Seasonal Variation in Human Gut Microbiome Composition
Open accessAbstract
The composition of the human gut microbiome is influenced by many environmental factors. Diet is thought to be one of the most important determinants, though we have limited understanding of the extent to which dietary fluctuations alter variation in the gut microbiome between individuals. In this study, we examined variation in gut microbiome composition between winter and summer over the course of one year in 60 members of a founder population, the Hutterites. Because of their communal lifestyle, Hutterite diets are similar across individuals and remarkably stable throughout the year, with the exception that fresh produce is primarily served during the summer and autumn months. Our data indicate that despite overall gut microbiome stability within individuals over time, there are consistent and significant population-wide shifts in microbiome composition across seasons. We found seasonal differences in both (i) the abundance of particular taxa (false discovery rate <0.05), including highly abundant phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and (ii) overall gut microbiome diversity (by Shannon diversity; P = 0.001). It is likely that the dietary fluctuations between seasons with respect to produce availability explain, at least in part, these differences in microbiome composition. For example, high levels of produce containing complex carbohydrates consumed during the summer months might explain increased abundance of Bacteroidetes, which contain complex carbohydrate digesters, and decreased levels of Actinobacteria, which have been negatively correlated to fiber content in food questionnaires. Our observations demonstrate the plastic nature of the human gut microbiome in response to variation in diet.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Dietary fluctuations inform, at least in part, the cyclical variations in the Hadza microbiota.
“Dietary fluctuations inform, at least in part, these cyclical variations though how other seasonal variants, including sun exposure, temperature, and relative time outdoors, impact the gut microbiota has yet to be explored [89].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [89]
Prior studies of the Hadza and the Hutterites indicate that seasonally volatile gut bacterial taxa correlate with seasonally available food.
“Prior studies of the Hadza (Smits et al. 2017) [31] and the Hutterites from the USA [49] indicate that seasonally volatile gut bacterial taxa correlate with seasonally available food.”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [49]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,706 · see citing works
QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data
Caporaso, J. G., Kuczynski, J., Stombaugh, J., Bittinger, K., Bushman, F. D., Costello, E. K., Fierer, N., Peña, A. G., Goodrich, J. K., Gordon, J. I., et al. (2010) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.f.303 · Cited by 34,887 · see citing works
vegan: Community Ecology Package
Oksanen, J., Simpson, G. L., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O’Hara, R. B., Sólymos, P., Stevens, M. H. H., Szöcs, E., et al. (2001) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.vegan · Cited by 27,099 · see citing works
Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis
Rousseeuw, P. J. (1987) · Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7 · Cited by 21,392 · see citing works
An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05414 · Cited by 12,444 · see citing works
Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., Ling, A. V., Devlin, A. S., Varma, Y., Fischbach, M. A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12820 · Cited by 10,100 · see citing works
Statistical significance for genomewide studies
Storey, J. D., & Tibshirani, R. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1530509100 · Cited by 9,692 · see citing works
Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample
Caporaso, J. G., Lauber, C. L., Walters, W. A., Berg-Lyons, D., Lozupone, C., Turnbaugh, P. J., Fierer, N., & Knight, R. D. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000080107 · Cited by 9,633 · see citing works
Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences
Langille, M. G. I., Zaneveld, J., Caporaso, J. G., McDonald, D., Knights, D., Reyes, J. A., Clemente, J. C., Burkepile, D. E., Vega Thurber, R. L., Knight, R., et al. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2676 · Cited by 9,116 · see citing works
Human gut microbes associated with obesity
Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4441022a · Cited by 8,785 · see citing works
Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography
Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F. E., Manary, M. J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Baldassano, R. N., Anokhin, A. P., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11053 · Cited by 7,815 · see citing works
Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome
MetaHIT Consortium (additional members), Arumugam, M., Raes, J., Pelletier, E., Le Paslier, D., Yamada, T., Mende, D. R., Fernandes, G. R., Tap, J., Bruls, T., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09944 · Cited by 7,548 · see citing works
Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes
Wu, G. D., Chen, J., Hoffmann, C., Bittinger, K., Chen, Y.-Y., Keilbaugh, S. A., Bewtra, M., Knights, D., Walters, W. A., Knight, R., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1208344 · Cited by 6,513 · see citing works
Obesity alters gut microbial ecology
Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102 · Cited by 6,176 · see citing works
De Filippo, C., Cavalieri, D., Di Paola, M., Ramazzotti, M., Poullet, J. B., Massart, S., Collini, S., Pieraccini, G., & Lionetti, P. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1005963107 · Cited by 5,579 · see citing works
Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Costello, E. K., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Fierer, N., & Knight, R. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1002601107 · Cited by 4,774 · see citing works
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis
Koeth, R. A., Wang, Z., Levison, B. S., Buffa, J. A., Org, E., Sheehy, B. T., Britt, E. B., Fu, X., Wu, Y., Li, L., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3145 · Cited by 4,386 · see citing works
Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly
Claesson, M. J., Jeffery, I. B., Conde, S., Power, S. E., O’Connor, E. M., Cusack, S., Harris, H. M. B., Coakley, M., Lakshminarayanan, B., O’Sullivan, O., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11319 · Cited by 3,314 · see citing works
The Effect of Diet on the Human Gut Microbiome: A Metagenomic Analysis in Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ridaura, V. K., Faith, J. J., Rey, F. E., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2009) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000322 · Cited by 3,058 · see citing works
Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system
Kau, A. L., Ahern, P. P., Griffin, N. W., Goodman, A. L., & Gordon, J. I. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10213 · Cited by 2,588 · see citing works
Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome
Koenig, J. E., Spor, A., Scalfone, N., Fricker, A. D., Stombaugh, J., Knight, R., Angenent, L. T., & Ley, R. E. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000081107 · Cited by 2,540 · see citing works
Differential abundance analysis for microbial marker-gene surveys
Paulson, J. N., Stine, O. C., Bravo, H. C., & Pop, M. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2658 · Cited by 2,393 · see citing works
The Long-Term Stability of the Human Gut Microbiota
Faith, J. J., Guruge, J. L., Charbonneau, M., Subramanian, S., Seedorf, H., Goodman, A. L., Clemente, J. C., Knight, R., Heath, A. C., Leibel, R. L., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1237439 · Cited by 2,058 · see citing works
Diet Drives Convergence in Gut Microbiome Functions Across Mammalian Phylogeny and Within Humans
Muegge, B. D., Kuczynski, J., Knights, D., Clemente, J. C., González, A., Fontana, L., Henrissat, B., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1198719 · Cited by 1,988 · see citing works
Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes
Wen, L., Ley, R. E., Volchkov, P. Y., Stranges, P. B., Avanesyan, L., Stonebraker, A. C., Hu, C., Wong, F. S., Szot, G. L., Bluestone, J. A., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07336 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota
Walker, A. W., Ince, J., Duncan, S. H., Webster, L. M., Holtrop, G., Ze, X., Brown, D., Stares, M. D., Scott, P., Bergerat, A., et al. (2011) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.118 · Cited by 1,632 · see citing works
Statistical Methods for Detecting Differentially Abundant Features in Clinical Metagenomic Samples
White, J. R., Nagarajan, N., & Pop, M. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000352 · Cited by 1,581 · see citing works
High-Fat Diet Determines the Composition of the Murine Gut Microbiome Independently of Obesity
Hildebrandt, M. A., Hoffmann, C., Sherrill–Mix, S. A., Keilbaugh, S. A., Hamady, M., Chen, Y., Knight, R., Ahima, R. S., Bushman, F., & Wu, G. D. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.042 · Cited by 1,576 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This has previously been indicated by a study in a mouse model of obesity [48].”
