Exercise training mode effects on myokine expression in healthy adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The benefits of exercise are well known; however, many of the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Skeletal muscle secretes myokines, which mediate muscle-organ crosstalk. Myokines regulate satellite-cell proliferation and migration, inflammatory cascade, insulin secretion, angiogenesis, fatty oxidation, and cancer suppression. To date, the effects of different exercise modes (namely, aerobic and resistance exercise) on myokine response remain to be elucidated. This is crucial considering the clinical implementation of exercise to enhance general health and wellbeing and as a medical treatment. METHODS: A systematic search was undertaken in PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science in April 2023. Eligible studies examining the effects of a single bout of exercise on interleukin15 (IL-15), irisin, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), oncostatin M (OSM), and decorin were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was also undertaken to quantify the magnitude of change. RESULTS: Sixty-two studies were included (n = 1193). Overall, exercise appeared to induce small to large increases in myokine expression, with effects observed immediately after to 60 min post-exercise, although these were mostly not statistically significant. Both aerobic and resistance exercise resulted in changes in myokine levels, without any significant difference between training modes, and with the magnitude of change differing across myokines. Myokine levels returned to baseline levels within 180 min to 24 h post-exercise. However, owing to potential sources of heterogeneity, most changes were not statistically significant, indicating that precise conclusions cannot be drawn. CONCLUSION: Knowledge is limited but expanding with respect to the impact of overall and specific effects of exercise on myokine expression at different time points in the systemic circulation. Further research is required to investigate the effects of different exercise modes at multiple time points on myokine response.
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Different exercise modalities, including resistance training, aerobic exercise, and HIIT, can induce characteristic myokine secretion profiles that influence metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes through distinct signaling pathways.
“Different exercise modalities, including resistance training, aerobic exercise, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), can induce characteristic myokine secretion profiles [10,11], which in turn influence metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes through distinct signaling pathways.”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
The Discussion reports that aerobic and resistance exercise can alter myokine expression in healthy adults, with responses varying by myokine. It also says the differences between those exercise modes were not statistically significant; the Methods list aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise, not HIIT, as the modes analyzed. Thus the source supports exercise-related myokine changes but not established characteristic profiles for all three named modalities. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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“27 In addition, and of utmost importance, the effects of different exercise modes on myokine response remain to be clarified.”
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Reliability and suitability of physiological exercise response and recovery markers
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“Seven studies and 11 effect sizes were undertaken for IL-15 expression 24 h after a single bout of exercise compared to baseline 63,72,74,93,95,98,99 (Table 1).”
BackgroundInfluentialPlasma Myokine Concentrations After Acute Exercise in Non-obese and Obese Sedentary Women
Garneau, L., Parsons, S. A., Smith, S. R., Mulvihill, E. E., Sparks, L. M., & Aguer, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00018 · Cited by 53 · cited 10× · see citing works
“93,108 In agreement with our findings, a review by Kazeminasab et al. 31 reported that a single bout of exercise increased irisin expression in healthy individuals (although it was not statistically significant), with AE inducing larger responses compared to RE.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe role of myokines in cancer: crosstalk between skeletal muscle and tumor
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Current Evidence of the Role of the Myokine Irisin in Cancer
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“109 Similarly, researchers recently investigated the effects of AE on irisin expression, observing significant increases after a single bout of exercise.”
BackgroundSiedlik, J. A., Benedict, S. H., Landes, E. J., Weir, J. P., Vardiman, J. P., & Gallagher, P. M. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.04.008 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Lifelong exercise practice and immunosenescence: Master athletes cytokine response to acute exercise
Minuzzi, L. G., Chupel, M. U., Rama, L. M. P. L., Rosado, F., Muñoz, V. R., Gaspar, R. C., Kuga, G. K., Furtado, G. E., Pauli, J. R., & Teixeira, A. M. (2019) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2018.12.006 · Cited by 46 · cited 4× · see citing works
“44,46,47, 51 (cid:1) 61,64,66,68 (cid:1) 71,73 (cid:1) 86,89 (cid:1) 94, 96,97,100 (cid:1) 105 Training duration (e.g., minutes) and intensity (e.g., maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max )) for AE was reported in 45 and 48 interventions, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialCornish, S. M., Bugera, E. M., Duhamel, T. A., Peeler, J. D., & Anderson, J. E. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04337-1 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“20 Lastly, decorin is considered a candidate in inducing protein synthesis, which leads to muscle growth.”
BackgroundKazeminasab, F., Sadeghi, E., & Afshari-Safavi, A. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/8235809 · Cited by 43 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…reviews have been reported on the effects of a single bout of exercise on the acute irisin response (i.e., immediately after exercise), 29 (cid:1) 31 our meta-analysis is the first to examine the effects of different exercise modes across different time points (i.e., up to 24 h after exercise).”
BackgroundMethodResultSPARC is up-regulated during skeletal muscle regeneration and inhibits myoblast differentiation.
