The DOI matches its Crossref record; 242 of the 242 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 18 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Economics of Two-Sided Markets
Open accessAbstract
Broadly speaking, a two-sided market is one in which 1) two sets of agents interact through an intermediary or platform, and 2) the decisions of each set of agents affects the outcomes of the other set of agents, typically through an externality. In the case of a video game system, the intermediary is the console producer—Sony in the scenario above—while the two sets of agents are consumers and video game developers. Neither consumers nor game developers will be interested in the PlayStation if the other party is not. Similarly, a successful payment card requires both consumer usage and merchant acceptance, where both consumers and merchants value each others' participation. Many more products fit into this paradigm, such as search engines, newspapers, and almost any advertiser-supported media (examples in which consumers typically negatively value, rather than positively value, the participation of the other side), as well as most software or title-based operating systems and consumer electronics. This paper seeks to explain what two-sided markets are and why they interest economists. I discuss the strategies that firms typically consider, and I highlight a number of puzzling outcomes from the perspective of the economics of two-sided markets. Finally, I consider the implications for public policy, particularly antitrust and regulatory policy, where there have been a number of recent issues involving media, computer operating systems, and payment cards.
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2 of 18 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“In fact, two-sided markets often seem to evolve toward to a situation where members of one side use a single platform and the other side uses multiple platforms; Armstrong (2006, Section 5) makes this point and provides formal analysis.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Armstrong (2006, Section 5) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5, “Competitive bottlenecks” (page unavailable), formally analyzes a market in which one group uses a single platform and the other uses multiple platforms. The discussion preceding Section 5 says several important markets resemble this configuration. The paper does not establish that markets evolve toward it over time. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Hence, firms compete aggressively on the side that uses a single network in order to charge monopoly prices to the other side that is trying to reach them (Armstrong, 2006).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Armstrong, 2006 source
In “Fixed fees or per-transaction charges” (page unavailable), Armstrong says platforms compete for single-homing agents but have monopoly power over access to them, leading to high prices for the multi-homing side. Section 5, “Competitive bottlenecks” (page unavailable), describes each platform as holding a local monopoly over that access. The claim is a fair paraphrase of this competitive-bottleneck result. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, two-sided markets allow for a new form of price discrimination: discrimination based on heterogeneity in the attractiveness of an agent to the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These markets seem much less flexible in terms of the choice of two-sidedness.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advertising prices depend on consumer demand for advertising as well, with relatively low prices for advertisements that consumers more highly value (such as classified advertisements and some local advertisements).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, the “twosidedness” of pricing can be more pronounced in competitive markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If there are multiple competing market intermediaries, the effect of participation of one side on the other has even more bite.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main result is that pricing to one side of the market depends not only on the demand and costs that those consumers bring but also on how their participation affects participation on the other side and the profit that is extracted from that participation.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sense, Microsoft is more open than Apple.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this scenario, the interchange fee primarily affects the terms that merchants and consumers face and the total volume of transactions.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of great controversy is that the merchant's bank must pay the consumer's bank an “interchange fee,” a percent of each transaction.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Providers of platforms often prefer incompatibility on the grounds that it locks in current customers and locks out competitors.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fee presumably explains why banks can offer generous rewards programs to consumers for using their credit cards.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This result might explain why payment card pricing has increasingly favored consumers over time rather than merchants (for instance, with the rise of rewards programs), since consumers and not merchants typically use a single network and competition among card networks has become more important relative to competition between card networks and cash.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, payment associations offered supermarkets relatively low interchange fees, which led to low bank fees and ultimately to the adoption of payment card usage by supermarkets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes do not appear to have led to a strategic change with respect to interchange policy.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, as Rochet and Tirole (2002) point out, if serving consumers and merchants is perfectly competitive, then the interchange fee does not affect the profits of the member banks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rochet and Tirole (2002) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it may be better to discuss two-sided “strategies” rather than two-sided “markets,” because two-sidedness is an endogenous choice in some markets, not a technologically determined outcome.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fee is set by the card association, and in this sense is set cooperatively by the member banks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Merchants typically accept payment on multiple networks-for example, Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover-as well as via alternatives such as on-line debit cards and personal checks.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Newspapers are a canonical two-sided market, where the newspaper provides a platform for communication from advertisers to consumers.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, in any market, prices typically fall as the price elasticity of demand increases, but in a two-sided market the effect can be even larger: The low price on one side not only attracts elastic consumers on that side but also, as a result, leads to higher prices or more participation on the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But now, lowering the consumer price attracts consumers from the competing platform, which degrades the value of the competitor to buyers, and hence leads to a larger increase in buyer interest in the original platform.