BackgroundEnvironmental and Gut Bacteroidetes: The Food Connection
Thomas, F., Hehemann, J., Rebuffet, E., Czjzek, M., & Michel, G. (2011) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00093 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
Jumpertz, R., Le, D. S., Turnbaugh, P. J., Trinidad, C., Bogardus, C., Gordon, J. I., & Krakoff, J. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.010132 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss
Duncan, S. H., Lobley, G. E., Holtrop, G., Ince, J., Johnstone, A. M., Louis, P., & Flint, H. J. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.155 · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Long-term ecological impacts of antibiotic administration on the human intestinal microbiota
Jernberg, C., Löfmark, S., Edlund, C., & Jansson, J. K. (2007) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2007.3 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
Segata, N., Haake, S. K., Mannon, P., Lemon, K. P., Waldron, L., Gevers, D., Huttenhower, C., & Izard, J. (2012) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-6-r42 · Cited by 1,076 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Zhang, M., Wang, S., Han, R., Cao, Y., Hua, W., Mao, Y., Zhang, X., Pang, X., Wei, C., et al. (2010) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.112 · Cited by 1,024 · see citing works
Grölund, M., Lehtonen, O. ‐., Eerola, E., & Kero, P. O. (1999) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/00005176-199901000-00007 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Understanding the effects of diet on bacterial metabolism in the large intestine
Louis, P., Scott, K. P., Duncan, S. H., & Flint, H. J. (2007) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03322.x · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Martínez, I., Kim, J., Duffy, P. R., Schlegel, V. L., & Walter, J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015046 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Gut microbiome composition is linked to whole grain-induced immunological improvements
Martínez, I., Lattimer, J. M., Hubach, K. L., Case, J. A., Yang, J., Weber, C. G., Louk, J. A., Rose, D. J., Kyureghian, G., Peterson, D. A., et al. (2013) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.104 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Predicting a Human Gut Microbiota’s Response to Diet in Gnotobiotic Mice
Faith, J. J., McNulty, N. P., Rey, F. E., & Gordon, J. I. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206025 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Seasonal Variation in Host Susceptibility and Cycles of Certain Infectious Diseases
Dowell, S. F. (2001) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0703.017301 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Seasonal Variation in Host Susceptibility and Cycles of Certain Infectious Diseases
Dowell, S. F. (2001) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0703.010301 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Koren, O., Knights, D., Gonzalez, A., Waldron, L., Segata, N., Knight, R., Huttenhower, C., & Ley, R. E. (2013) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002863 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Bacterial Communities Associated with the Surfaces of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
Leff, J., & Fierer, N. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059310 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Molecular analysis of the gut microbiota of identical twins with Crohn's disease
Dicksved, J., Halfvarson, J., Rosenquist, M., Järnerot, G., Tysk, C., Apajalahti, J., Engstrand, L. G., & Jansson, J. K. (2008) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2008.37 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Fava, F., Gitau, R., Griffin, B. A., Gibson, G. R., Tuohy, K. M., & Lovegrove, J. A. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.33 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Meta-analyses of studies of the human microbiota
Lozupone, C. A., Stombaugh, J., Gonzalez, A., Ackermann, G., Wendel, D., Vázquez-Baeza, Y., Jansson, J. K., Gordon, J. I., & Knight, R. (2013) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.151803.112 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Mizrahi-Man, O., Davenport, E., & Gilad, Y. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053608 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Self-citationReshaping the gut microbiome with bacterial transplantation and antibiotic intakePreprint
Manichanh, C., Reeder, J., Gibert, P., Varela, E., Llopis, M., Antolı́n, M., Guigó, R., Knight, R. D., & Guarner, F. (2010) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.107987.110 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Programming infant gut microbiota: influence of dietary and environmental factors
Marques, T. M., Wall, R., Ross, R. P., Fitzgerald, G. F., Ryan, C. A., & Stanton, C. (2010) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2010.03.020 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
den Abbeele, P. V., Gérard, P., Rabot, S., Bruneau, A., Aidy, S. E., Derrien, M., Kleerebezem, M., Zoetendal, E. G., Smidt, H., Verstraete, W., et al. (2011) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02533.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Fei, L., Meredith A. J., H., Yvonne, S., & Johanna W., L. (2009) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.108191 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Mai, V., McCrary, Q. M., Sinha, R. R., & Glei, M. (2009) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-49 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Validity of a food frequency questionnaire for the determination of individual food intake
Mullen, B. J., Krantzler, N. J., Grivetti, L. E., Schutz, H. G., & Meiselman, H. L. (1984) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/39.1.136 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Proper formation of whisker barrelettes requires periphery-derived Smad4-dependent TGF-β signaling