Petersson, S. J., Jørgensen, L. H., Andersen, D. C., Nørgaard, R. C., Jensen, C. H., & Schrøder, H. D. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.14670/hh-28.1451 · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“18,19 Similarly, exercise-induced OSM has also been proposed to mediate muscle hypertrophy, although further research is necessary.”
BackgroundBugera, E. M., Duhamel, T. A., Peeler, J. D., & Cornish, S. M. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3995-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Exercise-induced myokines: a brief review of controversial issues of this decade
Son, J. S., Chae, S. A., Testroet, E. D., Du, ., & Jun, H.-P. (2017) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2018.1416290 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Капилевич, Л. В., Zakharova, A. N., Kabachkova, A. V., Кироненко, Т. А., & Orlov, S. N. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00035 · Cited by 36 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The underlying reasons are not readily apparent; however, it should be noted that some studies adopted HIAE with low total volume (i.e., 10 min) 58 while in other studies MICAE lasted only 30 min, which may be below the stimulus threshold to drive substantial changes in IL-15 expression…”
BackgroundInfluentialBazgir, B., Salesi, M., Jahromi, M. K., & Amirghofran, Z. (2015) · Asian Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5812/asjsm.27980 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Acute Effect of Cluster and Traditional Set Configurations on Myokines Associated with Hypertrophy
Oliver, J. M., Jenke, S. C., Mata, J. D., Kreutzer, A., & Jones, M. T. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0042-115031 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bettariga, F., Taaffe, D. R., Galvao, D. A., Bishop, C. J., Kim, J., & Newton, R. U. (2023) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.12.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effect of Acute Exercise on Fatigue in People with ME/CFS/SEID
Loy, B. D., O’Connor, P. J., & Dishman, R. K. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000990 · Cited by 34 · cited 1× · see citing works
“37 (cid:1) 39 This highlights the fact that there is currently no validated scale for acute studies.”
BackgroundInterleukin‐15 Affects Differentiation and Apoptosis in Adipocytes: Implications in Obesity
Fuster, G., Almendro, V., de Oliveira, C. C. F., Toledo, M., Costelli, P., Busquets, S., López-Soriano, F. J., & Argilés, J. M. A. (2011) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-011-3594-5 · Cited by 33 · cited 1× · see citing works
“14,15 Additionally, the myokine irisin contributes to the browning of white adipose tissue and is essential for regulating glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis.”
BackgroundAlgül, Ş., Özdenk, Ç., & Özçelik, O. (2017) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2017.69821 · Cited by 32 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thirty-four studies and 58 effect sizes were undertaken for irisin expression immediately after a single bout of exercise compared to base-line 44,46,47,49,54 (cid:1) 57,59,60,62,65,67 (cid:1) 71,73,76,78,81 (cid:1) 86,88,89,91,94,100 (cid:1) 103 (Table 2 and Fig.”
Irisin and myostatin responses to acute high-intensity interval exercise in humans
Kabak, B., Belviranlı, M., & Okudan, N. (2018) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2018-0008 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“44,46,47,49 ,54 (cid:1) 57,59,60,62, 65,67 (cid:1) 71,73,76,78,81 (cid:1) 86,88,89,91,94,96,100 (cid:1) 103,105 (Table 2).”
Özbay, S., Ulupınar, S., Şebin, E., & Altınkaynak, K. (2020) · The Chinese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.4103/cjp.cjp_84_19 · Cited by 32 · cited 3× · see citing works
“44,46,47, 51 (cid:1) 61,64,66,68 (cid:1) 71,73 (cid:1) 86,89 (cid:1) 94, 96,97,100 (cid:1) 105 Training duration (e.g., minutes) and intensity (e.g., maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max )) for AE was reported in 45 and 48 interventions, respectively.”
No effect of acute and chronic supramaximal exercise on circulating levels of the myokine SPARC
Songsorn, P., Ruffino, J. S., & Vollaard, N. B. J. (2016) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1266392 · Cited by 30 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Two studies and 2 effect sizes were undertaken for SPARC expression 60 min after a single bout of exercise compared to baseline 79,93 (Table 3).”
MethodInfluentialHwang, J. H., McGovern, J., Minett, G. M., Gatta, P. A. D., Roberts, L. A., Harris, J. M., Thompson, E. W., Parker, T. J., Peake, J. M., & Neubauer, O. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hutchinson, K. A., Mohammad, S., Garneau, L., McInnis, K., Aguer, C., & Adamo, K. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01188 · Cited by 29 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Seven studies and 9 effect sizes were undertaken for SPARC expression immediately after a single bout of exercise compared to baseline 50,52,53,75,79,93,104 (Table 3 and Fig.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMoienneia, N., & Attarzadeh Hosseini, S. R. (2016) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2015.12.002 · Cited by 26 · cited 3× · see citing works
“65,67,88,102 In contrast, higher volume (i.e., up to 120 min) and intensity (i.e., 60% (cid:1) 80% VO 2max or 70% HR reserve ) performed as MICAE or HIAE likely elicited more substantial increases in irisin.”
