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Plat, 1999, Metabolic effects of short-term elevations of plasma cortisol are more pronounced in the evening than in the morning, J Clin Endocrinol Metab
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A complete assessment of the HPA axis requires the measurement of both ACTH and cortisol levels at frequent intervals across the day.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only 4 naps, lasting 121 minutes in total, were detected in the 4-hours-in-bed condition in a single subject.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prestudy TIB and TST did not differ between the 2 experimental conditions (P = .16 and P = .42, respectively).”
plainn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may underlie this link.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One study found increased evening cortisol levels in the face of unchanged ACTH levels after 5 nights of 4 hours in bed in comparison with 2 nights of 10 hours in bed (19).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Reynolds, 2012, Impact of five nights of sleep restriction on glucose metabolism, leptin and testosterone in young adult men, PloS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sampling started 1 hour after catheter insertion to avoid observing the effect of the venipuncture stress on ACTH and cortisol levels.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Free cortisol in saliva was measured by RIA (Coat-A-Count; Diagnostic Products Corporation) following the manufacturer's directions. The limit of sensitivity of the assay was 0.025 μg/dL, and the coefficient of intra-assay variation averaged 4%.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, our participants received a constant glucose infusion instead of 3 meals, an experimental condition that does not mimic real-life conditions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that 2 nights of 4 hours in bed were associated with spontaneous HPA axis hyperactivity, because overall daytime levels of ACTH were increased by 19% and total cortisol tended to increase by 21%.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These elevated cortisol levels at a time when cortisol is usually low are likely to adversely affect the numerous physiological processes modulated by the final product of the HPA axis.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In animals, intracerebroventricular injection of orexins activates the HPA axis by increasing CRH release in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (35).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Rohleder, 2007, Effects of nutrition on neuro-endocrine stress responses, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep loss therefore acts as a mild physiological, but not psychological, stressor, because measures of perceived stress remained unaffected by sleep loss.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to this overall mild hyperactivity, we found that sleep loss differently affected ACTH and cortisol levels according to the time of day, suggesting that sleep loss alters the circadian modulation of the sensitivity of the adrenals to ACTH.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Orexins are synthesized by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and stimulate arousal and feeding (36).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Mieda, 2012, Overview of orexin/hypocretin system, Prog Brain Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is possible that the 20-minute sampling frequency used in our study was insufficient to detect changes in ACTH pulse frequency (30).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Iranmanesh, 1990, Intensive venous sampling paradigms disclose high frequency adrenocorticotropin release episodes in normal men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These results suggest that adrenal sensitivity to ACTH may be reduced in the morning and, as previously suggested (19), enhanced in the evening in a state of sleep loss.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Reynolds, 2012, Impact of five nights of sleep restriction on glucose metabolism, leptin and testosterone in young adult men, PloS One source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lastly, sleep restriction was applied for only 2 nights, and the results may not translate to states of chronic sleep debt, although in a well-documented prospective epidemiologic study in 2802 older adults, short sleep predicted higher daytime cortisol levels (42).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Kumari, 2010, Identifying patterns in cortisol secretion in an older population. Findings from the Whitehall II study, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, we studied only young men and the data cannot, therefore, be extrapolated to the general population.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evidence is rapidly accumulating to indicate that misalignment between central and peripheral clocks has a host of adverse effects, including an increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes (37, 39).”
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the sample size is small.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, we complemented our hormonal analysis with repeated assessments of self-reported levels of stress, hunger, and appetite using validated instruments.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, we collected blood and saliva samples at frequent intervals throughout the day, allowing us to evaluate the effects of sleep loss on both the pulsatile and circadian variations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Irrespective of the underlying mechanisms, these alterations in HPA functioning may mediate the association between short sleep and increased risk for various conditions, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, vulnerability to infection, depression, and anxiety.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increase in cortisol levels was correlated with increased appetite, highlighting the close relationship between the regulation of arousal, energy homeostasis, and the HPA axis.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, we assessed both ACTH and total as well as free cortisol, therefore allowing a complete assessment of the HPA axis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“although in a well-documented prospective epidemiologic study in 2802 older adults, short sleep predicted higher daytime cortisol levels (42).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Kumari, 2010, Identifying patterns in cortisol secretion in an older population. Findings from the Whitehall II study, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
boostedcorrelationaln = 2,802- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, we used a randomized crossover design with rigorously controlled experimental conditions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The role of ACTH levels in the evening elevation of cortisol secretion after sleep loss has not been elucidated.
“The role of ACTH levels in this evening elevation of cortisol secretion has not been elucidated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cortisol is a major internal synchronizer of central and peripheral clocks.
“Insufficient sleep dampens the circadian rhythm of cortisol, a major internal synchronizer of central and peripheral clocks.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Findings of elevated expression and release of CRH in sleep-deprived rodents [38][39][40] and of elevated baseline ACTH levels in sleep-deprived humans in the present and in a previous study 16 suggest that partial pituitary desensitization to CRH is likely the consequence of sustained elevated CRH release.”
