Postmortem brain abnormalities of the glutamate neurotransmitter system in autism
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Studies examining the brains of individuals with autism have identified anatomic and pathologic changes in regions such as the cerebellum and hippocampus. Little, if anything, is known, however, about the molecules that are involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder. OBJECTIVE: To identify genes with abnormal expression levels in the cerebella of subjects with autism. METHOD: Brain samples from a total of 10 individuals with autism and 23 matched controls were collected, mainly from the cerebellum. Two cDNA microarray technologies were used to identify genes that were significantly up- or downregulated in autism. The abnormal mRNA or protein levels of several genes identified by microarray analysis were investigated using PCR with reverse transcription and Western blotting. alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA)- and NMDA-type glutamate receptor densities were examined with receptor autoradiography in the cerebellum, caudate-putamen, and prefrontal cortex. RESULTS: The mRNA levels of several genes were significantly increased in autism, including excitatory amino acid transporter 1 and glutamate receptor AMPA 1, two members of the glutamate system. Abnormalities in the protein or mRNA levels of several additional molecules in the glutamate system were identified on further analysis, including glutamate receptor binding proteins. AMPA-type glutamate receptor density was decreased in the cerebellum of individuals with autism (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with autism may have specific abnormalities in the AMPA-type glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters in the cerebellum. These abnormalities may be directly involved in the pathogenesis of the disorder.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Only a limited number of studies have shown altered mRNA expression for glutamate receptors and transporters in brain.
“However, to date there have been only a limited number of studies showing altered expression of mRNA for glutamate receptors and transporters in brain [154, 155].”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [154]
Transcriptional studies of ASD post-mortem brains have been limited by paucity of available tissue, making them underpowered to identify reproducible pathways with statistical rigour.
“More transcriptional studies of ASD post-mortem brains have been limited by the paucity of available tissue, which has made them underpowered to identify reproducible pathways with statistical rigour92–95.”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [92]
Themes across ASD post-mortem studies include increased expression of immune-microglial genes and decreased expression of synaptic genes in cerebral cortex.
“Nevertheless, some themes have emerged across studies, including the increased expression of immune-microglial genes and the decreased expression of synaptic genes in the cerebral cortex.”
From Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders (2015) · cites this paper as [92]
Cites
Bradford, M. M. (1976) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3 · Cited by 255,302 · see citing works
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065 · see citing works
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870 · see citing works
Long-Term Potentiation--A Decade of Progress?
Malenka, R. C., & Nicoll, A. R. A. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.285.5435.1870 · Cited by 2,729 · see citing works
Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)
Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., DeVellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02408436 · Cited by 2,432 · see citing works
Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays
Brown, P. O., & Botstein, D. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/4462 · Cited by 2,430 · see citing works
Expression profiling using cDNA microarrays
Duggan, D. J., Bittner, M. L., Chen, Y., Meltzer, P. S., & Trent, J. M. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/4434 · Cited by 1,660 · see citing works
Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system
Ozawa, S., Kamiya, H., & Tsuzuki, K. (1998) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(97)00085-3 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
The epidemiology of autism: a review
FOMBONNE, E. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008508 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
GRIP: a synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein that interacts with AMPA receptors
Dong, H., O’Brien, R., Fung, E. T., Lanahan, A. A., Worley, P. F., & Huganir, R. L. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/386279a0 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Eng, L. F., & Ghirnikar, R. S. (1994) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1994.tb00838.x · Cited by 864 · see citing works
(1986) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.143.7.862 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Neuropathology of Infantile Autism
Kemper, T. L., & Bauman, M. (1998) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199807000-00001 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Clusterin: Physiologic and pathophysiologic considerations
Rosenberg, M. E., & Silkensen, J. R. (1995) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/1357-2725(95)00027-m · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Brainstem, cerebellar and limbic neuroanatomical abnormalities in autism
Courchesne, E. (1997) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80016-5 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Development of the brainstem and cerebellum in autistic patients
Hashimoto, T., Tayama, M., Murakawa, K., Yoshimoto, T., Miyazaki, M., Harada, M., & Kuroda, Y. (1995) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02178163 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Glutamate Transporters in Neurologic Disease
