The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Drugs: Past, Present, and Future
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Plant-based psychedelics, such as psilocybin, have an ancient history of medicinal use. After the first English language report on LSD in 1950, psychedelics enjoyed a short-lived relationship with psychology and psychiatry. Used most notably as aids to psychotherapy for the treatment of mood disorders and alcohol dependence, drugs such as LSD showed initial therapeutic promise before prohibitive legislature in the mid-1960s effectively ended all major psychedelic research programs. Since the early 1990s, there has been a steady revival of human psychedelic research: last year saw reports on the first modern brain imaging study with LSD and three separate clinical trials of psilocybin for depressive symptoms. In this circumspective piece, RLC-H and GMG share their opinions on the promises and pitfalls of renewed psychedelic research, with a focus on the development of psilocybin as a treatment for depression.
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Classic psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin have shown promise as aids in psychotherapy for mood disorders and substance dependence.
“Classic psychedelics, such as synthetic LSD and psilocybin, which is found in certain mushrooms, have shown promise as aids in psychotherapy e.g., for mood disorders and substance dependence [1, 5, 33].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
Classical psychedelics are not generally considered to be addictive.
“In contrast, classical psychedelics are not generally considered to be addictive (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017;Nichols et al., 2017) as animals will not readily self-administer these compounds (Fantegrossi et al., 2008).”
From Psychedelics and Neural Plasticity: Therapeutic Implications (2022) · cites this paper as Carhart-Harris and Goodwin, 2017
The 'Psychedelics for Mental Illness' and 'The Present Revival' sections discuss therapeutic use, including trials for alcohol and tobacco addiction, but do not address whether classical psychedelics themselves are addictive. Searches for addictive or habit-forming properties, abuse potential, dependence, and self-administration found no passage that settles the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up
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Self-citationThe entropic brain - revisited
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Psilocybin desynchronizes the human brain
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Self-citationPsychedelics and connectedness
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Self-citationEffects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure
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LSD alters dynamic integration and segregation in the human brain
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Self-citationAdverse Events in Studies of Classic Psychedelics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Biochemical Mechanisms Underlying Psychedelic-Induced Neuroplasticity
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Transient stimulation with psychoplastogens is sufficient to initiate neuronal growth
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HOPE: A Pilot Study of Psilocybin Enhanced Group Psychotherapy in Patients With Cancer
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Psychiatric risks for worsened mental health after psychedelic use
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- Authors
- Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Goodwin, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Carhart-Harris, Robin L
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2017-04-26
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2105-2113
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC5603818
- OpenAlex
- W2610144880
- Cited by
- 706
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 12 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 6.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Strong
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- psychedelics, psilocybin, LSD, depression treatment, mood disorders, alcoholism, psychedelic drug regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Hallucinogens, Humans, Psilocybin, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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