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The merchant's fee is set to reflect this cost and is usually only slightly higher than the interchange fee.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A successful operating system requires consumer adoption as well as software development by software vendors.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, discrimination increases the value extracted on one side, which leads to lower prices on the other side which has now become more valuable (Weyl, 2009).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Weyl, 2009 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, we can characterize Microsoft as managing a three-sided market between consumers, software providers, and hardware providers, whereas Apple manages only a two-sided market between consumers and software providers.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that Mastercard and Visa incorporated in 2006 and 2007 and so are organized as for-profit corporations rather than as associations or cooperatives.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Payment cards like Visa, MasterCard, and American Express are two-sided in the sense that they require consumer usage and merchant acceptance to be successful.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, it is common to establish a technological standard through free distribution of a basic product (for instance, Adobe's free distribution of Reader popularizes the PDF standard) and then profit on peripheral products (such as Adobe Acrobat).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, a successful payment card requires both consumer usage and merchant acceptance, where both consumers and merchants value each others' participation.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In markets with multiple newspapers, consumers typically read only one newspaper whereas advertisers appear in all of them.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Pricing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there is a more subtle effect through mark-ups: advertising to one side that raises the mark-up on that side leads to lower prices on the other side, and vice versa.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If there is no antitrust violation in setting interchange fees but the equilibrium outcome diverges from the social optimum (as in Rochet and Tirole, 2002), then price regulation may be a reasonable solution.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rochet and Tirole, 2002 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As such, it is unlikely that the theory of two-sided markets will have much effect here, although there is some movement to make predatory pricing easier to prosecute(Brodley, Bolton, and Riordan, 2000).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brodley, Bolton, and Riordan, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“If the sellers cannot differentiate aside from adopting a standard, they must differentiate by choosing separate standards, which leads to the adoption of multiple standards (Ellison and Fudenberg, 2003) or even adoption failure (Augereau, Greenstein, and Rysman, 2006;Kretschmer, 2008).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Openness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ellison and Fudenberg, 2003 source
- Not matchedcites Augereau, Greenstein, and Rysman, 2006;Kretschmer, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, cash is more costly to process than credit card payments, whereas electronic debit is cheaper (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2007).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Reserve Bank of Australia, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets can play an important role in guiding the determination of the optimal fee, although it does not appear to have done so to date.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Knittel and Stango (2008) argue that deregulating surcharges for ATMs had a major role in causing the expansion.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Knittel and Stango (2008) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two-sided markets typically have network effects and as such are likely to tip toward a single dominant platform.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, fees were deregulated in this market, in contrast with the current trend toward regulation in payment cards.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, persuasive advertising on one side can lead to lower prices on the other side, whereas informative advertising on one side leads to higher prices on the other.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Video games compete with a host of leisure activities for consumer attention, but not for game developer attention.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seems clear that the economics of two-sided markets is highly relevant for pricing analysis in antitrust.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature has important policy implications for pricing analysis, an important feature of regulation and a large part of antitrust analysis.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, my prediction is that two-sided analysis will grow in importance in areas where pricing analysis is important, whereas the effect will be more limited in exclusionary conduct cases such as monopolization and conditional sales.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the technical legal question was about cooperation and the nature of the Visa association, not about two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, newspapers compete with billboards for advertising, but not for consumer readership.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interchange fees imposed in Australia may or may not raise social welfare, but the process for determining the fee surely diverges from the prescription of the economics of two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, pricing issues were crucial and two-sided market concerns were relatively important.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Economic theory suggests that any determination of the optimal interchange fee should consider the marginal costs of serving both consumers and merchants as well as price elasticities of demand and interaction elasticities of demand to usage on the other side of the market.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From different perspectives, the same business may have different numbers of sides.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certain more subtle strategies are more common in two-sided than in onesided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advertising on one side raises participation and usage on that side, which raises demand on the other side, and so advertising on one side can lead to higher prices on the other.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, determining the difference between optimal and equilibrium prices has little role in establishing the legality of an action in a monopolization case (although it may have an important role in determining the requisite question of whether a firm has market power).”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.