BackgroundEffect of Acute Sprint Exercise on Myokines and Food Intake Hormones in Young Healthy Men
Bilski, J., Mazur-Biały, A. I., Surmiak, M., Hubalewska‐Mazgaj, M., Pokorski, J., Nitecki, J., Nitecka, E., Pokorska, J., Targosz, A., Ptak‐Belowska, A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21228848 · Cited by 25 · cited 4× · see citing works
“44,46,47, 51 (cid:1) 61,64,66,68 (cid:1) 71,73 (cid:1) 86,89 (cid:1) 94, 96,97,100 (cid:1) 105 Training duration (e.g., minutes) and intensity (e.g., maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max )) for AE was reported in 45 and 48 interventions, respectively.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMéndez-Gutiérrez, A., Aguilera, C. M., Osuna‐Prieto, F. J., Martínez‐Téllez, B., Rico-Prados, M. C., Acosta, F. M., Elvira, J. M. L., Ruiz, J. R., & Sánchez‐Delgado, G. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2040597 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bubak, M. P., Heesch, M., Shute, R. J., Dinan, N. E., Laursen, T. L., Salle, D. T. L., & Slivka, D. R. (2017) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/xkmw8211 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Willoughby, D. S., Cardaci, T. D., Machek, S. B., Wilburn, D. T., & Heileson, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2022.616 · Cited by 24 · cited 2× · see citing works
“87 Moreover, Bugera et al. 98 used traditional RE as well as blood flow restriction RE (i.e., 4 sets of 15 to 30 repetitions at 30% (cid:1) 80% 1RM).”
BackgroundMethodMacNeil, L., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Crane, J. D. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa310 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Myokines: Discovery Challenges and Therapeutic Impediments.
Khan, S. U., & Ghafoor, S. (2019) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lagzdiņa, R., Rumaka, M., Gersone, G., & Tretjakovs, P. (2020) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina56060274 · Cited by 22 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thirty-four studies and 58 effect sizes were undertaken for irisin expression immediately after a single bout of exercise compared to base-line 44,46,47,49,54 (cid:1) 57,59,60,62,65,67 (cid:1) 71,73,76,78,81 (cid:1) 86,88,89,91,94,100 (cid:1) 103 (Table 2 and Fig.”
Time to consider the potential role of alternative resistance training methods in cancer management?
Bettariga, F., Bishop, C. J., Taaffe, D. R., Galvao, D. A., Maestroni, L., & Newton, R. U. (2023) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.007 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, subsequent investigations employing alternative training methods (e.g., blood flow restriction, cluster set, or accentuated eccentric training 113 (cid:1) 115 ) may shed further light on exercise-induced myokine expression.”
BackgroundLatella, C., Peddle‐McIntyre, C. J., Marcotte, L., Steele, J., Kendall, K. L., & Fairman, C. M. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01455-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dror, N., Carbone, J., Haddad, F., Falk, B., Klentrou, P., & Radom‐Aizik, S. (2021) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01659-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Düzova, H., Güllü, E., Çiçek, G., Köksal, B., Kayhan, B., Güllü, A., & Şahin, İ. (2018) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.16.06565-8 · Cited by 18 · cited 2× · see citing works
“44,46,47, 51 (cid:1) 61,64,66,68 (cid:1) 71,73 (cid:1) 86,89 (cid:1) 94, 96,97,100 (cid:1) 105 Training duration (e.g., minutes) and intensity (e.g., maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max )) for AE was reported in 45 and 48 interventions, respectively.”
Eken, Ö., & Kafkas, M. E. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Fernández-del-Valle, M., Short, M. J., Chung, E., McComb, J. J. R., Kloiber, S. D., Naclerio, F., & Larumbe‐Zabala, E. (2018) · Asian Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5812/asjsm.13025 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Aerobic Exercise Increases Tear Secretion and Decreases Inflammatory Cytokines in Healthy Subjects
Li, H., Li, F., Zhou, R., Gao, K., Liang, L., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/apo.0000000000000281 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Joro, R., Korkmaz, A., Lakka, T. A., Uusitalo, A. L. T., & Atalay, M. (2021) · Physiology International · doi:10.1556/2060.2020.00037 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Humińska‐Lisowska, K., Mieszkowski, J., Kochanowicz, A., Bojarczuk, A., Niespodziński, B., Brzezinska, P. B., Stankiewicz, B., Michałowska‐Sawczyn, M., Grzywacz, A., Petr, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148782 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rodziewicz-Flis, E. A., Król-Zielińska, M., Zieliński, J., Kusy, K., & Ziemann, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00923 · Cited by 13 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thirty-four studies and 58 effect sizes were undertaken for irisin expression immediately after a single bout of exercise compared to base-line 44,46,47,49,54 (cid:1) 57,59,60,62,65,67 (cid:1) 71,73,76,78,81 (cid:1) 86,88,89,91,94,100 (cid:1) 103 (Table 2 and Fig.”
