Treatment of obesity and diabetes using oxytocin or analogs in patients and mouse models
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is important for the development of type-2 diabetes as a result of obesity-induced insulin resistance accompanied by impaired compensation of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Here, based on a randomized pilot clinical trial, we report that intranasal oxytocin administration over an 8-week period led to effective reduction of obesity and reversal of related prediabetic changes in patients. Using mouse models, we further systematically evaluated whether oxytocin and its analogs yield therapeutic effects against prediabetic or diabetic disorders regardless of obesity. Our results showed that oxytocin and two analogs including [Ser4, Ile8]-oxytocin or [Asu1,6]-oxytocin worked in mice to reverse insulin resistance and glucose intolerance prior to reduction of obesity. In parallel, using streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model, we found that treatment with oxytocin or its analogs reduced the magnitude of glucose intolerance through improving insulin secretion. The anti-diabetic effects of oxytocin and its analogs in these animal models can be produced similarly whether central or peripheral administration was used. In conclusion, oxytocin and its analogs have multi-level effects in improving weight control, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, and bear potentials for being developed as therapeutic peptides for obesity and diabetes.
Verified 2026-10-09 · 1 reference not checked yet
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In an 8-week randomized pilot trial, intranasal oxytocin reduced body weight and BMI and improved lipid profiles in obese non-diabetic patients, with no reported adverse effects. In mouse models, oxytocin and two analogs improved insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion independently of body-weight reduction, including after streptozotocin-induced beta-cell damage.
Key findings
- In the clinical trial, intranasal oxytocin (24 units 4 times/day) for 8 weeks reduced body weight by 8.9±5.4 kg and BMI by 3.2±1.9 kg/m² versus baseline (P<0.001); 4-week weight reduction was 4.6±3.2 kg. Placebo produced no therapeutic effect against obesity (n=9 oxytocin, n=11 placebo).
- Oxytocin treatment significantly reduced serum LDL and cholesterol and tended to increase HDL; no adverse effects were reported, and no cardiovascular, liver, or kidney dysfunction was found.
- In high-fat-diet-fed prediabetic mice, central oxytocin and analogs improved glucose intolerance and fasting insulin levels without body-weight change; [Ser4, Ile8]-oxytocin had more pronounced effects than native oxytocin, while [Asu1,6]-oxytocin was comparable to oxytocin but weaker than [Ser4, Ile8]-oxytocin.
- In streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, central oxytocin and analogs improved glucose tolerance and insulin secretion (first- and second-phase GSIS) without body-weight changes; peripheral i.p. [Ser4, Ile8]-oxytocin also improved glucose tolerance in both high-fat-diet and streptozotocin models.
Methods
- Randomized placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial (ChiCTR-TRC-12002884) in patients with obesity (BMI ≥28 kg/m²), ages 20–60, excluding diabetes; oxytocin nasal spray 24 units 4 times/day before three meals and sleep for 8 weeks versus saline placebo; outcomes included body weight, BMI, waist/hip circumference, glucose, insulin, lipids, and safety labs.
- Mouse studies used C57BL/6 mice: high-fat-diet-induced prediabetes (2 months) and streptozotocin-induced diabetes (40 mg/kg i.p. for 4 days); oxytocin or analogs [Ser4, Ile8]-oxytocin and [Asu1,6]-oxytocin were given centrally via third-ventricle cannula or peripherally i.p.; assessments included glucose tolerance tests, fasting insulin ELISA, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
- Statistics used repeated measures, ANOVA with post hoc tests, and two-tailed Student’s t tests; clinical data are mean±SD, animal data mean±SEM, with P<0.05 considered significant.
Limitations
- The paper states that future studies with larger samples and longer duration are needed to fully evaluate efficacy and side-effect profiles of oxytocin nasal spray; the clinical trial excluded diabetic patients, so whether oxytocin treats diabetes in an obesity-independent manner in humans remains to be tested; and the mouse experiments did not address underlying signaling mechanisms.
- Evident from the text: the clinical sample was small (n=20 total) with baseline imbalances (oxytocin group younger, heavier, and with higher BMI/waist circumference than placebo), and animal groups were small (n=4–8) with short acute treatment periods.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 29 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
The anti-diabetic effects of oxytocin and its analogs in animal models can be produced similarly whether central or peripheral administration was used.
