The Effects of Mind-Body Therapies on the Immune System: Meta-Analysis

Morgan, Nani; Irwin, Michael R.; Chung, Mei; Wang, Chenchen

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100903

Cited by 294Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsBiofield Effects and BiophysicsStress Responses and Cortisol

The Effects of Mind-Body Therapies on the Immune System: Meta-Analysis

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Morgan, Nani, Irwin, Michael R., Chung, Mei, Wang, Chenchen·2014·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0100903PMC PMC4079606

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Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Psychological and health-restorative benefits of mind-body therapies have been investigated, but their impact on the immune system remain less defined. OBJECTIVE: To conduct the first comprehensive review of available controlled trial evidence to evaluate the effects of mind-body therapies on the immune system, focusing on markers of inflammation and anti-viral related immune responses. METHODS: Data sources included MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and PsycINFO through September 1, 2013. Randomized controlled trials published in English evaluating at least four weeks of Tai Chi, Qi Gong, meditation, or Yoga that reported immune outcome measures were selected. Studies were synthesized separately by inflammatory (n = 18), anti-viral related immunity (n = 7), and enumerative (n = 14) outcomes measures. We performed random-effects meta-analyses using standardized mean difference when appropriate. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies published in 39 articles (total 2, 219 participants) met inclusion criteria. For inflammatory measures, after 7 to 16 weeks of mind-body intervention, there was a moderate effect on reduction of C-reactive protein (effect size [ES], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04 to 1.12), a small but not statistically significant reduction of interleukin-6 (ES, 0.35; 95% CI, -0.04 to 0.75), and negligible effect on tumor necrosis factor-α (ES, 0.21; 95% CI, -0.15 to 0.58). For anti-viral related immune and enumerative measures, there were negligible effects on CD4 counts (ES, 0.15; 95% CI, -0.04 to 0.34) and natural killer cell counts (ES, 0.12, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.45). Some evidence indicated mind-body therapies increase immune responses to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Mind-body therapies reduce markers of inflammation and influence virus-specific immune responses to vaccination despite minimal evidence suggesting effects on resting anti-viral or enumerative measures. These immunomodulatory effects, albeit incomplete, warrant further methodologically rigorous studies to determine the clinical implications of these findings for inflammatory and infectious disease outcomes.

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Mind-body interventions that target stress-response pathways influence inflammatory dynamics.
“Indeed, mind-body interventions that target stress-response pathways also influence inflammatory dynamics.”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Morgan et al, 2014
A variety of mind-body approaches including Tai chi, Yoga, and meditation reduce circulating CRP levels.
“Our meta-analyses found that a variety of different approaches including Tai chi, Yoga, and meditation, reduce circulating levels of CRP, for example (Morgan et al, 2014).”
From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Morgan et al, 2014

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Pullen, P., Nagamia, S. H., Mehta, P., Thompson, W., Benardot, D., Hammoud, R. A., Parrott, J. M., Sola, S., & Khan, B. (2008) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.12.007 · Cited by 228 · cited 4× · see citing works
“IL-6 Chen 2006 (QG) [69], Creswell 2012 (Med) [37], Irwin 2012; Irwin 2007 (TC) [60,61], Janelsins 2011[63], Sprod 2012 (TC) [65], Malarkey 2013 (Med) [51], McCain 2008 (TC) [64], Oken 2010 (Med) [43], Pace 2009 (Med) [44], Pullen 2008 (Yoga) [54], Pullen 2010 (Yoga) [55], Zautra 2008 (Med) [49] 6 to16 594 2 High; 2 M…”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of medical Qigong on cognitive function, quality of life, and a biomarker of inflammation in cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial
Oh, B., Butow, P., Mullan, B., Clarke, S., Beale, P., Pavlakis, N., Lee, M., Rosenthal, D., Larkey, L., & Vardy, J. (2012) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-011-1209-6 · Cited by 213 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Inflammatory Outcomes Eighteen studies published in 22 articles [11,36,37,40,43,45,49,51,54–56,59–61,64,65,67–69,71–74] with a total of 1,667 participants reported data on the effects of MBTs on inflammatory outcomes (i.”
BackgroundInfluential
Chronic interpersonal stress predicts activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways 6 months later
Miller, G. E., Rohleder, N., & Cole, S. W. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318190d7de · Cited by 197 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, exercise, one of the most widely-studied behavioral interventions, has been shown to reduce chronic inflammation, enhance immunological memory in the context of vaccination, and even reduce sick days associated with the common cold and other upper respiratory tract infections [17,29,75].”
Background
Workplace based mindfulness practice and inflammation: A randomized trial
Malarkey, W. B., Jarjoura, D., & Klatt, M. (2013) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.009 · Cited by 194 · cited 4× · see citing works
“IL-6 Chen 2006 (QG) [69], Creswell 2012 (Med) [37], Irwin 2012; Irwin 2007 (TC) [60,61], Janelsins 2011[63], Sprod 2012 (TC) [65], Malarkey 2013 (Med) [51], McCain 2008 (TC) [64], Oken 2010 (Med) [43], Pace 2009 (Med) [44], Pullen 2008 (Yoga) [54], Pullen 2010 (Yoga) [55], Zautra 2008 (Med) [49] 6 to16 594 2 High; 2 M…”
BackgroundInfluential
Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α production after acute psychological stress, exercise, and infused isoproterenol: differential effects and pathways.
Goebel, M. U., Mills, P. J., Irwin, M. R., & Ziegler, M. G. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200007000-00019 · Cited by 189 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nevertheless, adrenergic activation increases NF-kB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [84,90,91], and primes increases in the ex vivo production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other Toll-like receptor ligands [90,92–95].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effects of Mind-Body Therapy on Quality of Life and Neuroendocrine and Cellular Immune Functions in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
Elsenbruch, S., Langhorst, J., Popkirowa, K., Müller, T., Luedtke, R., Franken, U., Paul, A., Spahn, G., Michalsen, A., Janssen, O., et al. (2005) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000086318 · Cited by 181 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Three studies with 121 participants were included in our meta-analysis [40,43,56,59,64,71], while two studies with 84 participants lacked sufficient quantitative detail and were not included in the analysis [40,43,56,59,64,71].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
A randomized clinical trial of alternative stress management interventions in persons with HIV infection.
