The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 46 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and in-group norms
Open accessAbstract
The present research investigated three approaches to the role of norms in the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Two studies examined the proposed predictors of intentions to engage in household recycling (Studies 1 and 2) and reported recycling behaviour (Study 1). Study 1 tested the impact of descriptive and injunctive norms (personal and social) and the moderating role of self-monitoring on norm-intention relations. Study 2 examined the role of group norms and group identification and the moderating role of collective self on norm-intention relations. Both studies demonstrated support for the TPB and the inclusion of additional normative variables: attitudes; perceived behavioural control; descriptive; and personal injunctive norms (but not social injunctive norm) emerged as significant independent predictors of intentions. There was no evidence that the impact of norms on intentions varied as a function of the dispositional variables of self-monitoring (Study 1) or the collective self (Study 2). There was support, however, for the social identity approach to attitude-behaviour relations in that group norms predicted recycling intentions, particularly for individuals who identified strongly with the group. The results of these two studies highlight the critical role of social influence processes within the TPB and the attitude-behaviour context.
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37 Own result · 21 No full text of the sources · 15 Own interpretation · 11 Own method · 7 Sources not found · 4 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 2, PBC, attitude, descriptive norm, and personal injunctive norm were all significant predictors of behavioural intentions.”
- Also stated in: § Predicting behavioural intentions. · plain
“In partial support for Hypothesis 1, participants had a stronger intention to engage in household recycling if they had a positive attitude toward household recycling, perceived a high level of control, perceived that significant others performed the behaviour, and felt a personal sense of obligation to engage in household recycling.”
- Also stated in: § ---------------Insert Table 3 about here---------------Discussion · plain
“In line with Hypothesis 1, attitudes, descriptive norm, personal injunctive norm, and PBC all predicted intentions to engage in household recycling.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Predicting behavioural intentions.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Predicting behavioural intentions. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When all variables were in the regression equation, intention, PBC, and personal injunctive norm emerged as the significant predictors of self-report recycling behaviour.”
- Also stated in: § Predicting self-reported behaviour. · hedged
“However, individuals were also more likely to report engagement in household recycling if they felt a personal sense of obligation to do so.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Predicting self-reported behaviour.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Predicting self-reported behaviour. · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no evidence that the impact of norms on intentions varied as a function of the dispositional variables of self-monitoring (Study 1) or the collective self (Study 2).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was support, however, for the social identity approach to attitude-behaviour relations in that group norms predicted recycling intentions, particularly for individuals who identified strongly with the group.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“descriptive and personal injunctive norms (but not social injunctive norm) emerged as significant independent predictors of intentions.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social injunctive norm was the only variable that did not emerge as an independent predictor in the analysis.”
- Also stated in: § Predicting behavioural intentions. · plain
“However, perceptions of others' approval or disapproval related to performing the behaviour did not impact significantly on participants' intentions to engage in household recycling.”
- Also stated in: § ---------------Insert Table 3 about here---------------Discussion · plain
“However, contrary to expectations, the belief that others would approve of their recycling (i.e., social injunctive norm) did not predict intentions to recycle.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Predicting behavioural intentions.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Predicting behavioural intentions. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 2, the combination of intention and PBC accounted for a significant proportion of variance in reported recycling behaviour.”
- Also stated in: § Predicting self-reported behaviour. · plain
“In support for Hypothesis 2, people were more likely to engage in the behaviour if they intended to do so and perceived control over performing the behaviour.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Predicting self-reported behaviour.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Predicting self-reported behaviour. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, self-monitoring was not correlated with intention and behaviour.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no evidence that the impact of norms on intentions varied as a function of the dispositional variables of self-monitoring (Study 1) or the collective self (Study 2).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The entry of attitude, descriptive norm, personal injunctive norm and social injunctive norm at Step 2 also accounted for a significant increment of variance in reported behaviour.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Predicting self-reported behaviour.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 3, the addition of the interaction terms at Step 2 did not account for a significant increase in variance in intentions.”
- Also stated in: § ---------------Insert Table 2 about here--------------- · plain
“Thus, there was no support for the prediction that the effects of social and personal injunctive norms would vary as a function of selfmonitoring (cf.Hypothesis 3).”