“The anti-diabetic effects of oxytocin and its analogs in these animal models can be produced similarly whether central or peripheral administration was used.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Oxytocin and two analogs including [Ser4, Ile8]-oxytocin or [Asu1,6]-oxytocin worked in mice to reverse insulin resistance and glucose intolerance prior to reduction of obesity.
“oxytocin and two analogs including [Ser4, Ile8]-oxytocin or [Asu1,6]-oxytocin worked in mice to reverse insulin resistance and glucose intolerance prior to reduction of obesity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model, treatment with oxytocin or its analogs reduced the magnitude of glucose intolerance through improving insulin secretion.
“using streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model, we found that treatment with oxytocin or its analogs reduced the magnitude of glucose intolerance through improving insulin secretion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Intranasal oxytocin administration over an 8-week period led to effective reduction of obesity and reversal of related prediabetic changes in patients.
“intranasal oxytocin administration over an 8-week period led to effective reduction of obesity and reversal of related prediabetic changes in patients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Placebo did not lead to a therapeutic effect against obesity in patients.
“while placebo did not lead to a therapeutic effect against obesity”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Eight-week OXT treatment reduced body weight by 8.9±5.4 kg compared to baseline in patients with obesity.
“body weight of these patients dropped 8.9±5.4 kg (P<0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Four-week OXT treatment resulted in body weight reduction by 4.6±3.2 kg in patients with obesity.
“4-week OXT treatment resulted in body weight reduction by 4.6±3.2 kg.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Eight-week OXT treatment reduced BMI by 3.2±1.9 kg/m2 in patients with obesity.
“8-week OXT treatment reduced this parameter by 3.2±1.9 kg/m2 (P<0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effects of [Asu1,6]-OXT on glucose intolerance and insulin levels were independent of body weight.
“both effects were independent of body weight (Fig. 6C )”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
OXT treatment decreased waist and hip circumferences in patients with obesity.
“weight loss by OXT treatment was evidently reflected by decreases in waist and hip circumferences of patients”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
OXT treatment slightly improved hepatic function in patients.
“hepatic function of patients was slightly improved”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Eight-week OXT treatment caused no adverse effects in patients.
“no any adverse effects were reported from patients or found by our physical exams.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
OXT treatment partially prevented STZ from impairing first-phase and second-phase insulin secretion.
“OXT treatment partially prevented STZ from impairing first-phase and second-phase insulin secretion (Fig. 7C ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In HFD-fed prediabetic mice, [Asu1,6]-OXT treatment lowered fasting blood insulin levels.
“[Asu1,6]-OXT treatment improved glucose intolerance (Fig. 6A ) and lowered fasting blood insulin levels (Fig. 6B )”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The magnitude of weight loss induced by OXT treatment was more appreciable in patients with higher degree of obesity.
“the magnitude of weight loss induced by OXT treatment was more appreciable in patients with higher degree of obesity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
OXT treatment tended to reduce postprandial glucose and insulin levels towards healthier profiles within normal ranges in patients with obesity.
“it tended to reduce postprandial glucose and insulin levels towards healthier profiles within the normal ranges”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In HFD-fed prediabetic mice, central OXT treatment did not change body weight.
“this effect was observed without involving body weight change (Fig. 4C ) since the experimental duration was only an overnight period.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Compared to native OXT, [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT yielded more pronounced effects in correcting glucose intolerance in HFD-fed prediabetic mice.
“compared to native OXT, [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT yielded more pronounced effects in correcting glucose intolerance (Fig. 5A )”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In HFD-fed prediabetic mice, central OXT treatment significantly improved glucose intolerance.
“OXT treatment significantly improved glucose intolerance (Fig. 4A )”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
OXT treatment significantly reduced serum LDL levels in patients.
“OXT treatment significantly reduced serum LDL and cholesterol levels”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
OXT treatment tended to increase serum HDL levels in patients.
“tended to increase serum HDL levels”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
OXT treatment did not affect fasting blood glucose or insulin levels in patients with obesity.
“OXT treatment did not affect fasting blood glucose or insulin levels”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
OXT treatment significantly reduced serum cholesterol levels in patients.
“OXT treatment significantly reduced serum LDL and cholesterol levels”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Compared to native OXT, [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT yielded more pronounced effects in correcting hyperinsulinemia in HFD-fed prediabetic mice.
“compared to native OXT, [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT yielded more pronounced effects in correcting glucose intolerance (Fig. 5A ) and hyperinsulinemia (Fig. 5B ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In HFD-fed prediabetic mice, [Asu1,6]-OXT treatment improved glucose intolerance.