McCain, N. L., Gray, D. P., Elswick, R. K., Robins, J. W., Tuck, I., Walter, J. M., Rausch, S. M., & Ketchum, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.3.431 · Cited by 176 · cited 10× · see citing works
“Three studies with 121 participants were included in our meta-analysis [40,43,56,59,64,71], while two studies with 84 participants lacked sufficient quantitative detail and were not included in the analysis [40,43,56,59,64,71].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Inflammatory responses to psychological stress in fatigued breast cancer survivors: Relationship to glucocorticoids
Bower, J. E., Ganz, P. A., Aziz, N., Olmstead, R. E., Irwin, M. R., & Cole, S. W. (2006) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.08.001 · Cited by 169 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nevertheless, adrenergic activation increases NF-kB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [84,90,91], and primes increases in the ex vivo production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other Toll-like receptor ligands [90,92–95].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Tai chi, cellular inflammation, and transcriptome dynamics in breast cancer survivors with insomnia: a randomized controlled trial.
Irwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., Breen, E., Witarama, T., Carrillo, C., Sadeghi, N., Arevalo, J., Ma, J. C. Y., Nicassio, P., Ganz, P., et al. (2014) · Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs · doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgu028 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citation
Meditation or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection: a randomized controlled trial
Barrett, B., Hayney, M. S., Muller, D., Rakel, D., Ward, A., Obasi, C. N., Brown, R., Zhang, Z., Zgierska, A., Gern, J., et al. (2012) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1376 · Cited by 156 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(DOCX) Table S2 Assessment of overall risk of bias*. (DOCX)”
Background
Augmenting Immune Responses to Varicella Zoster Virus in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Tai Chi
Irwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., & Oxman, M. (2007) · Journal of The American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01109.x · Cited by 150 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Nine studies [37,43,51,54,55,60,61,67,68,72–74] evaluated the effects of MBTs [meditation (n = 3), Tai Chi (n = 3), Qi Gong (n = 1), and Yoga (n = 2)] on CRP in 710 participants with a variety of clinical conditions (heart failure [54,55], Type 2 diabetes [68], major depression [67], healthy individuals [37,43,60,61],…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Health-related quality of life and biomarkers in breast cancer survivors participating in tai chi chuan
Sprod, L. K., Janelsins, M. C., Palesh, O. G., Carroll, J. K., Heckler, C. E., Peppone, L. J., Mohile, S. G., Morrow, G. R., & Mustian, K. M. (2011) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-011-0205-7 · Cited by 147 · cited 6× · see citing works
“For IL-8, three studies [36,45,63,65] with a total of 158 participants were identified.”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of Tai Chi Chuan on Insulin and Cytokine Levels in a Randomized Controlled Pilot Study on Breast Cancer Survivors
Janelsins, M., Davis, P., Wideman, L., Katula, J., Sprod, L., Peppone, L., Palesh, O., Heckler, C., Williams, J. P., Morrow, G., et al. (2011) · Clinical Breast Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2011.03.013 · Cited by 142 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(DOCX) Table S2 Assessment of overall risk of bias*. (DOCX)”
Background
Association Between Physical Fitness, Parasympathetic Control, and Proinflammatory Responses to Mental Stress
Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318148c4c0 · Cited by 135 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nevertheless, adrenergic activation increases NF-kB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [84,90,91], and primes increases in the ex vivo production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other Toll-like receptor ligands [90,92–95].”
Background
Effect of integrated yoga practices on immune responses in examination stress - A preliminary study
Arora, S., Gopal, A., Mondal, S., Gandhi, A., & Bhattacharjee, J. (2011) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.78178 · Cited by 132 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Three studies (two with healthy individuals and one with breast cancer survivors) found no significant differences in cytokines (including IFN-c) comparing mind-body therapy with controls [53,63,65,71].”
Background
Cutting Edge: Sympathetic Nervous System Increases Proinflammatory Cytokines and Exacerbates Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis
Grebe, K. M., Takeda, K., Hickman, H. D., Bailey, A. M., Embry, A. C., Bennink, J. R., & Yewdell, J. W. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903395 · Cited by 130 · cited 19× · see citing works
“For example, extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria, activate transcription factors (i.e., nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) and activator protein 1 (AP1), which lead to increased expression of genes such as interleukin-1b (IL-1B), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).”
BackgroundInfluential
Tai Chi Chih acutely decreases sympathetic nervous system activity in older adults.
Motivala, S. J., Sollers, J., Thayer, J., & Irwin, M. R. (2006) · The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.11.1177 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citation
Yoga for low back pain: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials
Posadzki, P., & Ernst, E. (2011) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-011-1764-8 · Cited by 124 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous work has shown that MBTs offer many psychological and health functioning benefits including reductions in disease symptoms, improvements in coping, behavior regulation, quality of life, and well-being [3–22].”
Background
Genome-wide transcriptional profiling linked to social class in asthma
Chen, E., Miller, G. E., Walker, H. A., Arevalo, J. M., Sung, C. Y., & Cole, S. W. (2008) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2007.095091 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Benefits of yoga for African American heart failure patients.
Pullen, P., Thompson, W., Benardot, D., Brandon, L., Mehta, P., Rifai, L., Vadnais, D. S., Parrott, J. M., & Khan, B. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181bf24c4 · Cited by 116 · cited 4× · see citing works
“IL-6 Chen 2006 (QG) [69], Creswell 2012 (Med) [37], Irwin 2012; Irwin 2007 (TC) [60,61], Janelsins 2011[63], Sprod 2012 (TC) [65], Malarkey 2013 (Med) [51], McCain 2008 (TC) [64], Oken 2010 (Med) [43], Pace 2009 (Med) [44], Pullen 2008 (Yoga) [54], Pullen 2010 (Yoga) [55], Zautra 2008 (Med) [49] 6 to16 594 2 High; 2 M…”
BackgroundInfluential
Mindfulness meditation practise as a healthcare intervention: A systematic review
Mars, T. S., & Abbey, H. (2010) · International journal of osteopathic medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2009.07.005 · Cited by 115 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous work has shown that MBTs offer many psychological and health functioning benefits including reductions in disease symptoms, improvements in coping, behavior regulation, quality of life, and well-being [3–22].”