- Also stated in: § ---------------Insert Table 3 about here---------------Discussion · plain
“Finally, self-monitoring did not moderate the norm-intention relationships in the TPB.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > ---------------Insert Table 2 about here---------------
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § ---------------Insert Table 2 about here--------------- · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“attitudes, perceived behavioural control, descriptive and personal injunctive norms (but not social injunctive norm) emerged as significant independent predictors of intentions.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen in Table 4, attitude, perceived behavioural control, descriptive norm, personal injunctive norm, social injunctive norm, and group norm were all correlated with intention.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Data Analysis Overview
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there was also a direct effect of personal injunctive norm on self-reported behaviour.Although this effect was weaker than the effect of behavioural intention, this finding is contrary to the TPB, which states that the impact of all variables on behaviour will be mediated through intention.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > ---------------Insert Table 3 about here---------------Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen in Table 1, attitude, perceived behavioural control, descriptive norm, personal injunctive norm, and social injunctive norm were all correlated significantly with both intention and behaviour.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Design
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, group identification, interdependent self, and collective self-esteem were not correlated with intention.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Data Analysis Overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Simple slope analysis confirmed this pattern of results.The relationship between group norm and intentions was significant at one SD above the mean on the measure of group identification (t = 2.00, p < .05),but not at one SD below the mean (t = .33,p = .74.).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > ------------------Insert Table 4 about here--------------Predicting behavioural intentions.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both studies, both personal injunctive norms and descriptive norms increased the prediction of recycling intentions.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > GENERAL DISCUSSION
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present research, there was clear evidence as to the role that perceptions of control in relation to household recycling play in both intentions to recycle and recycling behaviour.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Potential Applications
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that group norms, but not subjective/social injunctive norms, predicted recycling intentions”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > GENERAL DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In line with the social identity approach, group norms predicted recycling intentions, but only for individuals who identified strongly with the group.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > GENERAL DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Support for the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour has been established across a wide range of behavioural domains and in a variety of populations (see e.g., Armitage & Conner, 2001;Conner & Armitage, 1998).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Abstract
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Moreover, research on descriptive norms has focused typically on the prediction of anti-social behaviours such as littering behaviour (Cialdini et al., 1990) or illicit drug use (McMillan & Conner, 2003), with little research on the prediction of pro-social or altruistic behaviours (cf. Warburton & Terry, 2000).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > The Role of Norms in the Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behaviour The Additional Norms Approach
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the failure to find support for the impact of self-monitoring may reflect problems with the reliability of the self-monitoring scale, which may have limited our ability to detect a moderating effect.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > ---------------Insert Table 3 about here---------------Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They found that subjective norms predicted intentions to attend class only among high self monitors, with low self monitors' intentions being predicted by their attitudes (see also DeBono & Omoto, 1993).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Self monitoring.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Prislin & Kovrlija, 1992 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a similar vein, Ybarra and Trafimow (1997) found that priming the collective self versus the private self resulted in individuals being under normative control and attitudinal control respectively.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > The Individual Difference Approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ybarra & Trafimow, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The characteristics of the sample (e.g., age, occupational status, marital status) were compared to recent Australian census data for the city of Brisbane and were found to be broadly representative of the population (with a slight over-representation of younger, unmarried residents).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Method Participants
plainn = 164- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conner and McMillan (1999) have argued that the social injunctive norm is essentially the same construct as the subjective norm typically employed in TPB studies.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > ---------------Insert Table 3 about here---------------Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Conner and McMillan (1999) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, it should be noted that the measure of social injunctive norm employed did not, like many of the other measures, include a time component and this may have limited the predictive ability of this construct.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > ---------------Insert Table 3 about here---------------Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research has demonstrated that both descriptive and personal injunctive norms exert an independent influence on intentions over and above the influence of other TPB variables (e.g., Beck & Ajzen, 1991;Conner & McMillan, 1999;Manstead, 2000;Parker et al., 1995;Sheeran & Orbell, 1999).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > The Role of Norms in the Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behaviour The Additional Norms Approach
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both studies demonstrated support for the TPB and the inclusion of additional normative variables: attitudes, perceived behavioural control, descriptive and personal injunctive norms (but not social injunctive norm) emerged as significant independent predictors of intentions.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, this effect is consistent with Stern's (2000) Value-Belief-Norm theory, which posits that activation of a sense of moral obligation to act is sufficient to elicit the relevant environmental behaviour without reference to an explicit behavioural intention.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > ---------------Insert Table 3 about here---------------Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stern's (2000) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In addition, these studies have demonstrated the importance of a number of other variables including self-identity (Mannetti et al., 2004;Terry et al., 1999), perceived availability of recycling facilities (Knussen et al., 2004), and group norms and social identity (Terry et al., 1999).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > The Context of Recycling Behaviour