- Rests on an assumption: Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.
In the paper
“The court deemed that system unworkable, and hence the collectively set interchange fee was legal as it was necessary to provide the Visa card.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites National Bancard Corp.(Nabanco) v. Visa U.S.A., Inc. (779 F.2d 592 [11 th Cir.1986])
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Internet service providers can be seen as platforms matching Internet users to content providers and hence, the concept of net neutrality is often evaluated from the perspective of two-sided markets.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > y I thank Mark Armstrong, David Evans, Marshall Van Alstyne, Pai Ying Li, and Glen
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets provides insights primarily into pricing and so is likely to be particularly important for the parts of antitrust enforcement that focus on pricing issues.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a two-sided market, we should consider multiple prices and, potentially, different measures of competition for each side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The economics of two-sided markets are important for a wide variety of public policy issues.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Public Policy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pricing issues are the main thrust of a great deal of economic regulation, and as such, the economics of two-sided markets can make a large contribution.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, a platform firm must be concerned not only with its own quality and advertising, but also that of the vendors who operate over its network.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the effects of quality investment will depend on whether it generates relatively price-elastic or -inelastic consumers on the margin, and on whether it attracts consumers that are more or less responsive to participation on the other side.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pricing was not a primary issue in this calculation, and it is unclear that two-sided market economics offers much guidance.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Antitrust
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A network of ATMs is two-sided in the sense that it is more valuable to consumers if it can reach more banks and more valuable to banks if more consumers use it, which is often a function of how many locations a network reaches.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Regulation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Common strategies in one-sided markets like innovation, advertising, and quality investment can take on added dimensions in a two-sided market.”
§ The Economics of Two-Sided Markets > Other Strategies
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Two-sidedness may exist in practically all markets.
“That is, although two-sidedness may exist in practically all markets, it is not always quantitatively important.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The difference in industries between the two-sided markets literature and the network effects literature is not crucial.
“However, the difference in industries is not crucial, and there are exceptions on both sides.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The two-sided markets literature and the network effects literature have a lot in common.
“Many papers that study operating systems identify themselves with network effects rather than two-sided markets so perhaps this example is less canonical, but as I have argued, the two literatures have a lot in common.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Antitrust authorities typically use the size of cross-price elasticities to determine what products should be included in a relevant market.
“Antitrust authorities typically use the size of cross-price elasticities to determine what products should be included in a relevant market.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.
“Although inefficient pricing is the hallmark of the economic criticism of monopoly power, inefficient pricing is not an antitrust violation by itself.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.
“Monopolization and vertical contracting cases typically hinge on whether a firm has excluded competitors from the market in a way that did not benefit consumers or reduce costs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In December 2007, the European Commission ruled that the interchange fee at MasterCard for cross-border transactions is collusive and illegal.
“In December 2007, the European Commission ruled that the interchange fee at MasterCard (for crossborder transaction) is collusive and illegal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
MasterCard can exist with a zero-interchange fee.
“Since MasterCard can exist with a zero-interchange fee, the exemption to the joint behavior was eliminated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.
“Furthermore, increased prices led to more consumer usage rather than less because ATMs were much more conveniently located.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting RAND journal volumes for the same 2006 issue
MinorThe references assign volume 37, issue 3 and volume 35, issue 3 of The RAND Journal of Economics to 2006. Both cannot identify that journal's third issue in the same year.
“Armstrong, Mark. 2006. "Competition in Two- Sided Markets." The RAND Journal of Economics, 37(3): 668 -91.”
“Rochet, Jean-Charles, and Jean Tirole. 2006. "Two-Sided Markets: A Progress Report." The RAND Journal of Economics, 35(3): 645-67.”
