Health consequences of electric lighting practices in the modern world: A report on the National Toxicology Program's workshop on shift work at night, artificial light at night, and circadian disruption
Open accessAbstract
The invention of electric light has facilitated a society in which people work, sleep, eat, and play at all hours of the 24-hour day. Although electric light clearly has benefited humankind, exposures to electric light, especially light at night (LAN), may disrupt sleep and biological processes controlled by endogenous circadian clocks, potentially resulting in adverse health outcomes. Many of the studies evaluating adverse health effects have been conducted among night- and rotating-shift workers, because this scenario gives rise to significant exposure to LAN. Because of the complexity of this topic, the National Toxicology Program convened an expert panel at a public workshop entitled "Shift Work at Night, Artificial Light at Night, and Circadian Disruption" to obtain input on conducting literature-based health hazard assessments and to identify data gaps and research needs. The Panel suggested describing light both as a direct effector of endogenous circadian clocks and rhythms and as an enabler of additional activities or behaviors that may lead to circadian disruption, such as night-shift work and atypical and inconsistent sleep-wake patterns that can lead to social jet lag. Future studies should more comprehensively characterize and measure the relevant light-related exposures and link these exposures to both time-independent biomarkers of circadian disruption and biomarkers of adverse health outcomes. This information should lead to improvements in human epidemiological and animal or in vitro models, more rigorous health hazard assessments, and intervention strategies to minimize the occurrence of adverse health outcomes due to these exposures.
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Increased exposure to artificial light, especially blue light, at atypical biological times increases arousal and alertness at night and causes circadian rhythm disruption.
“increased exposure to artificial light, especially the blue spectrum, at atypical biologic times157–159. Exposure to blue light, especially after sundown, increases arousal and alertness at night and thus causes circadian rhythm disruption158,159”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [157]
Circadian rhythm disruption promotes inflammation and is a risk factor for multiple inflammation-related diseases.
“which in turn promotes inflammation160, and is a risk for multiple inflammation-related diseases157,159”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [157]
Night-shift work raises risk for metabolic syndrome and is thought to contribute causally to obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and breast, ovarian, prostate, colorectal and pancreatic cancer.
“night-shift work has been found to increase risk for the metabolic syndrome and is suspected of being a causal factor in obesity, type 2 diabetes and CVD, as well as in breast, ovarian, prostate, colorectal and pancreatic cancer157”
From Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span (2019) · cites this paper as [157]
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- Authors
- Lunn, R. M., Blask, D. E., Coogan, A. N., Figueiro, M. G., Gorman, M. R., Hall, J. E., Hansen, J., Nelson, R. J., Panda, S., Smolensky, M. H., Stevens, R. G., Turek, F. W., Vermeulen, R., Carreón, T., Caruso, C. C., Lawson, C. C., Thayer, K. A., Twery, M. J., Ewens, A. D., Garner, S. C., Schwingl, P. J., & Boyd, W. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- National University of Ireland, Maynooth (IE)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Danish Cancer Society (DK)
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (US)
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boyd, Windy A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 607-608
- Pages
- 1073-1084
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5587396
- OpenAlex
- W2740621908
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99-ES999999)
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (R01 OH010668)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- artificial light at night, circadian rhythm disruption, shift work, night shift workers, rotating shifts, sleep disruption, social jetlag, circadian rhythm, health hazard evaluation, light exposure
- MeSH terms
- Shift Work Schedule, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Electricity, Humans, Light, Lighting, Sleep
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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