Reichel, T., Held, S., Schwarz, A., Hacker, S., Wesemann, F., Donath, L., & Krüger, K. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05068-1 · Cited by 13 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Regarding AE, most of the studies included had an exercise duration of 30 (cid:1) 60 min with intensity from 50% to 70% VO 2max or 60% HR reserve using MICAE (Supplementary Table 1), 52,53,75,79,93,104 which appears sufficient to drive alterations in SPARC levels.”
MethodCosio, P. L., Peláez, M., Cadefau, J. A., & Farrán-Codina, A. (2022) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/10998004221142580 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“30 However, it should be noted that the authors included cross-over trials with only a 48-h wash-out period.”
BackgroundSerum sclerostin and cytokine responses to prolonged sculling exercise in highly-trained male rowers
Jürimäe, J., Purge, P., & Tillmann, V. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1837428 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Jürimäe, J., Vaiksaar, S., Purge, P., & Tillmann, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.689696 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bizjak, D. A., Zügel, M., Schümann, U., Tully, M. A., Dallmeier, D., Denkinger, M. D., & Steinacker, J. M. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02666-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Between-day reliability of cytokines and adipokines for application in research and practice
Rose, G. L., Farley, M. J., Flemming, N., Skinner, T. L., & Schaumberg, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.967169 · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“112 Lastly, there remains a distinct lack of studies investigating myokine expression at different time points, especially 60 min after a single exercise bout.”
BackgroundResistance Exercise in a Hot Environment Alters Serum Markers in Untrained Males
Eskandari, A., Fashi, M., Saeidi, A., Boullosa, D. A., Laher, I., Abderrahman, A. B., Jabbour, G., & Zouhal, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00597 · Cited by 9 · cited 3× · see citing works
“45,48 (cid:1) 50,58,63,65,67,70,72,83,87,88,95,98,99,102 Volume in terms of sets and repetitions ranged from 1 to 5 sets and from 5 to 30 repetitions with intensity from 30% to 100% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM); apart from 2 interventions where RE to volitional exhaustion was adopted.”
BackgroundResultTsuchiya, Y., & Goto, K. (2021) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155553 · Cited by 9 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Seven studies and 12 effect sizes were undertaken for irisin expression 60 min after a single bout of exercise compared to baseline 65,70,83,84,86,89,102 (Table 2).”
BackgroundMethod(2023) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effect of rest period configurations on systemic inflammatory response in resistance-trained women
Luk, H., Jones, M. T., & Vingren, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.1882725 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Quaresma, M. V. L. D. S., Campos, R. M. D. S., Tavares-Silva, E., Marques, C. G., & dos Santos, R. V. T. (2021) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155583 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Immediate effects of a real moderate interval-running training session on inflammatory profile
Azevedo, A. P. D. S., Nóbrega, C., Lima, J. D. C. C., de Matos‐Neto, E. M., Amadio, A. C., Seelaender, M. C. L., & Serrão, J. C. (2020) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155150 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Plasma irisin and metabolomic response differ between concentric and isometric exercise
Kara, Ö. S., Ercan, A., Çelebi̇er, M., Kaplan, O., Öncül, S., & Korkusuz, F. (2022) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2021.10.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Naghavi, N., Yokoyama, H., Yamashina, Y., Hirasawa, Y., Ryosuke, T., Ota, A., Imai, D., Morioka, T., Emoto, M., Okazaki, K., et al. (2017) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Myokine-mediated muscle-organ interactions: Molecular mechanisms and clinical significance
Yi, J., Chen, J., Yao, X., Zhao, Z., Niu, X., Li, X., Sun, J., Ji, Y., Shang, T., Gong, L., et al. (2025) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117326 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gao, X., Chen, Y., & Cheng, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1338875 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bettariga, F., Taaffe, D. R., Borsati, A., Avancini, A., Pilotto, S., Lazzarini, S. G., López, P., Maestroni, L., Crainich, U., Campbell, J. P., et al. (2025) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djaf062 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bettariga, F., Taaffe, D. R., Crespo-Garcia, C., Clay, T. D., Galvao, D. A., & Newton, R. U. (2024) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-024-07559-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Such alterations in body composition induced by exercise are relevant not only for improvements in physical and psychological outcomes, but also for their effects on circulating factors that may affect disease progression [10, 11, 13, 14, 31–33].”
Li, N., Chen, Y., Wang, Q., Liu, X., Han, C., Qu, C., Guan, X., Zou, W., Wang, X., Li, A., et al. (2025) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-025-04481-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…for instance, induces age-dependent delays in SCs activation kinetics, with geriatric populations exhibiting protracted responsiveness compared to younger counterparts—a phenomenon attributed to blunted mechanotransduction signaling and impaired niche-derived growth factor secretion [140].”
