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Worldwide Patterns of Ancestry, Divergence, and Admixture in Domesticated Cattle
Open accessAbstract
The domestication and development of cattle has considerably impacted human societies, but the histories of cattle breeds and populations have been poorly understood especially for African, Asian, and American breeds. Using genotypes from 43,043 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphism markers scored in 1,543 animals, we evaluate the population structure of 134 domesticated bovid breeds. Regardless of the analytical method or sample subset, the three major groups of Asian indicine, Eurasian taurine, and African taurine were consistently observed. Patterns of geographic dispersal resulting from co-migration with humans and exportation are recognizable in phylogenetic networks. All analytical methods reveal patterns of hybridization which occurred after divergence. Using 19 breeds, we map the cline of indicine introgression into Africa. We infer that African taurine possess a large portion of wild African auroch ancestry, causing their divergence from Eurasian taurine. We detect exportation patterns in Asia and identify a cline of Eurasian taurine/indicine hybridization in Asia. We also identify the influence of species other than Bos taurus taurus and B. t. indicus in the formation of Asian breeds. We detect the pronounced influence of Shorthorn cattle in the formation of European breeds. Iberian and Italian cattle possess introgression from African taurine. American Criollo cattle originate from Iberia, and not directly from Africa with African ancestry inherited via Iberian ancestors. Indicine introgression into American cattle occurred in the Americas, and not Europe. We argue that cattle migration, movement and trading followed by admixture have been important forces in shaping modern bovine genomic variation.
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![Figure 2 Phylogram of the inferred relationships between 134 cattle breeds. Breeds were colored according to their geographic origin; black: Africa, green: Asia, red: North and South America, orange: Australia, and blue: Europe. Scale bar shows 10 times the average standard error of the estimated entries in the sample covariance matrix (See [20]).](/paper-figures/8d57a8301cef4fa1962612d23cead3e3/worldwide-patterns-of-ancestry-divergence-and-admixture-in-domesticated-cattle-figure-2.jpg)
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“The autosomal genetic structure of modern cattle is primarily divided into six ancestries (Table 1): European taurine, East Asian taurine, African taurine, South Asian or Indian indicine, East Asian or Chinese indicine, and African indicine ancestry [9,10,31].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Decker, J. E., McKay, S. D., Rolf, M. M., Kim, J., Molina Alcalá, A., Sonstegard, T. S., Hanotte, O., Götherström, A., Seabury, C. M., Praharani, L., Babar, M. E., Correia de Almeida Regitano, L., Yildiz, M. A., Heaton, M. P., Liu, W.-S., Lei, C.-Z., Reecy, J. M., Saif-Ur-Rehman, M., Schnabel, R. D., & Taylor, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- Oklahoma State University (US)
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (PK)
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Decker, Jared E.
- Taylor, Jeremy F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Genetics
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-03-27
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e1004254
- ISSN
- 1553-7390 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7404
- PMC
- PMC3967955
- OpenAlex
- W2177259980
- Cited by
- 521
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 13
- FWCI
- 24.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Genetics (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) (submittedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universidad de Córdoba Insitutional Repository (Universidad de Córdoba) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (#2011-68004-30367, 2013-68004-20364, 2013-68004, 2011-68004-30214)
- National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2013-68004, 2011-68004-30214, 2011-68004-30367, 2013-68004-20364, 2009-65205-05635)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Keywords
- cattle breeds, population structure, admixture, hybridization, Bos indicus, taurine cattle, introgression, Shorthorn cattle, Criollo cattle, Iberian cattle, European cattle breeds, cattle, phylogenetic networks
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Animals, Domestic, Breeding, Cattle, Gene Frequency, Genetics, Population, Humans, Phylogeny, Genetic Variation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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