Cited by 427Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and Work-Related FatigueHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

Circadian clocks: regulators of endocrine and metabolic rhythms

Hastings, Michael, O’Neill, John S, Maywood, Elizabeth S·2007·Journal of Endocrinology

Abstract

Daily and seasonal rhythms in the endocrine system are co-ordinated by a hypothalamic pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) that is synchronised to solar time by direct retinal afferents. Individual SCN neurons are circadian clocks, their intrinsic oscillator consisting of a series of interlinked autoregulatory transcriptional/post-translational feedback loops incorporating Period ( Per ) and Cryptochrome ( Cry ) genes. Mutations that alter the rate of transcription of Per and Cry genes or the stability of Per and Cry proteins affect clock speed. Molecular timekeeping in SCN neurons is synchronised and sustained by interneuronal neuropeptidergic signals. A molecular clock mechanism comparable to that of the SCN is present in most major organ systems. These tissue clocks are synchronised by endocrine, autonomic and behavioural cues that are dependent on the SCN, and in turn they drive the circadian expression of local transcriptomes, thereby co-ordinating circadian metabolism and physiology. Rhythmic glucocorticoid signalling is a prominent mediator of SCN output and internal synchroniser. The role of local SCN-synchronised clocks in controlling vital processes, including xenobiotic detoxification, cell division and nutrient metabolism, is essential to health, and disturbances to circadian timing arising from modern working schedules are becoming recognised as an increasingly relevant factor in major systemic illness. Moreover, the newly identified molecular components of circadian control systems provide novel avenues for therapeutic intervention.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1677/joe-07-0378

Cites

108 of 108 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The normal function of the circadian system is based on a hierarchical network of central and peripheral clocks.

    “The normal function of the circadian system is based on a hierarchical network of central and peripheral clocks [224].”
  • This complex interconnected regulatory framework ensures that the same molecules that regulate metabolism and reproduction also contribute to a bidirectional feedback system with the autonomous circadian circuits, resulting in synchronicity of internal physiology with environmental cues to optimize both individual and species survival.

    “This complex interconnected regulatory framework, ensures that the same molecules that regulate metabolism and reproduction, also contribute to a bidirectional feedback system with the autonomous circadian circuits [224,231]. This results in synchronicity of internal physiology with environmental cues, to optimize both individual and species survival.”
  • The central clock can convey rhythmic information to peripheral clocks in other tissues and organs throughout the body.

    “The central clock can then convey rhythmic information to peripheral clocks in other tissues and organs throughout the body [224].”
  • Circadian rhythms are generated by the endogenous master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are entrained by environmental timing cues, most importantly light signaled via the retinohypothalamic tract.

    “Circadian rhythms are generated by the endogenous master pacemaker located in the paired suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and are kept entrained to the local conditions by environmental timing cues; the most important of these cues is light, that signaled to the SCN by direct input from the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract [1].”

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Authors
Hastings, M., O’Neill, J. S., & Maywood, E. S.
Affiliations
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (GB)
Venue
Journal of Endocrinology
Published
2007-11
Volume
195
Issue
2
Pages
187-198
ISSN
  • 0022-0795 (ISSN-L)
  • 1479-6805
OpenAlex
W2149487034
Cited by
426
References
109
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 23
FWCI
12.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Directorate for Biological Sciences
  • Medical Research Council
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords
circadian clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus, endocrine rhythms, metabolic rhythms, period gene, transcriptional feedback loop, glucocorticoid signaling, circadian metabolism, circadian rhythm disruption, shift work, xenobiotic detoxification, cell division, nutrient metabolism
MeSH terms
Animals, Biological Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Computer Systems, Endocrine Glands, Fluorescent Dyes, Health, Humans, Light, Neural Pathways, Periodicity, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Signal Transduction

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