Physical Activity, Exerkines, and Their Role in Cancer Cachexia
Bilski, J., Szlachcic, A., Ptak‐Belowska, A., & Brzozowski, T. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26168011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bettariga, F., Taaffe, D. R., Galvao, D. A., & Newton, R. U. (2024) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2024.100994 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“17 (cid:1) 23 In addition, it should be noted that a single bout of exercise leads to mobilization of immune cells, particularly natural killer cells, which enhances the immune system’s ability to target tumor cells.”
Čurović, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1549609 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Duan, Z., Yang, Y., Qin, M., & Yi, X. (2024) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.70136 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“69 The meta-analysis by Bettariga et al. 66 investigated participants that performed single bouts of exercise according to different exercise types (RE, AE or combined exercise).”
Bettariga, F., Taaffe, D. R., Crespo-Garcia, C., Clay, T. D., Santi, M. D., Baldelli, G., Adhikari, S., Gray, E. S., Galvao, D. A., & Newton, R. U. (2025) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-025-07772-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“To further support this, serum concentrations of IL-6 were elevated in favour of the HIIT group which, again, may underscore that higher physiological demand may play a key role in skeletal muscle-secreted factors with anti-tumour effects [16].”
InfluentialZhou, S., Xu, Y., Yang, Y., Song, H., Wang, X., & Yu, Y. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25044-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This anti-inflammatory cascade can, in turn, attenuate anxiety-related peripheral inflammation and metabolic stress and is accompanied by a broader myokine response [84].”
Brown, J. C., Spielmann, G., Yang, S., Compton, S. L. E., Jones, L. W., Irwin, M. L., Ligibel, J. A., & Meyerhardt, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13509 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“11 Metformin alters myokine concentrations, such as irisin, by increasing adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in skeletal muscle, sensitizing insulin-resistant skeletal muscle and promoting muscle protein synthesis.”
BackgroundExercise-Induced Molecular Adaptations in Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases—Narrative Review
Fuentes-Barría, H., Aguilera-Eguía, R. A., Alarcón-Rivera, M., López-Soto, O., Aristizábal-Hoyos, J. A., Roco-Videla, Á., Caviedes-Olmos, M., & Rojas-Gómez, D. M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262412096 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The role of irisin in exercise-induced muscle and metabolic health: a narrative review
Mohammed, S. N., Jasim, M. H., Mahmood, S. H., Saleh, E. N., & Hashemzadeh, A. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04083-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Moderate-to-high-intensity aerobic exercise, for example, has been shown to significantly increase circulating irisin levels (Qiu et al. 2018; Bettariga et al. 2024; Makiel et al. 2023) levels compared to shorter bouts of exercise.”
Celeski, M., Segreti, A., Crisci, F., Cricco, R., Piscione, M., Gioia, G. D., Nusca, A., FOSSATI, C., Pigozzi, F., Ussia, G. P., et al. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14121630 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Exercise, Exerkines, and Sarcopenia
Chung, H. S., & Choi, K. M. (2026) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2025.0972 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The responses typically manifest as modest to substantial increases observed immediately after exercise and up to 60 minutes after exercise, with exerkine levels generally returning to baseline between 180 minutes and 24 hours [61].”
Liao, L., Zheng, Z., Deng, M., Xu, W., Zhang, Q., Wang, Z., Li, C., Li, J., Bian, Y., Wang, K., et al. (2025) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103663 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“IL-6, musclin (OSTN), meteorin-like (Metrnl), and cysteine (SPARC) are exercise-responsive myokines [46].”
Finderle, J., Schleicher, V. S., Schleicher, L. M. S., Kršek, A., Braut, T., & Batičić, L. (2025) · Gastrointestinal Disorders · doi:10.3390/gidisord8010001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Consequently, although emerging data suggest potential roles for irisin in gut homeostasis and host–microbe interactions, these findings should be interpreted cautiously until more rigorous and standardized measurement methods are established [73,74].”
Bettariga, F., Taaffe, D., Borsati, A., Avancini, A., Pilotto, S., Lazzarini, S., Lopez, P., Maestroni, L., Crainich, U., Bandini, E., et al. (2025) · Journal of cancer survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-025-01873-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This may be partly due to skeletal muscle acting as an endocrine organ that releases anti-inflammatory cytokines at rest and in response to muscle contraction [18–21].”
Yan, H., Xu, H., Chen, R., Chen, D., & Li, C. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24757-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“More-over, exercise-induced myokines, such as irisin and IL-15, contribute to improved mitochondrial function and systemic fat metabolism [61, 62].”
Periodizing Exercise Medicine Prescription for Patients with Cancer: A Narrative Opinion
Bettariga, F., Newton, R. U., Bishop, C. J., Maestroni, L., Borsati, A., Avancini, A., Pilotto, S., Taaffe, D. R., Galvao, D. A., & Haff, G. G. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02311-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mechanisms of the biological response cascade to exercise-induced stress: a comprehensive review
Xu, J., Zhang, J., & Sang, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1691779 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fahey, J. T., Comfort, P., Jones, P. A., & Nicholas, J. R. (2025) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2025.2489892 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…modifiable factors (i.e., interlimb asymmetries and relative strength) to better prepare female athletes for the high intensity actions that occur during matches and are associated with greater injury risk (Bettariga et al., 2024; Comfort et al., 2024; Nimphius, 2019; Roso-Moliner et al., 2024).”