Citations
Cites
Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/154247603322493212 · Cited by 5,642
Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship*
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R. W., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. W. (2005) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/120.2.701 · Cited by 3,769
Competition in two-sided markets
Armstrong, M. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00037.x · Cited by 3,315
Two-sided markets: A progress report
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2006) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00036.x · Cited by 2,994
Competition and innovation: an inverted U relationship
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R. W., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. W. (2017) · doi:10.1920/wp.ifs.2002.0204 · Cited by 2,113
Chicken & Egg: Competition among Intermediation Service Providers
Caillaud, B., & Jullien, B. (2003) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1593720 · Cited by 1,799
Two-Sided Network Effects: A Theory of Information Product Design
PARKER, G. G., & Alstyne, M. V. (2005) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1050.0400 · Cited by 1,684
Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship*
Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R., & Howitt, P. (2005) · Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/0033553053970214 · Cited by 995
Open Platform Strategies and Innovation: Granting Access vs. Devolving Control
Boudreau, K. J. (2010) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1100.1215 · Cited by 984
Journal of the European Economic Association
European Economic Association (2017) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/(issn)1542-4774 · Cited by 859
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Boudreau Kevin, 2007, MIT Sloan Research Paper, 4611
- Brodley Joseph F, 2000, Georgetown Law Journal, 88, 2239
- Ellison Glenn, 2009, Econometrica, 77, 427
- Evans David S, 2003, Yale Journal on Regulation, 20, 325
- Rysman Marc, 2007, Competition Policy International, 3, 197
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,100 of 1,281
Bidding for Network Size: Platform Competition when Quality and Network Size are ComplementsPreprint
Foucart, R., & Friedrichsen, J. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Andreoletti, P., Gazé, P., & Menuet, M. (2016) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Matching in Platform MarketsPreprint
Fung, J. F., & Hsu, C. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2165024
Strategic Investment Dependence and Net NeutralityPreprint
Nielsen, M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2624517
“Several papers consider the access provider as a platform allowing interaction between users and content providers in a two-sided market setting (see for example Rochet and Tirole, 2006; Rysman, 2009, for surveys on two-sided markets).”
BackgroundAmar, A. (2012) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Monteiro, J., Austin, M., Mandilwar, G., & Sharman, R. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18714-3_30
Ivre De Livres: Platform Strategies in the e-Book MarketPreprint
Hoelck, K., Bleyen, V.-A., & Ballon, P. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal
Product Choice in Two-Sided Media Markets
車, 文., & Che, W. (2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology
D’Annunzio, A. (2011) · Aisberg (University of Bergamo) · doi:10.13122/d-annunzio-anna_phd2011-04-19
Demand Learning in Two Operations Models
Han, Y. (2016) · doi:10.7916/d8cz3704
“Notably, Rysman (2009)[61] and Hagiu (2007)[62] pointed out Amazons hybrid nature of "two-sidednes" and "one-sidedness".”
BackgroundValue Creation from Complements in Platform Markets: Studies on the Video Game Industry
Rietveld, J. (2015) · City Research Online (City University London)
이상현, & Kim, K. (2012) · Journal of Korea Service Management Society · doi:10.15706/jksms.2012.13.4.004
EC337 Industrial Economics 2 Market Economics, Competition and Regulation
Doyle, C., & Term, A. (2013)
News Quality and the Internet: An Economic Analysis
Skripeland, L. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Econ 106T: The Information Economy
Kavalar, A., Kwok, A. S., & Xie, C. (2011)
Analysis on the Credit Guarantee System for Creative Economy in Korea
Yoo, K., 배상후, & 김경근 (2014) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.16972/apjbve.9.6.201412.47
Tiwana, A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-408066-9.00010-2
Do advertisers or viewers decide TV channels’ programming choice?
