Zeroing In on Mindfulness Facets: Similarities, Validity, and Dimensionality across Three Independent Measures
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The field of mindfulness has seen a proliferation of psychometric measures, characterised by differences in operationalisation and conceptualisation. To illuminate the scope of, and offer insights into, the diversity apparent in the burgeoning literature, two distinct samples were used to examine the similarities, validity, and dimensionality of mindfulness facets and subscales across three independent measures: the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS), and Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS). Results revealed problematic associations of FFMQ Observe with the other FFMQ facets and supported a four-factor structure (omitting this facet), while disputing the originally envisaged five-factor model; thus, solidifying a pattern in the literature. Results also confirmed the bidimensional nature of the PHLMS and TMS subscales, respectively. A joint Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that PHLMS Acceptance could be assimilated within the FFMQ's four-factor model (as a distinct factor). The study offers a way of understanding interrelationships between the available mindfulness scales, so as to help practitioners and researchers make a more informed choice when conceptualising and operationalising mindfulness.
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Other research supports a four-factor solution for the FFMQ due to poor internal consistency and model fit in confirmatory factor analyses.
“However, other research supports a four-factor solution due to poor internal consistency and model fit in confirmatory factor analyses (CFA; e.g. Siegling & Petrides, 2016).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Siegling & Petrides, 2016
The Results section, “Confirmatory Factor Analysis of FFMQ Hierarchical Models” (page not provided), reports that the five-factor FFMQ model fit poorly relative to a four-factor model omitting Observe. This supports the CFA model-fit rationale, but the passages do not identify poor internal consistency as a reason for preferring four factors. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe FFMQ non-judging subscale had strong positive correlations with the PHLMS acceptance scale in multiple studies (r=.58 and .72).
“The non-judging subscale had strong positive correlations with the PHLMS acceptance scale in multiple studies ( r= .58 and .72, Siegling & Petrides, 2016; r= .58 and .72, Andrei et al., 2016).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Siegling & Petrides, 2016
Three studies evaluated the PHLMS, and methodological quality varied from good to poor.
“Three studies in this review evaluated the PHLMS, and methodological quality varied from good to poor (Andrei et al., 2016; Cardaciotto et al., 2008; Siegling & Petrides, 2016).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Siegling & Petrides, 2016
Siegling & Petrides (2016) and Andrei et al. (2016) demonstrated strong correlations between the PHLMS acceptance subscale and the FFMQ acceptance without judgement subscale (r=.58 and r=.58-.72 respectively).
“Siegling & Petrides (2016) and Andrei et al. (2016) demonstrated strong correlations between the acceptance subscale and the AWJ subscale of the FFMQ ( r= .58 and r= .58-.72 respectively).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Siegling & Petrides (2016)
The 'observe' facet currently negatively affects the validity of the FFMQ measure.
“Dropping this facet may therefore be advisable, as it currently negatively affects the validity of the measure (Siegling and Petrides 2016).”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Siegling and Petrides 2016
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Valö, L., Haigh, E. A. P., Bosma, C. M., & Lau, M. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_17-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS) State Version
Haigh, E. A. P., Valö, L., Bosma, C. M., & Lau, M. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chen, M., Xin, Z., He, M., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Hofmann, S. G., & Liu, X. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02656-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Validation of the Observing Scale in Chinese Populations
Sun, L., & Chen, S. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02198-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fernandes, M. N. D. F. (2020) · doi:10.11606/t.22.2020.tde-19112019-194200 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Does Mindfulness Reduce Attentional Negativity Bias and Depressive Symptoms?
Ford, C. (2016) · doi:10.33915/etd.5609 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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When two mindfulnesses meetPreprint
Lakatos, L., Turcotte, J., & Oddson, B. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/728584
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Self-citationSiegling, A. B., & Petrides, K. V. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_6
Self-citationToronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS): Trait Version
Valö, L., Haigh, E. A. P., Bosma, C. M., & Lau, M. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_17
Peng, Y., Song, X., & He, J. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02641-5
Xu, W., Zhang, R., & Chong, Z. Y. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113465
Malboeuf‐Hurtubise, C., Taylor, G., Léger‐Goodes, T., Fitzpatrick, C., & Smith, J. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8502428/v1
- Authors
- Siegling, A. B., & Petrides, K. V.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Siegling, Alex B.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-04-07
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e0153073
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4824528
- OpenAlex
- W2324022062
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 8.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness, mindfulness facets, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, factor structure, psychometric validity, mindfulness measurement, acceptance, scale comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mindfulness
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