Luo, Y., Song, Y., Zeng, M., Li, B., Li, Y., & Dong, Z. (2025) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102959 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“Emerging studies also indicate that different exercise modalities elicit distinct myokine profiles, with resistance training being more consistently associated with IL-15 responses and aerobic exercise more strongly stimulating irisin secretion [94].”
Xu, M., & Liu, X. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15111495 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Importantly, exercise also induces the secretion of myokines—muscle-derived cytokines and peptides—that mediate local and systemic protective effects [43,44].”
Farina, G., & Crescioli, C. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30183823 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“More than 600 have been found, although their functions are still to be clarified [124].”
Sönmez, M., Alemdaroğlu, E., Ata, A. M., Kafes, H., Ergüder, B. İ., Nojadeh, J. N., & Gökkaya, N. K. O. (2026) · Acta cardiologica. Supplementum · doi:10.1080/00015385.2026.2677223 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Another meta-analysis indicated that the levels of myokines increased within the initial 60 min of exercise and returned to their pre-exercise levels by the latest 24 h [32].”
Exercise-induced myokines in metabolic regulation: mechanisms, mimetics, and translational potential
Aslam, M. A., Lee, J., Bowen, T. S., & Huh, J. Y. (2026) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-026-01624-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…studies still rely on pre–post exercise comparisons without establishing tissue of origin, necessity, or target engagement, and this limitation is compounded by heterogeneity in exercise protocols, sampling time points, and participant characteristics (Bettariga et al. 2024; Ringleb et al. 2024).”
Oneda, E., Noventa, S., Libertini, M., Cherri, S., Manno, A., Meriggi, F. A., Martinetti, M., & Zaniboni, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1648004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exosomes and microRNAs: Molecular Mediators Linking Obesity, Exercise, and Metabolic Regulation
Joaquim, V. H. A., Pereira, N. P., Caria, A. C. I., Pelozin, B. R. D. A., Fernandes, T. M., & de Oliveira, E. M. (2025) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-025-01608-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., & Qiu, Y. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14050212 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Different exercise modalities, including resistance training, aerobic exercise, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), can induce characteristic myokine secretion profiles [10,11], which in turn influence metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes through distinct signaling pathways.”
Kidney betaine: A potential broad spectrum exercise mimetic against aging
Wang, H., Yang, X., Jin, C., Bowen, T. S., & Xiao, J. (2025) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101092 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Development of the Muscular and Skeletal System During Adolescence
Ledergerber, R., Schumann, M., & Roth, R. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7000-3_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiac rehabilitation
Ren, H., Jiang, C., Luo, Y., Liang, F., Nie, Z., Zhuo, P., Ke, X., & Wen, Y. (2026) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2026.124476 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Acute and chronic exercise-conditioned serum effects on cancer cells in vitro: a systematic review
Bettariga, F., Taaffe, D. R., Borsati, A., Avancini, A., Pilotto, S., Lazzarini, S. G., Galvao, D. A., & Newton, R. U. (2026) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/cej.0000000000000968 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, W., & Liu, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01499-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Exerkine response to acute exercise: Still much to discover
Valenzuela, P. L., Rivas-Baeza, B., Fiuza‐Luces, C., & Lucía, A. (2024) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2024.04.007 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Although Bettariga et al. 6 did not report consistent exerkine responses to any specific exercise mode (and no difference between them), there is preliminary evidence of inter-individual variability, wherein some people respond only to a specific type of training.”
BackgroundInfluentialIs exercise duration more important than intensity in endometriosis?
Hartmann, T. E., Baker, K. A., & Girard, D. (2025) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-025-04160-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“However, myokine expression is also influenced by duration [30], so perhaps in individuals with endometriosis, where symptoms fluctuate with hormones, exercise prescription should focus on inducing myokine expression with duration, rather than intensity initially, given the transient…”
Therapeutic potential of exerkines in neurodegenerative and mental disorders: a narrative review
Yang, S., Sang, H.-W., Kim, S., Cho, E., Choi, Y., Kang, D., Jang, Y. C., Park, D.-H., Kwak, H., & Yook, J. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1793043 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wang, W., & Liu, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91294-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gisina, A. M., & Iarygin, K. N. (2025) · Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya · doi:10.18097/pbmcr1640 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bettariga, F. (2026) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2025-111171 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exercise mimetics as unexplored therapeutics for treating depression
Fabiano, N., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Ravel‐Chapuis, A., & Jasmin, B. J. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03499-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Second, temporal sequencing in these processes demonstrates that myokine secretion and kynurenine metabolism occur rapidly in response to muscle activation, which precede observable improvement in brain function or mood [11, 18].”