“[Asu1,6]-OXT treatment improved glucose intolerance (Fig. 6A )”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In STZ-induced diabetic mice, OXT treatment led to significant improvement in blood insulin levels.
“OXT treatment led to significant improvements in glucose tolerance (Fig. 7A ) and blood insulin levels (Fig. 7B ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In STZ-induced diabetic mice, OXT treatment led to significant improvement in glucose tolerance.
“OXT treatment led to significant improvements in glucose tolerance (Fig. 7A ) and blood insulin levels (Fig. 7B ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Changes in postprandial glucose or insulin levels were not exactly correlated with reduction of body weight in patients.
“changes in postprandial glucose or insulin levels were not exactly correlated with reduction of body weight in these patients”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
[Ser4, Ile8]-OXT treatment significantly prevented STZ-induced glucose intolerance.
“[Ser4, Ile8]-OXT treatment significantly prevented STZ-induced glucose intolerance (Fig. 8A )”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
[Ser4, Ile8]-OXT seemed to yield the strongest therapeutic effects among the tested analogs.
“Our test focused on [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT, since it seemed to yield the strongest therapeutic effects as demonstrated in Figs. 4 to 9.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
OXT treatment tended to improve blood glucose and insulin homeostasis in patients with obesity.
“we noted that OXT treatment tended to improve blood glucose and insulin homeostasis”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
[Asu1,6]-OXT did not involve body weight changes.
“[Asu1,6]-OXT also appreciably, though to a lesser degree, improved glucose tolerance (Fig. 9A ) and insulin secretion (Fig. 9B and C ) without involving body weight changes (Fig. 9D ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
[Asu1,6]-OXT appreciably improved insulin secretion, though to a lesser degree.
“[Asu1,6]-OXT also appreciably, though to a lesser degree, improved glucose tolerance (Fig. 9A ) and insulin secretion (Fig. 9B and C ) without involving body weight changes (Fig. 9D ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
[Asu1,6]-OXT appreciably improved glucose tolerance, though to a lesser degree.
“[Asu1,6]-OXT also appreciably, though to a lesser degree, improved glucose tolerance (Fig. 9A ) and insulin secretion (Fig. 9B and C ) without involving body weight changes (Fig. 9D ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
OXT treatment did not significantly affect body weight of mice in this normal chow STZ study.
“OXT treatment did not significantly affect body weight of mice (Fig. 7D )”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In HFD feeding-induced prediabetic model, [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT treatment over an overnight period led to improvement of glucose tolerance.
“using HFD feeding-induced prediabetic model, we found that [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT treatment over an overnight period led to improvement of glucose tolerance (Fig. 10A ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In STZ-induced diabetic model, [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT treatment reduced the magnitude of STZ-induced glucose intolerance.
“Data revealed that [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT treatment reduced the magnitude of STZ-induced glucose intolerance (Fig. 10B ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
OXT can be administrated peripherally to reduce obesity and related lipid abnormalities.
“our clinical data in Figures 2 and 3 already showed that OXT can be administrated peripherally to reduce obesity and related lipid abnormalities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Bariatric procedures can have immediate effects in lowering blood sugar levels in diabetes prior to evident changes of body weight.
“bariatric procedures can have immediate effects in lowering blood sugar levels in diabetes prior to evident changes of body weight [4], [5]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [4] PR Schauer, 2012, Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes, N Engl J Med source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [5] G Mingrone, 2012, Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Peripheral OXT delivery can exert anti-obesity effects.
“our studies and others showed that peripheral OXT delivery can work to exert anti-obesity effects [15], [16]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [15] G Zhang, 2011, Circadian intervention of obesity development via resting-stage feeding manipulation or oxytocin treatment, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [16] GJ Morton, 2012, Peripheral oxytocin suppresses food intake and causes weight loss in diet-induced obese rats, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Peripherally delivered OXT can promote intra-brain release of OXT to induce metabolic actions.
“peripherally delivered OXT can promote the intra-brain release of OXT to induce the metabolic actions [15]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] G Zhang, 2011, Circadian intervention of obesity development via resting-stage feeding manipulation or oxytocin treatment, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Intra-brain action of OXT can lead to reversal of obesity and related glucose and insulin disorders in mouse models.