Background
Effects of a Behavioral Intervention, Tai Chi Chih, on Varicella-Zoster Virus Specific Immunity and Health Functioning in Older Adults
Irwin, M. R., Pike, J. L., Cole, J. C., & Oxman, M. N. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000088591.86103.8f · Cited by 114 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Two other studies compared effects of Tai Chi versus health education on VZV-RCF in 148 healthy older adults, and both found a significant effect on VZV-RCF at rest [60,62] and in response to vaccination [61].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effects of a Behavioral Stress-Management Program on Anxiety, Mood, Self-Esteem, and T-Cell Count in HIV-Positive Men
Taylor, D. N. (1995) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.451 · Cited by 112 · cited 1× · see citing works
“CD4 Lymphocytes Cade 2010 (Yoga) [52], Creswell 2009 (Med) [38], Elsenbruch 2005 (Med) [40], Hidderley 2004 (Med) [42], Lengacher 2013 (Med) [50], Manzaneque 2004 (QG) [70], McCain 2008 (TC) [64], SeyedAlinaghi 2012 (Med) [46], Solberg 1995 (Med) [47], Taylor 1995 (Med) [48], Wang 2011 (TC) [66] 4 to 20 777 8 High; 1…”
Does Yoga Engender Fitness in Older Adults? A Critical Review
Roland, K. P., Jakobi, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (2011) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.19.1.62 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous work has shown that MBTs offer many psychological and health functioning benefits including reductions in disease symptoms, improvements in coping, behavior regulation, quality of life, and well-being [3–22].”
Background
Mitigating Cellular Inflammation in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Tai Chi Chih
Irwin, M. R., & Olmstead, R. E. (2011) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3182330fd3 · Cited by 103 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Nine studies [37,43,51,54,55,60,61,67,68,72–74] evaluated the effects of MBTs [meditation (n = 3), Tai Chi (n = 3), Qi Gong (n = 1), and Yoga (n = 2)] on CRP in 710 participants with a variety of clinical conditions (heart failure [54,55], Type 2 diabetes [68], major depression [67], healthy individuals [37,43,60,61],…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Effect of T'ai Chi Exercise on Biochemical Profiles and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Chen, S.-C., Ueng, K., Lee, S.-H., Sun, K.-T., & Lee, M.-C. (2010) · Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0560 · Cited by 102 · cited 2× · see citing works
“CRP Chen 2010 (TC) [68], Creswell 2012 (Med) [37], Irwin 2012; Irwin 2007 (TC) [60,61], Lavertsky 2011 (TC) [67], Malarkey 2013 (Med) [51], Oh 2012; Oh 2010; Oh 2008 (QG) [72–74], Oken 2010 (Med) [43], Pullen 2010 (Yoga) [55], Pullen 2008 (Yoga) [54] 7 to 16 710 4 Moderate; 5 Low Finding 1.”
Background
Influence of yoga on mood states, distress, quality of life and immune outcomes in early stage breast cancer patients undergoing surgery
Nagarathna, R., Rao, R. M., Nagendra, H., Vinay, C., Chandrashekara, S., Gopinath, K., & Srinath, B. S. (2008) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.36789 · Cited by 100 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Three studies with 121 participants were included in our meta-analysis [40,43,56,59,64,71], while two studies with 84 participants lacked sufficient quantitative detail and were not included in the analysis [40,43,56,59,64,71].”
BackgroundResult
Tai Chi Improves Pain and Functional Status in Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results of a Pilot Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial
Wang, C. (2008) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000134302 · Cited by 98 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Previous work has shown that MBTs offer many psychological and health functioning benefits including reductions in disease symptoms, improvements in coping, behavior regulation, quality of life, and well-being [3–22].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
The effects of Baduanjin qigong in the prevention of bone loss for middle-aged women.
Chen, H.-H., Yeh, M.-L., & Lee, F. (2006) · The American Journal of Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1142/s0192415x06004259 · Cited by 94 · cited 2× · see citing works
“IL-6 Chen 2006 (QG) [69], Creswell 2012 (Med) [37], Irwin 2012; Irwin 2007 (TC) [60,61], Janelsins 2011[63], Sprod 2012 (TC) [65], Malarkey 2013 (Med) [51], McCain 2008 (TC) [64], Oken 2010 (Med) [43], Pace 2009 (Med) [44], Pullen 2008 (Yoga) [54], Pullen 2010 (Yoga) [55], Zautra 2008 (Med) [49] 6 to16 594 2 High; 2 M…”
Background
Yoga lifestyle intervention reduces blood pressure in HIV‐infected adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors*
Cade, W. T., Reeds, D., Mondy, K., Overton, E. T., Grassino, J., Tucker, S., Bopp, C., Laciny, E., Hubert, S., Lassa‐Claxton, S., et al. (2010) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00801.x · Cited by 93 · cited 1× · see citing works
“CD4 Lymphocytes Cade 2010 (Yoga) [52], Creswell 2009 (Med) [38], Elsenbruch 2005 (Med) [40], Hidderley 2004 (Med) [42], Lengacher 2013 (Med) [50], Manzaneque 2004 (QG) [70], McCain 2008 (TC) [64], SeyedAlinaghi 2012 (Med) [46], Solberg 1995 (Med) [47], Taylor 1995 (Med) [48], Wang 2011 (TC) [66] 4 to 20 777 8 High; 1…”
Medical Qigong for cancer patients: pilot study of impact on quality of life, side effects of treatment and inflammation.