Dias‐Peixoto, M. F., Pereira, R. R. D. S., Magalhães, C. O. D. E., de Arruda, F. T., Reeves, J. M., & Steffens, D. (2026) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2026.01.019 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The brain-gut-muscle axis: a mechanism for exercise-mediated protection in brain aging
Sun, W., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Li, L., Zhang, Y., & Liu, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1761832 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bozyılan, E., & Dündar, A. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16073161 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effect of prolonged sitting with stair climbing exercise “snacks” on circulating myokines profiles
Fujie, S. J., Rafiei, H., Kanemoto, M., Konishi, S., Iemitsu, M., & Little, J. P. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06229-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…integrating short and practical exercise interventions into sedentary lifestyles and suggests that altered myokines could be to large increases can be induced by a single bout of exercise, especially when blood is collected immediately after and up to 60 min post-exercise (Bettariga et al. 2024).”
Koltun, K. J., Sterczala, A. J., Patel, V. J., Forse, J. N., Krajewski, K. T., Sekel, N. M., Lovalekar, M. T., Martin, B. J., Connaboy, C., O’Leary, T. J., et al. (2026) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2025-0409 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ghimire, P. S., Eckart, A. C., Gayathri, M. S., & Manochio, M. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16060827 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis has shown that acute endurance exercise significantly increases circulating myokines, and that the responses depend on the exercise dose–response relationship [10].”
Muscle–Tumor Crosstalk in Exercise Oncology: Exercise-Induced Myokines and Cancer Cachexia
Hekmatikar, A. H. A., Bettariga, F., López-Llorente, Á., Fernández‐Lázaro, D., Suzuki, K., & Daud, D. M. A. (2026) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers18142343 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Among exerkines, myokines have garnered the most attention in oncology research due to their critical roles in immune regulation, metabolic homeostasis, and inter-organ communication [11–13].”
InfluentialWu, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1886943 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…demonstrating, in animal models, the functional potential to suppress NF-k B signaling pathway activation and promote adipose tissue browning (42); however, its physiological signi fi cance and effective circulating concentrations in humans remain subjects of substantial debate, and…”
Fuentes-Barría, H., Aguilera-Eguía, R. A., Alarcón-Rivera, M., & Flores-Fernández, C. (2026) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb48080850 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…imaging modalities assessing body composition and visceral adiposity, along with non-invasive metabolic assessments such as glucose homeostasis indices, lipid profiles, and vascular function measures, further enable monitoring of physiological responses to training [21,23,24,121,129,137,191,195].”
InfluentialŠvecová, M., Bakalář, B., Vyklicka, K., Tomandlová, M., Böhm, J., Brenerová, P., Janošek, J., Lipový, B., Zajíček, R., & Linhartová, P. B. (2025) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2025.107633 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Wang, W., Liu, H., Feng, Q., Peng, Y., & Si, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1517492 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Suveică, L., Loghin-Oprea, N., Schipor, S. V., Cumpătă, V., Carşote, M., Gheorghe, A.-M., Sima, O.-C., Costăchescu, M., Petrova, E., Trandafir, A.-I., et al. (2025) · Balneo and PRM Research Journal · doi:10.12680/balneo.2025.884
Running session-conditioned human serum lowers prostate cancer cell spheroid formation
Baldelli, G., Avancini, A., Giannarelli, D., Budel, L., Gentilini, V., Borsati, A., Toniolo, L., Conti, A. M. F., Milella, M., Schena, F. F., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-025-06350-3
“From this perspective, the achieved training load was similar in the two running groups, poten - tially explaining the comparable results, in line with the literature highlighting how intensity and training load are essential in driving the exercise benefits (Bettariga et al. 2024a, b ).”
Wang, M., Leng, Z., Liu, Y., Shao, Y., Abdelnaby, T., El-Waseif, M., Wang, Y., Wang, C., & Zhang, T. (2025) · Journal of Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jfutfo.2025.10.009
Siebers, M., Bizjak, D. A., & Grau, M. (2025) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2025.11.003
Skeletal muscle as an endocrine and paracrine organ in breast cancer biology: a narrative review
Carpenter, D. J., Peluso, C., Xiao, K., Rosenberg, J., Lee, P. L., & Champ, C. E. (2026) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-026-05027-8
“Similar studies have revealed the release of IL-7, IL-15, and other myokines after acute bouts of exercise and decreased breast cancer viability after exposure to post-exercise serum containing these myokines [6].”
InfluentialA fizioterápiás kezelések hatása az immunrendszerre
Bender, T., & Nagy, G. (2026) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2026.33525
Li, Y., & Wang, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1777470
Fu, S., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., & Wang, X. (2026) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2026.100782
Bettariga, F., Newton, R. U., Bishop, C. J., Maestroni, L., Borsati, A., Avancini, A., Pilotto, S., Taaffe, D. R., Galvao, D. A., & Haff, G. G. (2026) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02444-1
Jiang, N., Wang, S., Zhang, J., & Jia, D.-D. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15110981
“Evidence from human resistance training interventions and primary myotube culture models demonstrates that LIF functions as a contraction-induced myokine—promoting satellite cell proliferation through autocrine and paracrine signaling mechanisms [91,92].”