“our recent research demonstrated that the intra-brain action of OXT can lead to reversal of obesity as well as related glucose and insulin disorders in mouse models [14], [15].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] G Zhang, 2011, Neuropeptide exocytosis involving synaptotagmin-4 and oxytocin in hypothalamic programming of body weight and energy balance, Neuron source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [15] G Zhang, 2011, Circadian intervention of obesity development via resting-stage feeding manipulation or oxytocin treatment, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Similar anti-obesity effects of OXT occur in rat models.
“similar anti-obesity effects of OXT were reported to occur in rat models [16], [17].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [16] GJ Morton, 2012, Peripheral oxytocin suppresses food intake and causes weight loss in diet-induced obese rats, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [17] N Deblon, 2011, Mechanisms of the anti-obesity effects of oxytocin in diet-induced obese rats, PLoS One source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Metabolic benefits of OXT are significantly attributed to the central action of this peptide.
“although the metabolic benefits of OXT is significantly attributed to the central action of this peptide [14]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] G Zhang, 2011, Neuropeptide exocytosis involving synaptotagmin-4 and oxytocin in hypothalamic programming of body weight and energy balance, Neuron source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
OXT treatment can yield multiple benefits in weight balance and metabolic control in patients.
“our data indicated that OXT treatment can yield multiple benefits in weight balance and metabolic control in patients”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Obesity in humans is associated with pre-type 2 diabetes changes such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia.
- Interpretationown data
OXT nasal spray has therapeutic potential to treat obesity-associated lipid disorders in humans.
“the approach of OXT nasal spray has a therapeutic potential to be used to treat obesity-associated lipid disorders in humans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Obesity in humans is associated with pre-type 2 diabetes changes such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia.
- Interpretationown data
[Ser4, Ile8]-OXT can potentially outperform OXT in treating metabolic diseases.
“with the structural modifications, [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT can potentially outperform OXT in treating metabolic diseases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Central OXT treatment can reverse insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in a body weight-independent manner.
“central OXT treatment can employ a body weight-independent manner to reverse insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
OXT nasal spray works to treat obesity in human patients.
“we provided clinical evidence demonstrating that OXT nasal spray works to treat obesity in human patients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
OXT peptide engineering can help optimize therapeutic effects for metabolic diseases.
“these results indicated that OXT peptide engineering can help optimize the therapeutic effects for metabolic diseases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
OXT or its analogs can be developed to treat human obesity and related metabolic diseases.
“our clinical observations lend a proof of principle to our hypothesis that OXT or its analogs can be developed to treat human obesity and related metabolic diseases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Obesity in humans is associated with pre-type 2 diabetes changes such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia.
- Interpretationown data
OXT could employ a body weight-independent mechanism to improve glucose and insulin homeostasis.
“perhaps suggesting that OXT could employ a body weight-independent mechanism to improve glucose and insulin homeostasis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
OXT analogs can be delivered peripherally to improve glucose and insulin profiles.
“Thus, OXT analogs can be delivered peripherally to improve glucose and insulin profiles”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The action of OXT in promoting insulin secretion in these animals was not attributed to weight control.
“the action of OXT in promoting insulin secretion in these animals was not attributed to weight control.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
OXT when peripherally administrated can lead to activation of hypothalamic OXT neurons to induce central OXT release.
“OXT when peripherally administrated can lead to activation of hypothalamic OXT neurons to induce central OXT release [15]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] G Zhang, 2011, Circadian intervention of obesity development via resting-stage feeding manipulation or oxytocin treatment, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The blood-brain barrier does not completely block the passage of OXT.
“the blood-brain barrier (BBB) does not completely block the passage of OXT [22]-[27]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22]-[27]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
OXT and OXT analogs have potentials to improve insulin secretion to counteract glucose disorders in diabetes.
“these observations indicate that OXT and OXT analogs have potentials to improve insulin secretion to counteract glucose disorders in diabetes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
There are strong correlations between metabolic diseases (such as obesity and diabetes) and mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and severe depression.
“there are strong correlations between metabolic diseases (such as obesity and diabetes) and mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and severe depression [35].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] R Nuevo, 2011, Increased risk of diabetes mellitus among persons with psychotic symptoms: results from the WHO World Health Survey, J Clin Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The effect of [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT on glucose intolerance was accounted for by improvement on insulin secretion rather than body weight.