Maragakis, N. J., & Rothstein, J. D. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.3.365 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Tissue pH as an indicator of mRNA preservation in human post-mortem brain
Kingsbury, A. E., Foster, O. J. F., Nisbet, A. P., Cairns, N. J., Bray, L., Eve, D. J., Lees, A. J., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1995) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(94)00219-5 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Williams, R. S. (1980) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1980.00500610029003 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Shen, L., Liang, F., Walensky, L. D., & Huganir, R. L. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-21-07932.2000 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Rapin, I., & Katzman, R. (1998) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410430106 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of glutamate receptor clustering at excitatory synapses
O’Brien, R., Lau, L., & Huganir, R. L. (1998) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(98)80062-7 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
The high affinity uptake system for excitatory amino acids in the brain
Danbolt, N. C. (1994) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)90033-7 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Chromosomal disorders and autism
Gillberg, C. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026004505764 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Circulating autoantibodies to neuronal and glial filament proteins in autism
Singh, V. K., Warren, R., Averett, R., & Ghaziuddin, M. (1997) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(97)00045-3 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Epilepsy in Autism and Autisticlike Conditions
Olssøn, I. (1988) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1988.00520300086024 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Neurotransmitters and vulnerability of the developing brain
Johnston, M. V. (1995) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/0387-7604(95)00079-q · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Carlsson, M. L. (1998) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s007020050076 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Glutamate receptor agonists up-regulate glutamate transporter GLAST in astrocytes
Gegelashvili, G., Civenni, G., Racagni, G., Danbolt, N. C., Schousboe, I., & Schousboe, A. (1996) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199612200-00052 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Autism: recent molecular genetic advances
Lamb, J. A. (2000) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/9.6.861 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Johnston, N. L., Cerevnak, J., Shore, A. D., Torrey, E. F., & Yolken, R. H. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/s0165-0270(97)00115-5 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Down‐regulation of Glial Glutamate Transporters after Glutamatergic Denervation in the Rat Brain
Levy, L. M., Lehre, K. P., Walaas, S. I., et al. (1995) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00626.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Altered Development of Glutamate and GABA Receptors in the Basal Ganglia of Girls with Rett Syndrome
Blue, M. E., Naidu, S., & Johnston, M. V. (1999) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1999.7030 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationAhlsén, G., Rosengren, L., Belfrage, M., Palm, A., Haglid, K. G., Hamberger, A., & Gillberg, C. (1993) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(93)90124-v · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Glutamate Receptors in the Frontal Cortex of Alcoholics
Freund, G., & Anderson, K. J. (1996) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01106.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Antoine, J.-C. G., Cinotti, L., Tilikete, C., Bouhour, F., Camdessanch�, J. P., Confavreux, C., Vighetto, A., Renault‐Mannel, V., Michel, D., & Honnorat, J. (2000) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200007)48:1 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
GAL4/UAS-WGA system as a powerful tool for tracingDrosophila transsynaptic neural pathways
Tabuchi, K., Sawamoto, K., Suzuki, E., Ozaki, K., Sone, M., Hama, C., Morimoto-Tanifuji, T., Yuasa, Y., Yoshihara, Y., Nose, A., et al. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(20000101)59:1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The effects of NMDA receptor blockade on the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response
Hoehn-Saric, R., McLeod, D. R., & Glowa, J. R. (1991) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90171-h · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kordower (1999) · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(199909)46:3
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neural synchrony in brain disorders: Relevance for cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology
Uhlhaas, P. J., & Singer, W. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.020 · Cited by 2,194 · see citing works
Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology
Abrahams, B. S., & Geschwind, D. H. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2346 · Cited by 1,866 · see citing works
Muhle, R., Trentacoste, S. V., & Rapin, I. (2004) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.113.5.e472 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Maternal influenza infection causes marked behavioral and pharmacological changes in the offspring
Shi, L., Fatemi, S. H., Sidwell, R. W., & Patterson, P. H. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-01-00297.2003 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Genome-wide changes in lncRNA, splicing, and regional gene expression patterns in autism
Parikshak, N. N., Swarup, V., Belgard, T. G., Irimia, M., Ramaswami, G., Gandal, M. J., Hartl, C., Leppa, V., Ubieta, L. D. L. T., Huang, J., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature20612 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism
Fatemi, S. H., Aldinger, K. A., Ashwood, P., Bauman, M. L., Blaha, C. D., Blatt, G. J., Chauhan, A., Chauhan, V., Dager, S. R., Dickson, P. E., et al. (2012) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-012-0355-9 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
An aberrant precision account of autism
Lawson, R. P., Rees, G., & Friston, K. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00302 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature
Freitag, C. M. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001896 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Neuropathological findings in autism
Palmen, S. J. M. C. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh287 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Fatemi, S. H., Halt, A. R., Stary, J. M., Kanodia, R., Schulz, S. C., & Realmuto, G. R. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01430-0 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Pardo, C. A., & Eberhart, C. G. (2007) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00102.x · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders
Parikshak, N. N., Gandal, M. J., & Geschwind, D. H. (2015) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3934 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
GABAA Receptor Downregulation in Brains of Subjects with Autism
Fatemi, S. H., Reutiman, T. J., Folsom, T. D., & Thuras, P. D. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0646-7 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Immune transcriptome alterations in the temporal cortex of subjects with autism
Garbett, K., Ebert, P. J., Mitchell, A., Lintas, C., Manzi, B., Mirnics, K., & Persico, A. M. (2008) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2008.01.012 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.262 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Schizophrenia and autism: both shared and disorder-specific pathogenesis via perinatal inflammation?
MEYER, U., FELDON, J., & DAMMANN, O. (2011) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318212c196 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
“Glutamate is a potent activator of microglia cells (45,61), and the presence of increased CNS glutamate levels (21) together with upregulation of specific glutamate receptor subtypes (62) on microglia cells may facilitate the persistence of neuroinflammation subsequent to the induction of acute fetal inflammation (Fig.”
Meyer, U., Yee, B. K., & Feldon, J. (2007) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858406296401 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
A randomized controlled pilot trial of oral N-acetylcysteine in children with autism
Hardan, A. Y., Fung, L. K., Libove, R. A., Obukhanych, T. V., Nair, S., Herzenberg, L. A., Frazier, T. W., & Tirouvanziam, R. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.014 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
The Emerging Picture of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Genetics and Pathology
Chen, J. A., Peñagarikano, O., Belgard, T. G., Swarup, V., & Geschwind, D. H. (2015) · Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040405 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Corbett, B. A., Kantor, A. B., Schulman, H., Walker, W. L., Lit, L., Ashwood, P., Rocke, D. M., & Sharp, F. R. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001943 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Genetic factors influencing alcohol dependence
Mayfield, R. D., Harris, R. A., & Schuckit, M. A. (2008) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.88 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Gene expression changes in children with autism
Gregg, J. P., Lit, L., Baron, C. A., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Walker, W., Davis, R. A., Croen, L. A., Ozonoff, S., Hansen, R., Pessah, I. N., et al. (2008) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.09.003 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Autism-like socio-communicative deficits and stereotypies in mice lacking heparan sulfate
Irie, F., Badie-Mahdavi, H., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1117881109 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Berry-Kravis, E., Krause, S. E., Block, S. S., Guter, S., Wuu, J., Leurgans, S., Decle, P., Potanos, K., Cook, E., Salt, J., et al. (2006) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.525 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Fetit, R., Hillary, R. F., Price, D. J., & Lawrie, S. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.014 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Molecular analysis of nicotinic receptor expression in autism
Martin-Ruiz, C. M., Lee, M., Perry, R. H., Baumann, M., Court, J. A., & Perry, E. K. (2004) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.01.003 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Fatemi, S. H., Folsom, T. D., Kneeland, R. E., & Liesch, S. B. (2011) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.21299 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Neuronal network dysfunction in a model for Kleefstra syndrome mediated by enhanced NMDAR signaling
Frega, M., Linda, K., Keller, J. M., Gümüş-Akay, G., Mossink, B., van Rhijn, J.-R., Negwer, M., Klein Gunnewiek, T., Foreman, K., Kompier, N., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12947-3 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Glutamate mediated signaling in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders
Choudhury, P. R., Lahiri, S., & Rajamma, U. (2012) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.06.023 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Neuropathological and Genetic Findings in Autism: The Significance of a Putative Minicolumnopathy
Casanova, M. F. (2006) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858406290375 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Glutamate receptor dysfunction and drug targets across models of autism spectrum disorders