da Silva, S., Hasegawa, H., Scott, A. J., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1014411108 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
History and relevance of the Hutterite population for genetic studies
Hostetler, J. A., Opitz, J. M., & Reynolds, J. F. (1985) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320220303 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Photoperiod modulates gut bacteria composition in male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
Bailey, M. T., Walton, J. C., Dowd, S. E., Weil, Z. M., & Nelson, R. J. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.12.010 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Role of the normal gut microbiota
Jandhyala, S. M. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8787 · Cited by 3,001 · see citing works
Genetic determinants of the gut microbiome in UK twins
Goodrich, J. K., Davenport, E. R., Beaumont, M., Jackson, M. A., Knight, R., Ober, C., Spector, T. D., Bell, J. T., Clark, A. G., & Ley, R. E. (2016) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.017 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
Self-citationSeasonal cycling in the gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania
Smits, S. A., Leach, J., Sonnenburg, E. D., Gonzalez, C. G., Lichtman, J. S., Reid, G., Knight, R., Manjurano, A., Changalucha, J., Elias, J. E., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan4834 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Diet-microbiota interactions and personalized nutrition
Kolodziejczyk, A. A., Zheng, D., & Elinav, E. (2019) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-019-0256-8 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration
Leeming, E. R., Johnson, A. J., Spector, T. D., & Le Roy, C. I. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11122862 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Environmental factors shaping the gut microbiome in a Dutch population
Gacesa, R., Kurilshikov, A., Vich Vila, A., Sinha, T., Klaassen, M. A. Y., Bolte, L. A., Andreu-Sánchez, S., Chen, L., Collij, V., Hu, S., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04567-7 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Qin, Y., Havulinna, A. S., Liu, Y., Jousilahti, P., Ritchie, S. C., Tokolyi, A., Sanders, J. G., Valsta, L., Brożyńska, M., Zhu, Q., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00991-z · Cited by 586 · see citing works
The gut microbiome in human neurological disease: A review
Tremlett, H., Bauer, K. C., Appel‐Cresswell, S., Finlay, B. B., & Waubant, E. (2017) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24901 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Bennett, J. M., Reeves, G., Billman, G. E., & Sturmberg, J. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00316 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Trimethylamine <i>N</i>-oxide and prognosis in acute heart failure
Suzuki, T., Heaney, L. M., Bhandari, S. S., Jones, D. J. L., & Ng, L. L. (2016) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308826 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Dwiyanto, J., Hussain, M. H., Reidpath, D., Ong, K. S., Qasim, A., Lee, S. W. H., Lee, S. M., Foo, S. C., Chong, C. W., & Rahman, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82311-3 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Kelsey, C. M., Prescott, S., McCulloch, J. A., Trinchieri, G., Valladares, T. L., Dreisbach, C., Alhusen, J., & Grossmann, T. (2021) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.003 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Hughes, R. L., Kable, M. E., Marco, M., & Keim, N. L. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz049 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana
Hansen, M. E. B., Rubel, M. A., Bailey, A. G., Ranciaro, A., Thompson, S. R., Campbell, M. C., Beggs, W., Dave, J. R., Mokone, G. G., Mpoloka, S. W., et al. (2019) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1616-9 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiome and Individual-Specific Responses to Diet
Leshem, A., Segal, E., & Elinav, E. (2020) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00665-20 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Gut microbiota in health and disease: an overview focused on metabolic inflammation
Nagpal, R., Kumar, M., Yadav, A. K., Hemalatha, R., Yadav, H., Marotta, F., & Yamashiro, Y. (2016) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2015.0062 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
- Authors
- Davenport, E. R., Mizrahi-Man, O., Michelini, K., Barreiro, L. B., Ober, C., & Gilad, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ober, Carole
- Gilad, Yoav
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-03-11
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e90731
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3949691
- OpenAlex
- W2089423792
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 9.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Knowledge@UChicago (University of Chicago) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Chicago (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DK42086)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL085197, R01HL085197)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG006123, HG006123)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK42086, P30DK042086)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, seasonal variation, Hutterites, diet, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, actinobacteria, microbial diversity, dietary fiber, complex carbohydrates, founder populations
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Feces, Female, Humans, Male, Seasons, Gastrointestinal Tract, Biodiversity, Metagenome, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