“this effect was accounted for by the improvement on insulin secretion (Fig. 8B and C ) rather than body weight (Fig. 8D ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
OXT can work in the brain to improve the neural regulation of metabolism and thereby counteract obesity and obesity-related metabolic abnormalities in mouse models.
“Our research further demonstrated that OXT can work in the brain to improve the neural regulation of metabolism and thereby counteract obesity and obesity-related metabolic abnormalities in mouse models [14], [15].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] G Zhang, 2011, Neuropeptide exocytosis involving synaptotagmin-4 and oxytocin in hypothalamic programming of body weight and energy balance, Neuron source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [15] G Zhang, 2011, Circadian intervention of obesity development via resting-stage feeding manipulation or oxytocin treatment, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Peripheral administration of OXT analog can use a body weight-independent manner to improve both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in two diabetic/pre-diabetic models.
“our animal studies further revealed that peripheral administration of OXT analog can use a body weight-independent manner to improve both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in two diabetic/pre-diabetic models.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The improvement of mental and social-behavioral conditions by OXT could additionally facilitate the control of obesity and diabetes in the patients.
“the improvement of mental and social-behavioral conditions by OXT could additionally facilitate the control of obesity and diabetes in the patients”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
OXT or its analogs can be delivered via peripheral administration to exert similar effects to central administration.
“it is highly clinically relevant to see that OXT or its analogs can be delivered via peripheral administration to exert similar effects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
OXT has a therapeutic advantage over antipsychotic drugs in that OXT treatment decreases rather than increases food intake.
“OXT has a therapeutic advantage over antipsychotic drugs in that OXT treatment decreases rather than increases food intake [14].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] G Zhang, 2011, Neuropeptide exocytosis involving synaptotagmin-4 and oxytocin in hypothalamic programming of body weight and energy balance, Neuron source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The therapeutic advantages of OXT and its analogs in treating obesity and diabetes can be further increased by these social-neuropsychiatric benefits.
“The therapeutic advantages of OXT and its analogs in treating obesity and diabetes can be further increased given that OXT has social-neuropsychiatric benefits which can possibly aid to control metabolic disease.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
OXT treatment decreases rather than increases food intake.
“OXT treatment decreases rather than increases food intake [14].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] G Zhang, 2011, Neuropeptide exocytosis involving synaptotagmin-4 and oxytocin in hypothalamic programming of body weight and energy balance, Neuron source
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataOXT treatment did not cause cardiovascular, liver or kidney dysfunctions.
“OXT treatment did not cause any cardiovascular, liver or kidney dysfunctions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn HFD-fed prediabetic mice, central OXT treatment significantly lowered fasting blood insulin levels.
“and fasting blood insulin levels (Fig. 4B ) of mice”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataTherapeutic effects of [Asu1,6]-OXT seemed comparable with OXT but weaker than [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT.
“The therapeutic effects of [Asu1,6]-OXT seemed to be comparable with the effects of OXT (Fig. 4), but weaker than the effects of [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT (Fig. 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOXT nasal spray effectively reversed obesity as well as obesity-related lipid disorders in patients with obesity.
“our results showed that OXT nasal spray effectively reversed obesity as well as obesity-related lipid disorders.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataOxytocin and its analogs have multi-level effects in improving weight control, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, and bear potentials for being developed as therapeutic peptides for obesity and diabetes.
“oxytocin and its analogs have multi-level effects in improving weight control, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, and bear potentials for being developed as therapeutic peptides for obesity and diabetes.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“OXT and its analogs have multiple therapeutic effects including weight control, lipid lowering, insulin sensitization and insulin secretion, and thus have druggable potentials of being developed as a new class of small peptides for treating obesity as well as diabetes that is related or unrelated to obesity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationDPP-4 inhibitors are effective in treating obesity and diabetes.
“dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors were developed to stabilize endogenous GLP-1, an approach which is effective in treating obesity and diabetes [2].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] RE Amori, 2007, Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGLP-1 is useful in controlling obesity as well as diabetes.
“the clinical success of this concept has been evidenced by the usefulness of intestinal peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in controlling obesity as well as diabetes [1].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] M Briones, 2006, Exenatide: a GLP-1 receptor agonist as novel therapy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Expert Opin Pharmacother source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCombinational release and actions of multiple peptides including GLP-1 may account for the profound effects of bariatric surgery in treating obesity and diabetes.