Cornish, S. M., & Peralta-Huertas, J. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16060850
“In a mouse model, secreted protein acidic and rich in protein (SPARC) is considered a myokine [14] that may influence the cytoskeleton structure of skeletal muscle by interacting with actin to maintain force production when skeletal muscle is challenged with a fatiguing protocol [132].”
Martins, J. B. B., Silva, E. D., da Rocha, A. R. A., Dominski, F. H., & de Azevedo, A. C. (2026) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2026.2687395
An, J., Feng, Q., Li, J., Luo, Y., Yu, M., Xu, M., Yang, D., & She, Q. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.06.16.26355835
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Crespo-Garcia, C., Borsati, A., Taaffe, D. R., Peddle‐McIntyre, C. J., Campbell, J. P., Avancini, A., Jeffery, E., Galvao, D. A., & Newton, R. U. (2026) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02481-w
“Moreover, myokine levels typically peak within 60 min post-exercise and return to baseline within 24 h [48, 59], indicating that frequent regular training may be necessary to sustain the immune-enhancing effects.”
Chen, H., Wu, M., Li, J., & Li, Y. (2026) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.70262
저강도 저항운동 후 열 자극이 비만 성인의 동화작용 호르몬, 마이오카인 및 안정시대사율에 미치는 영향*
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Fernández-Lorenzo, S., Marín‐Pagán, C., Ruiz, L. P., Gambini, J., Lupu, R. I., Martínez-Noguera, F. J., & Escobar, J. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14081705
“In ageing, the loss of contractile mass, inactivity and inflammageing reduce the quality of the muscle secretome and disrupt communication with the liver, bone, adipose tissue, immune system and brain [118–120].”
THE ROLE OF RESISTANCE TRAINING IN MODULATING INSULIN RESISTANCE: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Deska, G., Wójtowicz, K., Wawrzeczko, A., Jakubiec, M. K., Jankowska, A., Gostół, M., Górska, N., Gąsiorowska, E., & Lewczuk, A. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5411
Myokines, Microbiota, and Neuroinflammation: Physical Activity Modulates the Gut–Brain Axis
Yang, Y., Yang, Y., Tang, Y., & Yang, W. (2026) · Immunological Investigations · doi:10.1080/08820139.2026.2689670
“…the neuroprotective effects of these signals depend on temporal dynamics; while acute exercise triggers rapid, transient spikes in myokines and metabolites, chronic exercise is required to induce sustained adaptations in the gut-brain axis and long-term neural resilience (Bettariga et al., 2024).”
Myokines, the Growing Basis for “Exercise Is Medicine”
Heitkamp, H. (2026) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2026.188047
Dolatkhah, F., Taheri, A., & Shabani, M. (2026) · Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products · doi:10.5812/jjnpp-173850
Zhao, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Li, Q., Pan, T., Yang, S., Wang, X., Song, L., Li, Z., Zhang, R., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1892959
“Bettariga et al. examined the acute responses of selected myokines to different exercise modes in healthy adults (13).”
Physical activity and improvement of physiological parameters by training
Reis, R. A. D. M., Arida, R. M., da Nobrega, A. C. L., Mattos, J. D., Freitas, H. R., Ramos, M. C. S., Fortunato, R. S., Matta, L., Ferreira, G. C., & Canetti, C. D. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1944574
“Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is the canonical example, but several other myokines, including irisin, myonectin, interleukin 15 (IL-15), decorin, and Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1), have also been implicated in exercise-induced adaptations (133).”
Skorkina, M., Bobylev, A. G., Belova, D., Bravyy, Y. R., Mutig, K., & Lebedeva, S. A. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16101536
“Responses vary with exercise type, intensity, and duration; training status; participant characteristics; metabolic state; and sampling time [123,124].”
Qiao, C., Yang, C., Guo, S., Yang, S., & Wang, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27219657
- Authors
- Bettariga, F., Taaffe, D. R., Galvão, D. A., Lopez, P., Bishop, C., Markarian, A. M., Natalucci, V., Kim, J.-S., & Newton, R. U.
- Affiliations
- Edith Cowan University (AU)
- Middlesex University London (GB)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Newton, Robert U.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 764-779
- ISSN
- 2213-2961 (ISSN-L)
- 2095-2546
- PMC
- PMC11336361
- OpenAlex
- W4394685054
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 8
- FWCI
- 3.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Australasian Journal of Paramedicine (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- myokines, aerobic exercise, resistance training, IL-15, irisin, SPARC, oncostatin M, decorin, skeletal muscle, single bout exercise, post-exercise recovery, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Myokines, Adult, Fibronectins, Humans, Exercise, Osteonectin, Muscle, Skeletal, Interleukin-15, Oncostatin M, Resistance Training, Decorin
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