CLOCK is suggested to associate with comorbid alcohol use and depressive disorders
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BACKGROUND: Depression and alcohol abuse or dependence (AUD) co-occur in the general population more frequently than expected by chance. Alcohol use influences the circadian rhythms generated by the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and circadian rhythm alterations in turn are common in depressive disorders as well as among persons addicted to alcohol. METHODS: 32 SNPs in 19 circadian clockwork related genes were analyzed using DNA from 76 individuals with comorbid depression and AUD, 446 individuals with AUD and 517 healthy controls with no psychiatric diagnosis. The individuals participated in a nationwide health examination study, representative of the general population aged 30 and over in Finland. RESULTS: The CLOCK haplotype TTGC formed by SNPs rs3805151, rs2412648, rs11240 and rs2412646, was associated with increased risk for comorbidity (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.14-2.28, P = 0.0077). The SNPs of importance for this suggestive association were rs2412646 and rs11240 indicating location of the functional variation in the block downstream rs2412648. There was no indication for association between CLOCK and AUD. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest an association between the CLOCK gene and the comorbid condition of alcohol use and depressive disorders. Together with previous reports it indicates that the CLOCK variations we found here may be a vulnerability factor to depression given the exposure to alcohol in individuals having AUD.
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CLOCK variants, particularly the CLOCK 3111T/C polymorphism, are associated with alcohol dependence and increased risk for comorbid depression and alcohol use disorders.
“CLOCK variants, particularly the CLOCK 3111T/C polymorphism, are associated with alcohol dependence (138), and increased risk for comorbid depression and alcohol use disorders (139).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [139]
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- Authors
- Sjoholm, L. K., Kovanen, L., Saarikoski, S. T., Schalling, M., & Lavebratt, C.
- Affiliations
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Venue
- Journal of Circadian Rhythms
- Publisher
- Ubiquity Press, Ltd.
- Published
- 2010-01-21
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 0
- Pages
- 1
- ISSN
- 1740-3391 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2854106
- OpenAlex
- W2139879757
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Circadian Rhythms (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Circadian Rhythm Laboratory - Journal of Circadian Rhythms (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Suomen Lääketieteen Säätiö
- Academy of Finland
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- clock genes, alcoholism, depression, comorbidities, single nucleotide polymorphisms, suprachiasmatic nucleus, circadian rhythm, genetic association, genetic susceptibility
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