“combinational release and actions of multiple peptides including GLP-1 may account for, at least partly, the profound effects of bariatric surgery in treating obesity and diabetes [3].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] JQ Purnell, 2009, Bariatric surgery and diabetes: who should be offered the option of remission?, JAMA source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe obesity-independent hypoglycemic effect of bariatric procedures has been related to the action of GLP-1 in promoting insulin secretion.
“this obesity-independent hypoglycemic effect has been related to the action of GLP-1 in promoting insulin section [3], [6].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] JQ Purnell, 2009, Bariatric surgery and diabetes: who should be offered the option of remission?, JAMA source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [6] B Laferrere, 2008, Effect of weight loss by gastric bypass surgery versus hypocaloric diet on glucose and incretin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAll animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
“All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenWritten informed consent was given to each patient.
“Written informed consent was given to each patient.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenSample size was estimated using standard method and biomedical information, predicting effect rate greater than 50% in the OXT group and less than 15% in the placebo group, with 80% power, α = 0.05, and ∼25% dropout.
“Estimate of sample size was determined using standard method and biomedical information. We predicted that the effect rate in OXT treatment group was greater than 50%, and the effect rate in placebo group was less than 15%. The settings of 80% power and α = 0.05 were used, and ∼25% dropout was estimated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataPatients were randomly assigned into OXT vs. placebo groups by clinicians/research assistants without being involved in study design or outcome/data analyses.
“patients were recruited and randomly assigned into OXT vs. placebo (saline) treatment groups by clinicians/research assistants without being involved in study design or outcome/data analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and other relevant regulations.
“conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and other relevant regulations by the People's Republic of China.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe clinical study was registered through Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR-TRC-12002884).
“This was a pilot clinical study registered through Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR-TRC-12002884)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenStatistical analyses were performed by investigators who did not have access to patients and were blind to the information during the entire course of the study.
“Statistical analyses were performed by investigators who did not have access to patients and were blind to the information during the entire course of the study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenStudy protocol and informed consent form were approved by the Ethics Committee of the affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University.
“Study protocol and informed consent form were approved by the Ethics Committee of the affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation[Ser4, Ile8]-OXT contains a glutamine to serine substitution at amino acid position 4 predicted to strengthen α-helical structure and stabilize peptide conformation and thus increase drug duration.
“it contains glutamine to serine substitution at amino acid position 4 which is predicted to strengthen α-helical structure and stabilize peptide conformation [20] and thus increase drug duration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] B Forood, 1993, Stabilization of alpha-helical structures in short peptides via end capping, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation[Asu1,6]-OXT was reported to have 70% activity of native OXT.
“an OXT analog which was reported to have 70% activity of native OXT [21].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] T Yamanaka, 1970, Crystalline deamino-dicarba-oxytocin. Preparation and some pharmacological properties, Mol Pharmacol source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataOXT and its analogs can work in the brain to independently improve systemic insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion and thereof counteract against diabetes.
“The above studies suggested that in addition to obesity control, OXT and its analogs can work in the brain to independently improve systemic insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion and thereof counteract against diabetes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationOXT has recently been found to be important for social recognition, pair bonding, love and care in mammals and for mental and emotional well-being in humans.
“OXT has recently been found to be important for social recognition, pair bonding, love and care in mammals and for mental and emotional well-being in humans [8]-[13].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8]-[13]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe benefits of OXT in treating metabolic diseases are multi-faceted, ranging from obesity control to body weight-independent improvements of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion.
“the benefits of OXT in treating metabolic diseases are multi-faceted, range from obesity control to body weight-independent improvements of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationOXT is currently under clinical trials for diseases such as autism, anxiety disorder, depression, drug abuse, and schizophrenia.
“OXT is currently under clinical trials for diseases such as autism, anxiety disorder, depression, drug abuse, and schizophrenia [33], [34].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [33] A Meyer-Lindenberg, 2011, Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine, Nat Rev Neurosci source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [34] D Feifel, 2012, Oxytocin as a potential therapeutic target for schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric conditions, Neuropsychopharmacology source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataOXT and its analogs have the actions to reverse insulin resistance and improve insulin secretion in mouse models of HFD-induced prediabetes or STZ-induced diabetes.
“Our data proved that OXT and its analogs have the actions to reverse insulin resistance and improve insulin secretion in these mouse models.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenOur experiments in this work did not address the underlying signaling mechanisms.