Oh, B., Butow, P., Mullan, B., & Clarke, S. (2008) · The American Journal of Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1142/s0192415x08005904 · Cited by 92 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Inflammatory Outcomes Eighteen studies published in 22 articles [11,36,37,40,43,45,49,51,54–56,59–61,64,65,67–69,71–74] with a total of 1,667 participants reported data on the effects of MBTs on inflammatory outcomes (i.”
BackgroundInfluential
Yoga for Arthritis: A Scoping Review
Haaz, S., & Bartlett, S. J. (2010) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2010.11.001 · Cited by 78 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous work has shown that MBTs offer many psychological and health functioning benefits including reductions in disease symptoms, improvements in coping, behavior regulation, quality of life, and well-being [3–22].”
Background
Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Delivered to Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Patients in Iran: Effects on CD4+ T Lymphocyte Count and Medical and Psychological Symptoms
SeyedAlinaghi, S., Jam, S., Foroughi, M., Imani, A., Mohraz, M., Djavid, G. E., & Black, D. S. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31825abfaa · Cited by 76 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Other enumerative Outcomes A total of 14 studies [38,40–42,46–48,50,52,57,58,64,66,70] reported data on the effects of MBTs on enumerative outcomes, such as CD4 cells (n = 11), NK cells (n = 4), salivary IgA (n = 2), and total blood count (n = 1).”
BackgroundInfluential
A pilot randomized trial assessing the effects of autogenic training in early stage cancer patients in relation to psychological status and immune system responses
Hidderley, M., & Holt, M. (2003) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2003.09.003 · Cited by 74 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Three studies [40,42,50] evaluated the effects of meditation on NK counts in 30 patients with ulcerative colitis and 113 with breast cancer.”
Background
Is Regular Exercise a Friend or Foe of the Aging Immune System? A Systematic Review
Haaland, D. A., Sabljic, T. F., Baribeau, D. A., Mukovozov, I., & Hart, L. E. (2008) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e3181865eec · Cited by 71 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, exercise, one of the most widely-studied behavioral interventions, has been shown to reduce chronic inflammation, enhance immunological memory in the context of vaccination, and even reduce sick days associated with the common cold and other upper respiratory tract infections [17,29,75].”
Background
Lymphocyte Recovery After Breast Cancer Treatment and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Therapy
Lengacher, C. A., Kip, K. E., Post‐White, J., Fitzgerald, S., Newton, C. A., Barta, M. K., Jacobsen, P. B., Shelton, M. M., Moscoso, M. S., Johnson‐Mallard, V., et al. (2011) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800411419245 · Cited by 65 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Three studies [40,42,50] evaluated the effects of meditation on NK counts in 30 patients with ulcerative colitis and 113 with breast cancer.”
Background
Meditation: a modulator of the immune response to physical stress? A brief report.
Solberg, E. E., Halvorsen, R., Sundgot‐Borgen, J., Ingjer, F., & Holen, A. (1995) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.29.4.255 · Cited by 64 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Of these, two reported insignificant changes in CD4 count after four weeks (30 minutes, 7 times/week) of Qi Gong [70] or seven weeks (30 minutes, home practice) of meditation [47], compared with no interventions.”
Influence of yoga on postoperative outcomes and wound healing in early operable breast cancer patients undergoing surgery
Nagarathna, R., Rao, R. M., Nagendra, H., Vinay, C., Chandrashekara, S., Gopinath, K., & Srinath, B. S. (2008) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.36795 · Cited by 60 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Three studies with 121 participants were included in our meta-analysis [40,43,56,59,64,71], while two studies with 84 participants lacked sufficient quantitative detail and were not included in the analysis [40,43,56,59,64,71].”
BackgroundResult
Tai Chi Improves Sleep Quality in Healthy Adults and Patients with Chronic Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Minichiello, Y. Z. V. J. (2013) · Journal of Sleep Disorders & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2167-0277.1000141 · Cited by 58 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Previous work has shown that MBTs offer many psychological and health functioning benefits including reductions in disease symptoms, improvements in coping, behavior regulation, quality of life, and well-being [3–22].”
BackgroundResult
Tai Chi and Rheumatic Diseases
Wang, C. (2010) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2010.11.002 · Cited by 57 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Previous work has shown that MBTs offer many psychological and health functioning benefits including reductions in disease symptoms, improvements in coping, behavior regulation, quality of life, and well-being [3–22].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Mucosal Immunity Modulated by Integrative Meditation in a Dose-Dependent Fashion
Fan, Y., Tang, Y., Ma, Y., & Posner, M. I. (2010) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0234 · Cited by 56 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Salivary IgA Fan 2010 (Med) [41], Vogler 2011 (Yoga) [58] 4 to 8 73 2 High 1 study reported a significant increase in salivary IgA compared to the control (P = 0.”
Background
Assessment of immunological parameters following a qigong training program.
Manzaneque, J. M., Vera, F. M., Maldonado, E., Carranque, G. A., Cubero, V. M., Morell, M., & Blanca, M. J. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Serum Cytokines, Mood and Sleep after a Qigong Program
Manzaneque, J. M., Vera, F. M., Rodríguez, F. M., Garcia, G. J., Leyva, L., & Blanca, M. (2009) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105308097946 · Cited by 47 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Three studies with 121 participants were included in our meta-analysis [40,43,56,59,64,71], while two studies with 84 participants lacked sufficient quantitative detail and were not included in the analysis [40,43,56,59,64,71].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Effect of Tai Chi in adults with rheumatoid arthritis
Wang, C., Roubenoff, R., Lau, J., Kalish, R. A., Schmid, C. H., Tighiouart, H., Rones, R., & Hibberd, P. L. (2005) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh572 · Cited by 45 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This study extends our previous investigations of the effects of Tai Chi on health outcomes [3,18–22], highlighting the promising role that MBTs may play in regulating the immune system.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Role of Tai Chi in the Treatment of Rheumatologic Diseases
Wang, C. (2012) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-012-0294-y · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, exercise, one of the most widely-studied behavioral interventions, has been shown to reduce chronic inflammation, enhance immunological memory in the context of vaccination, and even reduce sick days associated with the common cold and other upper respiratory tract infections [17,29,75].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Role of sudarshan kriya and pranayam on lipid profile and blood cell parameters during exam stress: A randomized controlled trial
Dayalan, H., Subramanian, S., Elango, T., Malligarjunan, H., & Kochupillai, V. (2012) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.91702 · Cited by 43 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Total blood count Subramanian 2012 (Yoga) [57] 6 40 1 High 1 study reported a decrease in neutrophils (P,0.”
