Reprogramming of 3′ Untranslated Regions of mRNAs by Alternative Polyadenylation in Generation of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Different Cell Types
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of mRNAs contain cis elements involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Over half of all mammalian genes contain multiple polyadenylation sites that lead to different 3'UTRs for a gene. Studies have shown that the alternative polyadenylation (APA) pattern varies across tissues, and is dynamically regulated in proliferating or differentiating cells. Generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, in which differentiated cells are reprogrammed to an embryonic stem (ES) cell-like state, has been intensively studied in recent years. However, it is not known how 3'UTRs are regulated during cell reprogramming. METHODS/MAIN FINDINGS: Using a computational method that robustly examines APA across DNA microarray data sets, we analyzed 3'UTR dynamics in generation of iPS cells from different cell types. We found that 3'UTRs shorten during reprogramming of somatic cells, the extent of which depends on the type of source cell. By contrast, reprogramming of spermatogonial cells involves 3'UTR lengthening. The alternative polyadenylation sites that are highly responsive to change of cell state in generation of iPS cells are also highly regulated during embryonic development in opposite directions. Compared with other sites, they are more conserved, can lead to longer alternative 3'UTRs, and are associated with more cis elements for polyadenylation. Consistently, reprogramming of somatic cells and germ cells involves significant upregulation and downregulation, respectively, of mRNAs encoding polyadenylation factors, and RNA processing is one of the most significantly regulated biological processes during cell reprogramming. Furthermore, genes containing target sites of ES cell-specific microRNAs (miRNAs) in different portions of 3'UTR are distinctively regulated during cell reprogramming, suggesting impact of APA on miRNA targeting. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, these findings indicate that reprogramming of 3'UTRs by APA, which result from regulation of both general polyadenylation activity and cell type-specific factors and can reset post-transcriptional gene regulatory programs in the cell, is an integral part of iPS cell generation, and the APA pattern can be a good biomarker for cell type and state, useful for sample classification. The results also suggest that perturbation of the mRNA polyadenylation machinery or RNA processing activity may facilitate generation of iPS cells.
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Shortening of 3' UTRs correlates with proliferation in many cell types, including cancer cells and somatic cell reprogramming.
“Shortening of 3′ UTRs seems to correlate with proliferation in many cell types94, including aberrant proliferation in the case of cancer cells95 or during somatic cell reprogramming99”
From Molecular regulation of stem cell quiescence (2013) · cites this paper as [99]
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- Authors
- Ji, Z., & Tian, B.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tian, Bin
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-12-23
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e8419
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2791866
- OpenAlex
- W1984397453
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 7.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM084089)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Keywords
- alternative polyadenylation, 3' untranslated region, induced pluripotent stem cells, cellular reprogramming, post-transcriptional regulation, polyadenylation sites, spermatogonia, embryonic stem cells, microRNA targeting, polyadenylation factors, RNA processing, cis-regulatory elements, somatic cell reprogramming, embryonic development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Models, Genetic, RNA, Messenger, Transcription, Genetic, Computational Biology, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, 3' Untranslated Regions, Gene Expression Profiling, Polyadenylation, MicroRNAs, Pluripotent Stem Cells, Embryonic Development, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Cellular Reprogramming
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