“our experiments in this work did not address the underlying signaling mechanisms”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBrain actions of OXT are crucial for a battery of neuropsychiatric activities in both genders such as sociality, pair bonding, emotion, trust, love and care.
“recent neurobiological research revealed that brain actions of OXT are crucial for a battery of neuropsychiatric activities in both genders such as sociality, pair bonding, emotion, trust, love and care [8]-[13].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8]-[13]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMental dysfunctions represent a type of risk factors for the development of obesity and diabetes, which probably involves certain brain alterations of metabolic control in addition to issues such as poor lifestyle and nutrition management.
“mental dysfunctions represent a type of risk factors for the development of obesity and diabetes, which probably involves certain brain alterations of metabolic control in addition to the issues such as poor lifestyle and nutrition management [36]-[38].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36]-[38]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningOXT has social-neuropsychiatric benefits which can possibly aid to control metabolic disease.
“OXT has social-neuropsychiatric benefits which can possibly aid to control metabolic disease.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Obesity in humans is associated with pre-type 2 diabetes changes such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia.
“Clinical epidemiology has established that obesity in humans is associated with pre-type 2 diabetes (T2D) changes such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Drug delivery via brain injection is impractical in humans.
“given that drug delivery via brain injection is impractical in humans”
The paper relies on this without support.
Peripherally delivered peptides often cannot effectively reach the central sites due to the physical and biological blockade of the blood-brain barrier.
“peripherally delivered peptides often cannot effectively reach the central sites due to the physical and biological blockade of the BBB.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Type 2 diabetes develops when insulin secretion is impaired to a level that cannot compensate for systemic insulin resistance, and obesity can potentiate the progression of both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
“T2D develops when insulin secretion is impaired to a level that cannot compensate for systemic insulin resistance, and the presence of obesity can potentiate the progression of both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Preclinical studies indicate that oxytocin has positive metabolic effects.
“Preclinical studies indicate that oxytocin has positive metabolic effects(11, 12).”
From Oxytocin reduces caloric intake in men (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
A small study of obese men and women found that intranasal oxytocin four times per day led to weight loss of nearly 20 lbs over eight weeks.
“A small study of obese men and women found that intranasal oxytocin four times per day led to weight loss of nearly 20 lbs over eight weeks(12).”
From Oxytocin reduces caloric intake in men (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
In obese mice, oxytocin reduces fasting insulin secretion and insulin resistance and improves glucose tolerance prior to a change in weight.
“In obese mice, oxytocin reduces fasting insulin secretion and insulin resistance and improves glucose tolerance prior to a change in weight(12).”
From Oxytocin reduces caloric intake in men (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
Zhang et al. did not show effects of sustained intranasal oxytocin on fasting insulin or glucose levels in a small study of nondiabetic obese men and women.
“However, Zhang et al. did not show effects of sustained intranasal oxytocin on fasting insulin or glucose levels in a small study of nondiabetic obese men and women(12).”
From Oxytocin reduces caloric intake in men (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Figure 10 gives a different peripheral dosing schedule
MinorThe methods specify two injections for HFD-fed mice, one at the start of an overnight fast and one before the GTT the next morning. The Figure 10 caption instead describes daily injections, implying an ongoing schedule rather than the stated two-dose experiment.
“then received daily i.p. injections of [Ser4, Ile8]-OXT or vehicle.”
“HFD-fed mice were twice injected with OXT or OXT analog via third-ventricle cannula (4 μg per injection) or i.p. (2 mg/kg body weight per injection), once at the beginning of overnight fasting and once in the morning prior to GTT.”
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BackgroundPharmacotherapy of obesity: available medications and drugs under investigation.
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- Authors
- Zhang, H., Wu, C., Chen, Q., Chen, X., Xu, Z., Wu, J., & Cai, D.
- Affiliations
- Jiangsu University (CN)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cai, Dongsheng
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-05-20
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e61477
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3658979
- OpenAlex
- W2076652575
- Semantic Scholar
- 2c3ca2d1baa04d2898bb99c3fbf361f269adcf93
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 17.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DK078750)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031774)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK078750)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- oxytocin, oxytocin analogues, obesity, type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, impaired glucose tolerance, intranasal administration, streptozotocin-induced diabetes, weight management, peptide therapeutics
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Animals, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Middle Aged, Obesity, Oxytocin, Pilot Projects, Prediabetic State, Glucose Intolerance, Lipid Metabolism, Mice, Young Adult
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