Background
Acute Stress Elicited by Bungee Jumping Suppresses Human Innate Immunity
van Westerloo, D. J., Choi, G., Löwenberg, E. C., Truijen, J., de Vos, A. F., Endert, E., Meijers, J. C. M., Zhou, L., Pereira, M. P., Queiroz, K. C. S., et al. (2010) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/molmed.2010.00204 · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, other studies have found that adrenergic signaling can increase, as well as inhibit the production of IL-6 and TNF [85–89].”
Background
The Impact of a Short-Term Iyengar Yoga Program on the Health and Well-Being of Physically Inactive Older Adults
Vogler, J., O’Hara, L., Gregg, J., & Burnell, F. (2011) · International Journal of Yoga Therapy · doi:10.17761/ijyt.21.1.e15852u665l710r1 · Cited by 37 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Salivary IgA Fan 2010 (Med) [41], Vogler 2011 (Yoga) [58] 4 to 8 73 2 High 1 study reported a significant increase in salivary IgA compared to the control (P = 0.”
Background
Immunogenic dendritic cells primed by social defeat enhance adaptive immunity to influenza A virus
Powell, N. D., Mays, J. W., Bailey, M. T., Hanke, M. L., & Sheridan, J. F. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.07.243 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nevertheless, adrenergic activation increases NF-kB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [84,90,91], and primes increases in the ex vivo production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other Toll-like receptor ligands [90,92–95].”
Background
Effects of 12-Week’s Tai Chi Chuan Practice on the Immune Function of Female College Students Who Lack Physical Exercise
Wang, M.-Y., & An, L.-G. (2011) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5604/935875 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Behavioral Interventions: Immunologic Mediators and Disease Outcomes
Antoni, M. H., Schneiderman, N., & Penedo, F. J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088576-3/50038-1 · Cited by 11 · cited 2× · see citing works
“targeted at alleviating stress, promoting heightened states of relaxation, and encouraging moderate physical activity, have been shown to bolster anti-viral immune responses and decrease markers of inflammation, particularly among older adults or adults experiencing high levels of psychological stress [3,17,18,29– 31].”
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Cole, S. (2007) · doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-1-r1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exercise: An Active Route to Healthy Aging Tai Chi Chih Acutely Decreases Sympathetic Nervous System Activity in Older Adults
Motivala, S. J., Sollers, J. J., Thayer, J. F., & Irwin, M. R. (2006) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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[99]Motivala S, Thayer DT, Irwin MR (2005) Tai Chi Chih acutely decreases sympathetic outflow in older adults. Psychosomatic Medicine. 17167159

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Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity
Irwin, M. R., & Opp, M. R. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.148 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
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The role of inflammation and genetics in periodontal disease
Loos, B. G., & Dyke, T. E. V. (2020) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12297 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Implications of sleep disturbance and inflammation for Alzheimer's disease dementia
Irwin, M. R., & Vitiello, M. V. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30450-2 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
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Mind–body therapies and control of inflammatory biology: A descriptive review
Bower, J. E., & Irwin, M. R. (2016) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.012 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
“The latter conclusion is supported by meta-analytic results from Morgan et al. (2014) who found that CRP was likely to be reduced following mind–body therapies in populations with disease conditions, but not in healthy persons.”
MethodResultSelf-citation
Breath of Life: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model of Contemplative Activity
Gerritsen, R. J. S., & Band, G. P. H. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00397 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Psychosocial Interventions and Immune System Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.
Shields, G. S., Spahr, C. M., & Slavich, G. M. (2020) · JAMA psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0431 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Yoga, Meditation and Mind-Body Health: Increased BDNF, Cortisol Awakening Response, and Altered Inflammatory Marker Expression after a 3-Month Yoga and Meditation Retreat
Cahn, B. R., Goodman, M. S., Peterson, C. T., Maturi, R., & Mills, P. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00315 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“Ameta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of mind-body therapies including yoga, meditation and tai-chi revealed small but not statistically significant decreases in IL-6 and TNF-α following such interventions (Morgan et al., 2014), and a later descriptive review of this literature highlighted the inconsistent na…”
Result
Anti-inflammatory treatment for major depressive disorder: implications for patients with an elevated immune profile and non-responders to standard antidepressant therapy
Kopschina Feltes, P., Doorduin, J., Klein, H. C., Juárez-Orozco, L. E., Dierckx, R. A., Moriguchi-Jeckel, C. M., & de Vries, E. F. (2017) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117711708 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
“(2014) demonstrated a significant effect of MBTs in decreasing CRP as compared with controls (Morgan et al., 2014).”
Background
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Tai Chi Reverse Cellular and Genomic Markers of Inflammation in Late-Life Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Irwin, M. R., Olmstead, R., Breen, E. C., Witarama, T., Carrillo, C., Sadeghi, N., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., Nicassio, P., Bootzin, R., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.010 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“91 (46,48,49); 40 per treatment group provides statistical power of 80% (α = .”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Public Health Approach of Ayurveda and Yoga for COVID-19 Prophylaxis
Tillu, G. S., Chaturvedi, S., Chopra, A., & Patwardhan, B. (2020) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0129 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“Meditation is found to reduce inflammation markers and influence markers of virus-specific immune response.(40) Yoga including meditation could be a simple and useful home-based practice for the prevention and post-recovery management of COVID-19.”