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, it should also be noted that past research has failed to provide a full test of the TPB by examining the intention-behaviour relationship that is specified in the model.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > The Context of Recycling Behaviour
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the participants who completed the first questionnaire, 129 (79%) completed the follow-up questionnaire.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Method Participants
plainn = 164- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Cialdini et al. (1991) argued that stable individual differences, such as the degree to which individuals are guided by external or internal cues, impact on the salience of both personal and social injunctive norms and the extent to which these different norms predict behaviour.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > ---------------Insert Table 3 about here---------------Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cialdini et al. (1991) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this effect was weaker than the effect of behavioural intention, this finding is contrary to the TPB, which states that the impact of all variables on behaviour will be mediated through intention.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > ---------------Insert Table 3 about here---------------Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, it is important to acknowledge that the interactions were tested using correlated variables.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > ---------------Insert Table 3 about here---------------Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although both scales possessed adequate reliability”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Injunctive Norms and the Collective Self
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, social influence does not simply reflect perceived pressure from significant others, but also reflects perceptions that other people engage in the behaviour themselves (descriptive norms) and through the construction of internalised moral principles (personal norms).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > GENERAL DISCUSSION
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“given potential problems associated with using regression models to test for additional predictors within the TPB (see Trafimow, 2004)”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Strengths and Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Trafimow, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data from two multivariate outliers were excluded from the analysis.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Data Analysis Overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most notably, the present study used only a small number of items to measure several of the constructs, such as the additional types of norms, and some measures employed did not display optimal levels of reliability, which may have limited the impact of certain constructs.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Centred variables, calculated as deviations from the mean, were used to ensure that multicollinearity between the predictors and interaction terms did not distort the results of the analysis (Aiken & West, 1991).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > ---------------Insert Table 2 about here---------------
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Aiken & West, 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To reduce the effects of response bias, some of the items were negatively worded.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Design
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results highlight the ways in which the social identity approach and the additional norms approach provide critical insights into the processes by which norms influence behavioural decision making.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Conclusion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These results support the argument that social factors are important within the theory of planned behaviour and support the inclusion of additional sources of social influence into the TPB (see e.g., Manstead, 2000;Rivis & Sheeran, 2003).”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > GENERAL DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Manstead, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rivis & Sheeran, 2003 source
plaincorrelationaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“From a social identity approach, the perceived norms of a behaviourally relevant reference group should influence intentions, particularly when the individual identifies strongly with that reference group.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Study 2
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Terry & Hogg, 1996 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of the present research support the view that social influence is important within the TPB and dispel the belief that norms cannot play a consistently impactful role in the relationship between attitudes and action.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Household recycling is a pro-social or altruistic behaviour with a moral or ethical component.
“with little research on the prediction of pro-social or altruistic behaviours”
“have been found to play a particularly important role in the prediction of behaviours with a moral or ethical component such as environmental behaviour.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The characteristics of the Study 2 sample (e.g., age, occupational status, marital status) were representative of the general population.
“In addition, as in Study 1, the characteristics of the sample (e.g., age, occupational status, marital status) were representative of the general population.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“more strongly identified group members are more likely to intend to engage in ingroup normative behaviors, such as recycling (Terry et al., 1999; White et al., 2009) and sustainable agricultural practices (Fielding et al., 2008b).”
From A Social Identity Analysis of Climate Change and Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors: Insights and Opportunities (2016) · cites this paper as White et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Predicting behavioural intentions.
“As shown in Table 2, PBC, attitude, descriptive norm, and personal injunctive norm were all significant predictors of behavioural intentions.”
§ SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN THE TPB Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and ingroup norms > Conclusion
“| 1 | Attitude | .71 | .50 | .50 | 31.03*** 5, 155 .12+ | | |”
Citations
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- 10.1086/296148 · DOI
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Metadata
- Authors
- White, K. M., Smith, J. R., Terry, D. J., Greenslade, J. H., & McKimmie, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- White, Katherine M.
- Venue
- British Journal of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 135-158
- ISSN
- 0144-6665 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8309
- OpenAlex
- W2069651937
- Cited by
- 580
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 13.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- eprints.qut.edu.au
- Locations
- British Journal of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Pro-Environmental Behavior and Attitudes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- theory of planned behavior, social influence, descriptive norms, injunctive norms, ingroup norms, household recycling, recycling intention, self-monitoring, collective self, group identification, social identity, perceived behavioral control
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Conservation of Natural Resources, Female, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological Theory, Public Opinion, Self Concept, Social Facilitation, Social Identification, Social Responsibility, Social Values, Intention, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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