From Effects of Insufficient Sleep on Pituitary–Adrenocortical Response to CRH Stimulation in Healthy Men (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“a recent study in healthy humans reported elevated daytime ACTH levels following 2 nights of 4 hours in bed, therefore providing evidence for an up-regulation of the HPA axis during severe sleep loss in humans.16”
From Effects of Insufficient Sleep on Pituitary–Adrenocortical Response to CRH Stimulation in Healthy Men (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Since adrenal sensitivity appears to be differently affected in the morning and in the evening during sleep loss, 16”
From Effects of Insufficient Sleep on Pituitary–Adrenocortical Response to CRH Stimulation in Healthy Men (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Abstract
“correlated with the individual amount of sleep loss (rSp = 0.63, P < .02)”
§ Results
“The reduction in TST from the 10-hours-in-bed to the 4-hours-in-bed condition was correlated with the increase in the overall daytime levels of ACTH (rSp = 0.64, P < .02)”
Citations
Cites
Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease
de Kloet, E. R., Joëls, M., & Holsboer, F. (2005) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1683 · Cited by 4,621
Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function
Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01376-8 · Cited by 3,668
Self-citationSpiegel, K., Tasali, E., Penev, P., & Cauter, E. V. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008 · Cited by 2,459
Self-citationCappuccio, F. P., Cooper, D., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr007 · Cited by 2,146
Circadian integration of metabolism and energetics
Bass, J., & Takahashi, J. S. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1195027 · Cited by 1,910
Quantity and Quality of Sleep and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes
Cappuccio, F. P., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1124 · Cited by 1,670
A Systematic Review Assessing Bidirectionality between Sleep Disturbances, Anxiety, and Depression
Alvaro, P. K., Roberts, R. M., & Harris, J. K. (2013) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.2810 · Cited by 1,573
Sleep loss: a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
Spiegel, K., Knutson, K., Leproult, R., Tasali, E., & Cauter, E. V. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00660.2005 · Cited by 1,175
Self-citationThe visual scoring of sleep in adults
Silber, M. H., Ancoli-Israel, S., Bonnet, M. H., Chokroverty, S., Grigg-Damberger, M. M., Hirshkowitz, M., Kapen, S., Keenan, S. A., Kryger, M. H., Penzel, T., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.26814 · Cited by 1,064
Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., L’Hermite-Balériaux, M., Copinschi, G., Penev, P. D., & Van Cauter, E. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1003 · Cited by 1,006
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Functional and Clinical Significance of the 24-Hour Rhythm of Circulating Glucocorticoids
Oster, H., Challet, E., Ott, V., Arvat, E., de Kloet, E. R., Dijk, D.-J., Lightman, S., Vgontzas, A., & Van Cauter, E. (2017) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2015-1080 · Cited by 548
“As illustrated in Figure 6, levels of free cortisol can be reliably measured in saliva and are highly correlated with circulating concentrations of total cortisol under normal conditions (117).”
Sarcopenia during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions: long-term health effects of short-term muscle loss
Kirwan, R., McCullough, D., Butler, T., de Heredia, F. P., Davies, I. G., & Stewart, C. E. (2020) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00272-3 · Cited by 344
Sleep Duration and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Covassin, N., & Singh, P. (2016) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.10.007 · Cited by 314
Sleep deprivation and stress: a reciprocal relationship
Nollet, M., Wisden, W., & Franks, N. P. (2020) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2019.0092 · Cited by 324
The links between sleep duration, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Antza, C., Kostopoulos, G., Mostafa, S., Nirantharakumar, K., & Tahrani, A. (2021) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-21-0155 · Cited by 310
“This pattern found to be different in chronic sleep restriction, with levels to be higher during evening,(Guyon et al. 2014), an increase in the nadir levels, a delay in the phase of the cortisol rhythm and a lower rate of decline (Rao et al. 2021).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Guyon, A., Balbo, M., Morselli, L. L., Tasali, E., Leproult, R., L'Hermite-Balériaux, M., Van Cauter, E., & Spiegel, K.
- Affiliations
- Lyon 1 Université (FR)
- Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo (IT)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1050 Belgium and Faculté de Médecine (M.L.-B.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1070 Belgium
- Sleep, Metabolism, and Health Center (L.L.M., E.T., R.L., E.V.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Corresponding author
- Spiegel, K.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2014-08-01
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2861-2868
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC4121029
- OpenAlex
- W2102478373
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 6.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Chicago
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000430)
- National Institute on Aging (P01-AG11412., P01AG011412)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P60DK20595, P60DK020595)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642)
- NIH Clinical Center
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, sleep deprivation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, ACTH, cortisol, free cortisol, circadian rhythm, perceived stress, appetite, hunger, cardiometabolic risk, healthy men
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Health, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Time Factors, Cross-Over Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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