Comparative Effectiveness of Tai Chi Versus Physical Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Trial
Wang, C., Schmid, C. H., Iversen, M. D., Harvey, W. F., Fielding, R. A., Driban, J. B., Price, L. L., Wong, J. B., Reid, K. F., Rones, R., et al. (2016) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-2143 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
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Yoga and physical exercise – a review and comparison
Govindaraj, R., Karmani, S. J., Varambally, S. S., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2016) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2016.1160878 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“…d. Yoga also appears to reduce markers of inflammation like C-reactive protein and interleukin- 6 and influence virus-specific immune responses (Morgan et al., 2014). e. Recent systematic review suggest that yoga could mediate the positive effects on immune system through various inflammatory…”
Background
Neuroinflammation-Associated Alterations of the Brain as Potential Neural Biomarkers in Anxiety Disorders
Won, E., & Kim, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21186546 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“Although mixed effects were shown for the association between such interventions and circulating inflammatory markers [161], more consistent findings were seen for genomic markers, with trials showing decreased expression of inflammation-related genes and reduced signaling [162,163].”
Background
Childhood Maltreatment and Health Impact: The Examples of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults
Basu, A., McLaughlin, K., Misra, S., & Koenen, K. (2017) · Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12191 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Outcomes, and Interventions
Gilgoff, R., Singh, L. B., Koita, K., Gentile, B., & Marques, S. S. (2020) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2019.12.001 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Yoga and immune system functioning: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Falkenberg, R., Eising, C., & Peters, M. (2018) · Journal of behavioral medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-018-9914-y · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The Impact of Everyday Stressors on the Immune System and Health
Seiler, A., Fagundes, C. P., & Christian, L. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16996-1_6 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Understanding Resilience and Preventing and Treating PTSD
Horn, S. R. G.-V., & Feder, A. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000194 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Role of Yoga in Cardiac Disease and Rehabilitation
Guddeti, R. R., Dang, G., Williams, M. A., & Alla, V. M. (2018) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0000000000000372 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The science of hope
Corn, B. W., Feldman, D. B., & Wexler, I. D. (2020) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30210-2 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Psychoneuroimmunology: An Introduction to Immune-to-Brain Communication and Its Implications for Clinical Psychology
Bower, J. E., & Kuhlman, K. R. (2023) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080621-045153 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The Impact of Obesity and Lifestyle on the Immune System and Susceptibility to Infections Such as COVID-19
de Frel, D. L., Atsma, D. E., Pijl, H., Seidell, J. C., Leenen, P. J. M., Dik, W. A., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.597600 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Sick for science: experimental endotoxemia as a translational tool to develop and test new therapies for inflammation-associated depression
Lasselin, J., Lekander, M., Benson, S., Schedlowski, M., & Engler, H. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00869-2 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“impact on the inflammatory state [112, 113], and therefore arise as an interesting tool for inflammation-associated depression.”
Background
Reduced stress and inflammatory responsiveness in experienced meditators compared to a matched healthy control group
Rosenkranz, M. A., Lutz, A., Perlman, D. M., Bachhuber, D. R. W., Schuyler, B. S., Maccoon, D., & Davidson, R. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.02.013 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The efficacy of meditation-based mind-body interventions for mental disorders: A meta-review of 17 meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials
Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Van Damme, T., Smith, L., Hallgren, M., Schuch, F., Deenik, J., Rosenbaum, S., Ashdown-Franks, G., Mugisha, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.048 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The role of yoga in inflammatory markers
Estevao, C. (2022) · Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100421 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Meditation and Yoga Practices as Potential Adjunctive Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19: A Brief Overview of Key Subjects
Bushell, W. C., Castle, R. D., Williams, M. A., Brouwer, K., Tanzi, R., Chopra, D., & Mills, P. (2020) · Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0177 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Stretching Impacts Inflammation Resolution in Connective Tissue
Berrueta, L., Muskaj, I., Olenich, S., Butler, T. W., Badger, G. J., Colas, R. A., Spite, M. R., Serhan, C. N., & Langevin, H. M. (2015) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.25263 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“…transition from acute to chronic inflammation, as well as the resolution of acute inflammation, either through direct contact with immune cells or by inducing changes in cytokine profiles in the tissue (McGettrick et al., 2009; Naylor et al., 2013; Dixon et al., 2014; Van Linthout et al., 2014).”
Background
Impact of Yoga on Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Systematic Review
Djalilova, D., Schulz, P., Berger, A., Case, A., Kupzyk, K., & Ross, A. (2018) · Biological Research for Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800418820162 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Early-life stress and inflammation: A systematic review of a key experimental approach in rodents
Dutcher, E. G., Pama, E. A. C., Lynall, M.-E., Khan, S. A., Clatworthy, M. R., Robbins, T. W., Bullmore, E. T., & Dalley, J. W. (2020) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212820978049 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Identification and reduction of ongoing stressors, as well as certain psychotherapeutic, meditation, and relaxation regimens, represent readily available non-pharmacological interventions that, given our findings, may be particularly beneficial for patients with a history of ELS (Antoni et al., 2012; Creswell et al.,…”
Modulatory effects of different exercise modalities on the functional connectivity of the periaqueductal grey and ventral tegmental area in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomised multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study
Liu, J., Chen, L., Chen, X., Hu, K., Tu, Y., Lin, M., Huang, J., Liu, W., Wu, J., Qiu, Z., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.06.017 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Immune-inflammatory pathways and clinical changes in fibromyalgia patients treated with Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): A randomized, controlled clinical trial
Andrés-Rodríguez, L., Borràs, X., Feliu-Soler, A., Pérez-Aranda, A., Rozadilla-Sacanell, A., Montero-Marin, J., Maes, M., & Luciano, J. V. (2019) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.030 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Well-being and immune response: a multi-system perspective
Lasselin, J., Alvarez‐Salas, E., & Grigoleit, J. (2016) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2016.05.003 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Treating depression With Tai Chi: state of the art and future perspectives
Kong, J., Wilson, G., Park, J., Pereira, K., Walpole, C., & Yeung, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00237 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The Effects of Exercise on Fatigue, Quality of Life, and Psychological Function for Men with Prostate Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Vashistha, V., Singh, B., Kaur, S., Prokop, L. J., & Kaushik, D. (2016) · European Urology Focus · doi:10.1016/j.euf.2016.02.011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Chronic inflammation may also increase the risk of morbidity and mortality [6].”
