Astrocytes in Down Syndrome Across the Lifespan
Open accessAbstract
Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability in which delays and impairments in brain development and function lead to neurological and cognitive phenotypes. Traditionally, a neurocentric approach, focusing on neurons and their connectivity, has been applied to understanding the mechanisms involved in DS brain pathophysiology with an emphasis on how triplication of chromosome 21 leads to alterations in neuronal survival and homeostasis, synaptogenesis, brain circuit development, and neurodegeneration. However, recent studies have drawn attention to the role of non-neuronal cells, especially astrocytes, in DS. Astrocytes comprise a large proportion of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and are critical for brain development, homeostasis, and function. As triplication of chromosome 21 occurs in all cells in DS (with the exception of mosaic DS), a deeper understanding of the impact of trisomy 21 on astrocytes in DS pathophysiology is warranted and will likely be necessary for determining how specific brain alterations and neurological phenotypes emerge and progress in DS. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of astrocytes in DS, and discuss how specific perturbations in this cell type can impact the brain across the lifespan from early brain development to adult stages. Finally, we highlight how targeting, modifying, and/or correcting specific molecular pathways and properties of astrocytes in DS may provide an effective therapeutic direction given the important role of astrocytes in regulating brain development and function.
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There is substantial evidence of neuropathology from early in life in DS, including defects in neuronal development, increased ratio of inhibitory to excitatory neurons, alterations in neuronal dendritic spine dynamics, activation of microglia, astrocyte reactivity, and elevated production of inflammatory cytokines in the brain.
“There is substantial evidence of neuropathology from early in life in DS,6,9,10,21 including defects in neuronal development, an increased ratio of inhibitory to excitatory neurons, alterations in neuronal dendritic spines dynamics, activation of microglia, astrocyte reactivity, and elevated production of inflammatory cytokines in the brain.22,23,24,25”
From Interferon signaling modulates Down syndrome-associated Alzheimer’s disease pathology in a mouse model (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
“General Features of the DS Brain” reports reduced neuronal production and abnormal dendritic spines, while “Astrocytes and Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology in DS” reports early astrocyte reactivity, microglial activation, and cytokine production in childhood. The copy does not establish an increased ratio of inhibitory to excitatory neurons; “DS Astrocytes and the Development of Brain Connectivity” discusses altered GABA transmission instead. Page numbers were not available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAstrocytes play a critical role in the pathophysiology of both DS and AD.
“Accumulating evidence has underscored the critical role of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of both DS (56) and AD (57).”
From Molecular and cellular processes disrupted in the early postnatal Down syndrome prefrontal cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
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Çetin, S., Uysal, S., Girgin, D., Alp, A., Kiliç, E., & Çıray, R. O. (2025) · Neuroglia · doi:10.3390/neuroglia6030034 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Glutamatergic synaptic deficits in the prefrontal cortex of the Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome
Thomazeau, A., Lassalle, O., & Manzoni, O. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1171797 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Huang, T., Lam, X.-J., Lim, C.-T., Jusoh, N., Fakurazi, S., Cheah, P.-S., & Ling, K. (2024) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/17446295241299160 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Atak, Z., Srivastava, A., Gandhi, S., Park, E., Williams, J., Torii, M., & Haydar, T. F. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0040-25.2025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Astroglial Activation Is Exacerbated in a Down Syndrome Mouse Model
Zhou, Z., Bi, Y., Zhi, C., Chen, S., Chen, D., Wei, Z. C., & Jiang, X. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The restoration of REST inhibits reactivity of Down syndrome iPSC-derived astrocytes
Huang, T., Fakurazi, S., Cheah, P.-S., & Ling, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2025.1552819 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: Oxidative stress in the neurodegenerative process
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Genetic markers involved in neuroinflammation in Down syndrome: a systematic review
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Interplay between DYRK1A dosage and aneuploidy-induced neuropathology in Down syndrome
Nambara, T., Lee, J. Y., Minami, M., Okamoto, S., Kawatani, K., Kusakabe, H., Yoshimatsu, H., Hirata, K., Yoshimi, K., Mashimo, T., et al. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09902-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Ponroy Bally, B., & Murai, K. K.
- Affiliations
- Montreal General Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Murai, Keith K.
- ORCID
- Murai, Keith K.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-08-18
- Volume
- 15
- Pages
- 702685-702685
- ISSN
- 1662-5102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8416355
- OpenAlex
- W3195922641
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- McGill University
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University
- International Development Research Centre
- Azrieli Foundation
- Canada First Research Excellence Fund
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT148569, 156247)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (PJT148569, 69404, 408044-2011)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- Down syndrome, astrocytes, intellectual disability, brain development, astrocyte dysfunction, lifespan, therapeutic target, non-neuronal cells, neurodevelopmental disorders
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