Foros, Ø., Kind, H. J., & Schjelderup, G. (2010) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Advanced Service Schemes for a Self-Interested Information Platform (Extended Abstract)
Hajaj, C., Sarne, D., & Perets, L. (2014)
Kouris, I., & Piller, F. T. (2014)
New challenges to media freedom and pluralism : the case-study of Hungary
Wessenauer, V. (2015) · Open Research (Auckland University of Technology) · doi:10.60644/10348
Three essays in applied market design
Fung, J. F. (2016) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
The economic effects of network neutrality: a policy perspective
Eerola, K. (2015) · Aaltodoc (Aalto University)
The Antecedents of Social Contagion on Social Networking Platforms
Fisher, M. (1905) · Scholarly Commons @ Case Western Reserve University
The Milano Design Week: Events, Operators, Business Models
Deserti, A., Rizzo, F., & Cobanli, O. M. (2015) · Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna)
ESSAYS ON THE ECONOMICS OF MEDIA PLATFORMS
Economie, F. (2011)
Optimal sampling of paid content
Halbheer, D., Stahl, F., Koenigsberg, O., & Lehmann, D. R. (2011) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-72965
Miller, C. D. (2017) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Vimarlund, V. (2017) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2958-3.ch008
Murschetz, P. C. (2017) · Global transformations in media and communication/Global transformations in media and communication research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51289-1_13
Optimizing Investment in Two-Sided Platforms
Duan, W., Yang, T.-T., Xiao, X., & Huang, W.-Y. (2017) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.12973/ejmste/80314
Mizuno, Y., & Odake, N. (2017) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.23919/picmet.2017.8125311
“Rysman [30] pointed out that the two most important strategies of a potential platform firm in the economics of two-sided markets are price and openness.”
BackgroundThe Qwerty Phenomenon: Its Relevance in a World with Creative Destruction
Weghake, J., & Grabicki, F. (2017) · Review of Economic and Business Studies · doi:10.1515/rebs-2017-0060
TYPES AND METHODS OF COMPETITION IN MULTI-SIDED MARKETS
Goncharuk, I. (2018) · Transactions of Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University · doi:10.30929/1995-0519.2018.2.p1.125-131
Equilibrium Analysis for Platform Developers in Two-Sided Market with Backward Compatibility
Kim, D. (2018) · Games · doi:10.3390/g9040076
“([4,15]), which provide an excellent overview of the two-sided market studies.”
BackgroundEllig, J., LaFontaine, P., Leighton, W. A., et al. (2018) · Review of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1007/s11151-018-9672-6
Pricing and Commission in Two-Sided Markets with Free Upgrades
Sood, M., Moharir, S., & Kulkarni, A. A. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10659-1_8
The Internet Ecosystem and Net Neutrality Regulation: Taking it to the EdgePreprint
Nix, J., McNevin, B. D., & Gabel, D. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3311821
THE IMPORTANCE OF VERTICAL RESTRAINTS ON MULTI-SIDED MARKETS
Honcharuk, I. (2018) · Scientific opinion Economics and Management · doi:10.32836/2521-666x/2018-3-61-1
Winter, J., Battisti, S., Burström, T., & Luukkainen, S. (2019) · World Scientific series in R&D management · doi:10.1142/9789813278165_0001
Ribas, M. S. (2019) · Cuadernos Económicos de ICE · doi:10.32796/cice.2019.97.6799
Prices and Subsidies in the Sharing EconomyPreprint
Fang, Z., Huang, L., & Wierman, A. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1604.01627
新事業の社会的正当化における無料提供の効果：グーグル・ストリートビューを事例として
基, 尾. (2019) · 組織科学 · doi:10.11207/soshikikagaku.52.3_57
Shan, Y. (2019) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
On the Theoretical Economic Study of the Industrial Organization of Digital Platforms
Sanchez-Cartas, J. M. (2018) · doi:10.20868/upm.thesis.53654
Vienken, C., Abdelkafi, N., & Tangour, C. (2019) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30874-2_29
So You Want to Be a Platform: Where to Start?
Markfort, L., Haugk, S., & Tangour, C. (2019) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30874-2_30
Investment in Two-Sided Markets under Technological UncertaintyPreprint
Ghoddusi, H., Rodivilov, A., & Siyahhan, B. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3453090
Russell, F. M. (2019) · The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies · doi:10.1002/9781118841570.iejs0076
Two Sided Markets: The Case of The Waterbed Effect in OECD Mobile Telecommunications Markets
Kar, M. (2019) · Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu dergisi · doi:10.29249/selcuksbmyd.531070
The semicircular flow of the data economy
de Pedraza, P., & Vollbracht, I. (2019) · Joint Research Centre (European Commission) · doi:10.2760/668 · Cited by 1
“The aforementioned acquisition of WhatsApp by Facebook and YouTube by Google/Alphabet are two examples (Codagnone and Martens, 2016; Rysman, 2009).”