Background
Cultivating Well-Being through the Three Pillars of Mind Training: Understanding How Training the Mind Improves Physiological and Psychological Well-Being
Villamil, A., Vogel, T., Weisbaum, E., & Siegel, D. J. (2019) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.1901003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Relevance of Complementary and Integrative Medicine in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Review of the Literature
Seifert, G., Jeitler, M., Stange, R., Michalsen, A., Cramer, H., Brinkhaus, B., Esch, T., Kerckhoff, A., Paul, A. E., Teut, M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.587749 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“It is known that MBM therapies can have a positive influence on inflammatory activity and virus-specific immune responses (79).”
Background
Effectiveness of movement and body awareness therapies in patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bravo, C., Skjærven, L. H., Sein-Echaluce, L. G., & Catalán-Matamoros, D. (2019) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.19.05291-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 and depressive symptom severity in response to physical exercise
Lavebratt, C., Herring, M. P., Liu, J. J., Wei, Y. B., Bossoli, D., Hallgren, M. Å., & Forsell, Y. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.012 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Mindfulness Based Interventions on Heart Rate Variability and Inflammatory Markers
Rådmark, L., Sidorchuk, A., Osika, W., & Niemi, M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8101638 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“At least one HRV outcome was assessed in four studies, including LF [41,43,50], HF [41,43,50], LF/HF ratio [36,41,43,50], SDNN and RMSSD [36,41,43], and at least one inflammatory marker was assessed in 6 studies, including CRP [37,40,42,52,53] and IL-6 [40,42,51,53].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A perspective on yoga as a preventive strategy for coronavirus disease 2019
Majumdar, V., Nagarathna, R., & Nagendra, H. (2020) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_22_20 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Both acute and chronic stressors can mediate their effects on sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, thereby impairing antiviral immune responses and innate immunity and deregulation of different immune parameters, primarily the inflammatory pathways.[46,47] Fear, uncertainty, an…”
Background
MindfulWatch
Tian, H., Bi, C., Xing, G., Chan, R. R., & Tu, L. (2017) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3130922 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Regular practice of meditation has been shown to improve the body’s ability to handle stressful life events through improved affective processing [10, 14, 26] and immune function [12, 13, 30].”
Background
Effects of psychological interventions on systemic levels of inflammatory biomarkers in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis
O'Toole, M. S., Bovbjerg, D. H., Renna, M. E., Lekander, M., Mennin, D. S., & Zachariae, R. (2018) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.04.005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The Effect of Modified Tai Chi Exercises on the Physical Function and Quality of Life in Elderly Women With Knee Osteoarthritis
Song, J., Wei, L., Cheng, K. D., Lin, Q., Xia, P., Wang, X., Wang, X., Yang, T., Chen, B., Ding, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.860762 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Cytokine variations and mood disorders: influence of social stressors and social support
Audet, M., McQuaid, R. J., Merali, Z., & Anisman, H. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00416 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis also demonstrated that mind-body therapies (e.g., Tai Chi, meditation, yoga) tended to reduce IL-6 levels in both healthy and clinical populations (Morgan et al., 2014).”
Method
Assessing the comparative effectiveness of Tai Chi versus physical therapy for knee osteoarthritis: design and rationale for a randomized trial
Wang, C., Iversen, M. D., McAlindon, T. E., Harvey, W. F., Wong, J. B., Fielding, R. A., Driban, J. B., Price, L. L., Rones, R., Gamache, T., et al. (2014) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-333 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Significant improvements have been reported in balance, strength, cardiovascular and respiratory functioning, flexibility, pain, depression, anxiety and arthritic symptoms [12-20].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Effects of Stress and Meditation on the Immune System, Human Microbiota, and Epigenetics.
Househam, A. M., Peterson, C. T., Mills, P. J., & Chopra, D. (2017) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Effect of Exercise Intensity on Cell-Mediated Immunity
Suzuki, K., & Hayashida, H. (2021) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports9010008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“, C-reactive protein, IL-6) could be expected, whereas no remarkable effects were observed for other immune indices [42].”
Background
Immune treatments for alcohol use disorder: A translational framework
Meredith, L. R., Burnette, E. M., Grodin, E. N., Irwin, M. R., & Ray, L. A. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.023 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Effects of Tai Chi and Qigong on Immune Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Oh, B., Bae, K., Lamoury, G., Eade, T., Boyle, F., Corless, B. P., Clarke, S., Yeung, A., Rosenthal, D., Schapira, L., et al. (2020) · Medicines · doi:10.3390/medicines7070039 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The therapeutic efficacy of Qigong exercise on the main symptoms of fibromyalgia: a pilot randomized clinical trial
Sarmento, C. V. M., Moon, S., Pfeifer, T., Smirnova, I. V., Colgrove, Y., Lai, S. M., & Liu, W. (2020) · Integrative Medicine Research · doi:10.1016/j.imr.2020.100416 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mind-Body Therapies for Late-Life Mental and Cognitive Health
Laird, K. T., Paholpak, P., Roman, M., Rahi, B., & Lavretsky, H. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0864-4 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Repetitive negative thinking, meaning in life, and serum cytokine levels in pregnant women: Varying associations by socioeconomic status
Mitchell, A. M., & Christian, L. (2019) · Journal of behavioral medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00023-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of Mind-Body Exercise in Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Duan, L., Xu, Y.-F., & Li, M. (2020) · Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2020/7607161 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
An Overview of Biofield Devices
Muehsam, D. J., Chevalier, G., Barsotti, T. J., & Gurfein, B. T. (2015) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.7453/gahmj.2015.022.suppl · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“J Altern Complement Med 1999;5(4):329-47.”
