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The Psychedelic State Induced by Ayahuasca Modulates the Activity and Connectivity of the Default Mode Network
Open accessAbstract
The experiences induced by psychedelics share a wide variety of subjective features, related to the complex changes in perception and cognition induced by this class of drugs. A remarkable increase in introspection is at the core of these altered states of consciousness. Self-oriented mental activity has been consistently linked to the Default Mode Network (DMN), a set of brain regions more active during rest than during the execution of a goal-directed task. Here we used fMRI technique to inspect the DMN during the psychedelic state induced by Ayahuasca in ten experienced subjects. Ayahuasca is a potion traditionally used by Amazonian Amerindians composed by a mixture of compounds that increase monoaminergic transmission. In particular, we examined whether Ayahuasca changes the activity and connectivity of the DMN and the connection between the DMN and the task-positive network (TPN). Ayahuasca caused a significant decrease in activity through most parts of the DMN, including its most consistent hubs: the Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC)/Precuneus and the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC). Functional connectivity within the PCC/Precuneus decreased after Ayahuasca intake. No significant change was observed in the DMN-TPN orthogonality. Altogether, our results support the notion that the altered state of consciousness induced by Ayahuasca, like those induced by psilocybin (another serotonergic psychedelic), meditation and sleep, is linked to the modulation of the activity and the connectivity of the DMN.
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“Traditions of meditation and ritual use of medicinal plants, fungi, and animals with consciousness-altering capacities have similar abilities to induce trance states, although these are often used in more inward-focused settings to explore one's own body/mind and connection to the adjoining socio-ecological environment-even if practiced as a group (Millière et al. 2018; Palhano-Fontes et al. 2015;”
From Cultural Evolution of Religion, Spirituality and Ritual: Impacts On Human Cooperation (2024) · cites this paper as Palhano-Fontes et al. 2015
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“It has been demonstrated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that during psychedelic experience, the DMN is modulated, which sharply reduces blood flow and connection within its nodes [46], leading to decreased functional connectivity within the DMN and increased between-network connectivity [47, 48].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [47]
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“Similarly, the administration of various psychedelic drugs has led to transient deactivation of certain DMN hubs, including the mPFC, PCC and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (45, 114).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [114]
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“Palhano-Fontes et al. (2015) reported decreased BOLD signal in DMN nodes including the MPFC and PCC during ayahuasca intoxication.”
From Self unbound: ego dissolution in psychedelic experience (2017) · cites this paper as Palhano-Fontes et al. 2015
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“A number of studies have demonstrated that classic psychedelics acutely reduce activity and internal functional connectivity within the DMN [28, 29], potentially reducing abstracted (perceptually decoupled) and self-referential rumination, a hallmark of depressotypic thinking [30–32].”
From The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Ayahuasca decreases the functional connectivity within the prefrontal cortex and in connections with other areas of the brain that are involved in a wide range of ordinary cognitive processes (Palhano-Fontes et al., 2015).”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as Palhano-Fontes et al., 2015
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Metadata
- Authors
- Palhano-Fontes, F., Andrade, K. C., Tofoli, L. F., Santos, A. C., Crippa, J. A. S., Hallak, J. E. C., Ribeiro, S., & de Araujo, D. B.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (BR)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-02-18
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e0118143
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4334486
- OpenAlex
- W2093477837
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 33.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, default mode network, task-positive network, altered states of consciousness, psychedelic effects, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, medial prefrontal cortex, functional connectivity, self-reflection, psilocybin, meditation, sleep
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Consciousness Disorders, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Hallucinogens, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Psilocybin, Prefrontal Cortex, Banisteriopsis, Young Adult, Connectome
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