MethodMerchant Acceptance of Payment Cards: Must Takee or Wanna Takee?Preprint
Bounie, D., François, A., & Hove, L. V. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2969862
Mukherjee, S. (2019) · Contributions to management science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29739-8_30
Tools for attracting buyers to e-commerce resources
Трофимчук, М. І., Бондар, О. С., Novikova, V., Савчук, О. О., & Ткаченко, О. В. (2019) · Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK · doi:10.33245/2310-9262-2019-151-2-6-15
Commuting service platform: Concept and analysis
Fan, R., & Ban, X. J. (2022) · Transportation Research Part B Methodological · doi:10.1016/j.trb.2022.01.006 · Cited by 1
“Tirole, 2006); 2) the decision of one group affects the outcomes of the other group, typically through an externality, i.e. cross-side positive network effects and same-side negative network effects (Rysman, 2009; Caillaud & Jullien, 2003; Armstrong, 2006). Because CSP services transport employees to their worksit…”
BackgroundKuchinke, B. A. (2020) · ORDO · doi:10.1515/ordo-2021-0014
“Eine mögliche Alternative besteht in der Verwendung der Summe 18 Vgl. Rysman, 2009, S. 130, Wright, 2004, S. 48, Evans/Schmalensee, 2007, S. 160, Evans, 2008, S. 7, Evans, 2003a, S. 193, Dewenter/Rösch/Terschüren, 2014, S. 7.”
Duopolistic platform competition for revenue and throughputPreprint
Sood, M., Kulkarni, A. A., & Moharir, S. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2001.11529
“As mentioned before, in the past decade, the task of pricing in two-sided markets has garnered a lot of attention across various communities [7, 12, 13, 15, 17].”
BackgroundAthayde, A. (2020) · Revista Direito GV · doi:10.1590/2317-6172201940
Auditoría estratégica de marketing como vigilancia tecnológica en la industria de tarjeta de crédito
Cevallos-Carvajal, S., & Barrantes, H. A. (2020) · Desarrollo Gerencial · doi:10.17081/dege.12.1.3569
La regulación de los mercados en la era digital: ¿Quo vadis, Europa?
Estella, F. D. (2020) · CEFLegal: revista práctica de derecho. Comentarios y casos prácticos · doi:10.51302/ceflegal.2020.9675
Hexmoor, H. H. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800891-1.00009-3
Introduction: Relational Economy and Economic Theory
Wieland, J. (2020) · Relational economics and organization governance · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45112-7_1
Determining key drivers of crowdfunding success and exploring the social nature of crowdfunding
Nevin, S. (2020) · Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland) · Cited by 1
Platform Recommendation in Search Markets: Theory and Evidence from the Mobile App MarketPreprint
Shi, Z., & Raghu, T. S. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3060616
Two-sided market as technological template for exhibition business model
Simonov, K. (2020) · Business and management · doi:10.3846/bm.2020.503
“…of the asymmetric price structure of their services for managing the number of agents on market sides, as well as study results of the role and significance of external effects in the consumption of these services (Armstrong, 2006; Evans & Schmalensee, 2007; Hagiu, 2006; Rysman, 2009; Weyl, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodLegal Problems of Crowdfunding. Crowdfunding and Competition Law in the United Kingdom.