Benefits of Yoga on IL-6: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial of Yoga for Depression
Nugent, N. R., Brick, L. A. D., Armey, M. F., Tyrka, A. R., Ridout, K. K., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2019) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2019.1604489 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“) populations.(24) One study of older adults with depression demonstrated a positive impact of Tai Chi on CRP(25) but we are unaware of any studies examining the effects of yoga on immune outcomes in a depressed sample.”
Background
Effects of Maternal Psychological Stress During Pregnancy on Offspring Brain Development: Considering the Role of Inflammation and Potential for Preventive Intervention
Graham, A. M., Doyle, O. J., Tilden, E. L., Sullivan, E. L., Gustafsson, H., Marr, M. C., Allen, M. C., & Seghete, K. L. M. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.10.012 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Across meta-analyses of RCTs and clinical research of MBIs with heterogeneous populations of medical, psychiatric, and healthy populations, MBIs are consistently associated with reduced CRP levels (87, 102, 103)(except see (104)).”
Molecular signature of the immune response to yoga therapy in stress-related chronic disease conditions: An insight
Ravish, H., Venkatesh, H., Wilma Silvia, C. R., & Srinivas, H. (2020) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_82_18 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Mental health and immunity (Review)
Vasile, C. (2020) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2020.9341 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“one type of intervention, such as cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) (31), meditation (32,33), mind‐body interventions (34), lifestyle changes (35), body‐mind therapies (36) and stress management (37).”
Background
Systematic Review of Psychological Interventions for Quality of Life, Mental Health, and Hair Growth in Alopecia Areata and Scarring Alopecia
Maloh, J., Engel, T. N., Natarelli, N., Nong, Y., Zufall, A., & Sivamani, R. K. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12030964 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Yoga and meditation, an essential tool to alleviate stress and enhance immunity to emerging infections: A perspective on the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on students
Dalpati, N., Jena, S., Jain, S., & Sarangi, P. P. (2022) · Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100420 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Besides, pranayama techniques are also shown to control the respiratory tract, stimulate the lymphatic system, reduce in ﬂ ammation, and in ﬂ uence virus-speci ﬁ c immune responses to vaccination (Morgan et al., 2014).”
Meditation and Its Mental and Physical Health Benefits in 2023
Jamil, A., Gutlapalli, S. D., Ali, M., Oble, M. J. P., Sonia, S. N., George, S., Shahi, S. R., Ali, Z., Abaza, A., & Mohammed, L. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.40650 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cost-utility and biological underpinnings of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) versus a psychoeducational programme (FibroQoL) for fibromyalgia: a 12-month randomised controlled trial (EUDAIMON study)
Feliu‐Soler, A., Borràs, X., Peñarrubia‐María, M. T., Rozadilla‐Sacanell, A., D’Amico, F., Moss-Morris, R. E., Howard, M. A., Fayed, N. M., Soriano‐Mas, C., Puebla‐Guedea, M., et al. (2016) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1068-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis [40] examined the impact of mind-body”
Exercise and gut microbiota: clinical implications for the feasibility of Tai Chi.
Hamasaki, H. (2017) · Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2095-4964(17)60342-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Deep rest: An integrative model of how contemplative practices combat stress and enhance the body’s restorative capacity.
Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Whitehurst, L. N., Picard, M. A., Zebarjadian, S., & Epel, E. S. (2023) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000453 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Positive Affect and Inflammatory Activity in Breast Cancer Survivors: Examining the Role of Affective Arousal
Moreno, P. I., Moskowitz, A. L., Ganz, P., & Bower, J. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000300 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Thus, individuals with higher levels of lowarousal positive affect demonstrated lower levels of CRP across the three time points independent of negative affect and fatigue (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluential
Embracing Complexity beyond Systems Medicine: A New Approach to Chronic Immune Disorders
Velde, A. A. T., Bezema, T., van Kampen, A. H. C., Kraneveld, A. D., Hart, B. A. ‘., van Middendorp, H., Hack, E., van Montfrans, J. M., Belzer, C., Jans-Beken, L., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00587 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…impacting on immune function, psychosocial interventions, particularly stress-management interventions and cognitive behavioral therapies, have been shown to affect indicators of immune function, such as lymphocyte counts, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, or inflammatory activity (32–34).”
Mind-body practices for people living with HIV: a systematic scoping review
Ramirez-Garcìa, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Colson, S., Côté, J., Flores-Aranda, J., & Dupont, M. (2019) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-019-2502-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effects of attachment-based compassion therapy (ABCT) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and low-grade inflammation among fibromyalgia patients: A randomized controlled trial
Montero‐Marín, J., Andrés‐Rodríguez, L., Tops, M., Luciano, J. V., Navarro‐Gil, M., Feliu‐Soler, A., del Hoyo, Y. L., & García‐Campayo, J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52260-z · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based stress reduction increases stimulated IL-6 production among lonely older adults: A randomized controlled trial
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Authors: Morgan, N., Irwin, M. R., Chung, M., & Wang, C.
Affiliations: Tufts University (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Wang, Chenchen
ORCID: Irwin, Michael R.
Chung, Mei
Wang, Chenchen
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2014-07-02
Volume: 9
Issue: 7
Pages: e100903
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100903
PMC: PMC4079606
OpenAlex: W1971901983
Cited by: 294
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 3
FWCI: 20.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000124, CTSI UL1TR000124, AG028748)
National Institute on Aging (R01AG026364, R01AG034588, P30AG028748)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL095799)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA032922)
National Cancer Institute (R01CA160245, R01CA119159)
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT006367, K24AT007323, R01AT005521)
Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UL1TR000124)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biofield Effects and Biophysics
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: mind-body interventions, immune system, inflammation, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, TNF-α, antiviral immunity, CD4 count, natural killer cells, Tai Chi, qigong, meditation, yoga, vaccine response, immunomodulation
MeSH terms: C-Reactive Protein, Humans, Inflammation, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Virus Diseases, Interleukin-6, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, MEDLINE, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Tai Ji

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The Effects of Mind-Body Therapies on the Immune System: Meta-Analysis

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