Carlson, G. C. (2012) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Genome-wide expression studies in Autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, and Down syndrome
Lintas, C., Sacco, R., & Persico, A. M. (2012) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2010.11.010 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Akgül, G., & McBain, C. J. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp271764 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Neural Hyperexcitability in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Takarae, Y., & Sweeney, J. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7100129 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Rossignol, D. A., & Frye, R. E. (2014) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2014.00087 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Maturation of auditory neural processes in autism spectrum disorder — A longitudinal MEG study
Port, R. G., Edgar, J. C., Ku, M., Bloy, L., Murray, R., Blaskey, L., Levy, S. E., & Roberts, T. P. L. (2016) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.03.021 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ziats, M. N., & Rennert, O. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024691 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder is associated with autonomic underarousal
BUJNAKOVA, I., ONDREJKA, I., MESTANIK, M., VISNOVCOVA, Z., MESTANIKOVA, A., HRTANEK, I., FLESKOVA, D., CALKOVSKA, A., & TONHAJZEROVA, I. (2016) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933528 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Gene expression studies in autism: Moving from the genome to the transcriptome and beyond
Voineagu, I. (2012) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2011.07.017 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Variation in the human cannabinoid receptor CNR1 gene modulates gaze duration for happy faces
Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2011) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-2-10 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Polymorphic GGC repeat differentially regulates human reelin gene expression levels
Persico, A. M., Levitt, P., & Pimenta, A. F. (2006) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-006-0441-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Hu, V. W. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01759.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Role of MeCP2, DNA methylation, and HDACs in regulating synapse function
Kavalali, E. T., Nelson, E. D., & Monteggia, L. M. (2011) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-011-9078-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Neurochemical evidence for differential effects of acute and repeated oxytocin administration
Benner, S., Aoki, Y., Watanabe, T., Endo, N., Abe, O., Kuroda, M., Kuwabara, H., Kawakubo, Y., Takao, H., Kunimatsu, A., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0249-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Placebo-controlled pilot trial of mecamylamine for treatment of autism spectrum disorders
Arnold, L. E., Aman, M. G., Hollway, J., Hurt, E., Bates, B., Li, X., Farmer, C., Anand, R., Thompson, S., Ramadan, Y., et al. (2012) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2011.0056 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Wallingford, J., Scott, A. L., Rodrigues, K., & Doering, L. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00268 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Emerging drugs for the treatment of symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders
Wink, L. K., Plawecki, M. H., Erickson, C. A., Stigler, K. A., & McDougle, C. J. (2010) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1517/14728214.2010.487860 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Howell, B. W., & Smith, K. M. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.019 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Astrocytes in Down Syndrome Across the Lifespan
Ponroy Bally, B., & Murai, K. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.702685 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Developing new pharmacotherapies for autism
Ecker, C., Spooren, W., & Murphy, D. (2013) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12113 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Psychopharmacological treatment of ADHD symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder
Handen, B. L., Taylor, J., & Tumuluru, R. (2011) · ijamh · doi:10.1515/ijamh.2011.039 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ji, C., Tang, Y., Zhang, Y., Huang, X., Li, C., Yang, Y., Wu, Q., Xia, X., Cai, Q., Qi, X.-R., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112712 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hierarchical cortical transcriptome disorganization in autism
Lombardo, M. V., Courchesne, E., Lewis, N. E., & Pramparo, T. (2016) · doi:10.1101/042937 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Purcell, A. E., Jeon, O. H., Zimmerman, A. W., Blue, M. E., & Pevsner, J.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2001-11-13
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1618-1628
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2122550040
- Cited by
- 518
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 4.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH.NS 31862)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (N01-HD-8-3284, HD24061, P30HD024061)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, AMPA receptors, NMDA receptor, cerebellum, GLAST, aberrant gene expression, glutamate transporters, receptor density, caudate-putamen, prefrontal cortex, postmortem brain
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Autistic Disorder, Autoradiography, Brain Chemistry, Cerebellum, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Synaptic Transmission, RNA, Messenger, Gene Expression, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Receptors, AMPA, Glutamic Acid, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1, Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