Pinheiro, A. S. G. (2020) · Open Repository of the University of Porto (University of Porto) · doi:10.34626/h418-kc33
Platforms and Public Administration
Zarpelon, F., Nardi, V. A. M., & Verschoore, J. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3627-1
Launching a Two-Sided Platform: The Role of Platform Enhancers
Trabucchi, D., Gastaldi, L., Pellizzoni, E., Buganza, T., & Mariano Corso, A. (2018) · Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)
Observing Digital Marketplaces of Agricultural Products in Indonesia
Almunawar, M. N., Anshari, M., & Lim, S. A. (2020) · Advances in electronic commerce (AEC) book series/Advances in electronic commerce series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-4984-1.ch010
Accès aux données, coopétition intra-plateforme et concurrence inter-plateformes numériques
Marty, F. M. (2020) · Revue d économie industrielle · doi:10.4000/rei.8967 · Cited by 1
Liability of Platforms as Contract Parties, Intermediaries and Secondary Liable Subjects
Novotná, M., & Hulmák, M. (2020) · Societas et iurisprudentia · doi:10.31262/1339-5467/2020/8/3/21-45
Why Certain Platform Operators Harm Their Ecosystem Rationally
Takakuwa, K. (2020) · doi:10.24760/iasme.12.1_59
Platform-Mediated CompetitionPreprint
Valenzuela-Stookey, Q. (2020) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.03879
“This is in contrast to the literature on two-sided markets, in which platforms sell access to a single network, or to different mutually exclusive networks (see Rysman (2009) for a survey and Weyl (2010), White and Weyl (2016) for more recent contributions).”
ResultTry Before You Buy: A practical data purchasing algorithm for real-world data marketplacesPreprint
Azcoitia, S. A., & Nikolaos Laoutaris, B. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.08874
“ation services for individuals. Designing and building a successful DM calls for solving a plethora of technology, business, and economics challenges in the context of a complex two-sided market (see [3, 16, 18] for an exposition). According to our survey of more than 75 real-world data marketplaces, the most common b…”
BackgroundKo, C. Y. (2020) · Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)
Breuer, C., Dietl, H., WeingŠrtner, C., et al. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Value of a Platform to a Seller: Case of American Airlines and Online Travel AgenciesPreprint
Bilotkach, V., Rupp, N. G., & Pai, V. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2321767
The Two-Sided Market Network Analysis Based on Transfer Entropy & LabelrPreprint
Baik, S. B. (2021) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Profit or Growth? Dynamic Order Allocation in a Hybrid WorkforcePreprint
He, E. J., & Goh, J. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3537700
Technological Change and Natural Monopolies in Digital Industries
Ducci, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867528.002
Legal Ways to Overcome Barriers to Developing Competition in the Digital Platform Services Market
Zhevnyak, O. V., & Shablova, E. (2020) · doi:10.1145/3444465.3444482
“At the same time, the price ratio for the parties does not depend on marginal costs, the price can be lower than marginal costs and even be negative on the side where participants are highly sensitive to price changes, and their presence on the platform attracts a large number of participants on the other side with lo…”
BackgroundHirayama, K., & Arai, K. (2021) · Asian Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1515/ajle-2020-0074
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Tavalaei, M. M., & Santalo, J. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3177137
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Ducci, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867528.006
Buijvoets, R. (2020) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Regulating Mediators of Internet Piracy: P2P Websites and CyberlockersPreprint
Walter, J. M. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3448891
Ducci, F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867528.005
Multi-agent Assortment Optimization in Sequential Matching MarketsPreprint
Torrico, A., Carvalho, M., & Lodi, A. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.04313
“, (Rochet and Tirole, 2003; Rysman, 2009; Filistrucchi et al., 2014; Duch-Brown, 2017), and more specifically for the applications mentioned above, e.”
BackgroundJudging a Book by Its Cover?: Analysing the Indian Approach to Defining Platform MarketsPreprint
Bhattacharya, S., & Khandelwal, P. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3781293
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Deuflhard, F., & Heller, C.-P. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3917012
Essays on Complementary Products and Strategies
Baburaj, Y. (2014) · iDEA - Drexel University Institutional Repository · doi:10.17918/etd-4529
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Corporate Incubation am Beispiel des Logistik-Spin-offs Cargoboard
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Natural Monopoly Regulation in Platform Markets
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rysman, M.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rysman, Marc
- ORCID
- Rysman, Marc
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2009-08-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 125-143
- ISSN
- 0895-3309 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1982461819
- Semantic Scholar
- 1c0c366611a5049d783edb97c8fce22b666c4622
- Cited by
- 1,261
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 103.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- The Journal of Economic Perspectives (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing
- Keywords
- two-sided markets, platform intermediaries, network effects, externalities, payment cards, video game consoles, operating systems, competition policy, regulation, public policy, consumer electronics, search engines
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