Executive functions, personality traits and ADHD symptoms in adolescents: a mediation analysis
Open accessAbstract
Certain personality traits and cognitive domains of executive functions (EF) are differentially related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in adolescents. This study aimed to analyze the five-factor model (FFM) personality characteristics in adolescents with ADHD, and to examine whether EF mediate the relationships between FFM personality traits and ADHD symptoms. A comprehensive diagnostic assessment, including ADHD clinical interviews, ADHD rating scales, neuropsychological EF testing (i.e., working memory, flexibility and inhibition) and a personality assessment was carried out in a sample of 118 adolescents (75 ADHD and 43 control participants, 68% males), aged 12 to 16 years, and their parents and teachers. Adolescents with ADHD had lower scores than control participants on Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, and higher scores on Neuroticism. Structural equation models (SEM) showed that Conscientiousness directly influenced inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, while Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Extraversion directly affected hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Only Conscientiousness exerted indirect effects on inattention, but not on hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, via EF; higher scores on Conscientiousness were related to higher scores on EF, which in turn were related to lower scores on inattentive symptoms. These findings corroborate the relationships between ADHD symptoms, FFM personality traits and EF and indicate the mediating effect of EF on the relationship between Conscientiousness and inattention.
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Extraversion and agreeableness tend to be lower in ADHD, though the associations are less strong.
“Though the associations between ADHD and extraversion and agreeableness are less strong, both traits tend to be lower in ADHD (20, 21, 23–26).”
From Trait mindfulness and personality characteristics in a microdosing ADHD sample: a naturalistic prospective survey study (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
The Results (Personality traits) report lower Agreeableness in adolescents with ADHD, with a smaller effect than for Conscientiousness. They report no difference in Extraversion between ADHD and control groups, so this source does not support the claim that Extraversion tends to be lower. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIndividuals diagnosed with ADHD score generally lower on conscientiousness and higher on neuroticism compared to controls.
“Individuals diagnosed with ADHD score generally lower on conscientiousness and higher on neuroticism compared to controls (20–24).”
From Trait mindfulness and personality characteristics in a microdosing ADHD sample: a naturalistic prospective survey study (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
The reported baseline conscientiousness, extraversion and neuroticism scores were in line with previously reported associations between ADHD and personality traits.
“The reported baseline conscientiousness, extraversion and neuroticism scores were in line with previously reported associations between ADHD and personality traits (20, 21, 25).”
From Trait mindfulness and personality characteristics in a microdosing ADHD sample: a naturalistic prospective survey study (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
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Quarles, E., West, S. J., & Keen, L. (2024) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561772400047x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Areces, D., Rodríguez, C., Méndez-Freije, I., Saura-Carrasco, M., & Climent, G. (2024) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104898 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shokrkon, A., & Nicoladis, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1190375 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Katabi, G., & Shahar, N. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02717-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Schwabe, I., Pelt, D. H. M., & Greven, C. U. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02628-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Executive Functions in Children with ADHD
Wannapaschaiyong, P., Kiewkong, S., & Bunman, S. (2022) · THE BANGKOK MEDICAL JOURNAL · doi:10.31524/bkkmedj.2022.23.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
García, C. D. L. M., & Jarauta, E. P. (2022) · Revista de Investigación en Educación · doi:10.35869/reined.v20i2.4227 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kermani, A., Hoseini, S. A., & Basharpoor, S. (2023) · فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی اعتیادپژوهی · doi:10.52547/etiadpajohi.17.67.305 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Executive Functions in Adolescents with ADHD
Orban, S. A., & Festini, S. B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96950-8_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Big Five Personality Traits in Dyslexic Adults: An Exploratory Study
Alves, R. J. R., Guimarães, V. R. D. A., Fonseca, B. G., de Andrade, G. M. C., Duarte, J. L., & Crenitte, P. A. P. (2024) · Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría · doi:10.62641/aep.v52i4.1661 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Un nuovo paradigma: impressioni sulla clinica contemporanea
Chieffo, D. P. R. (2023) · RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.3280/rip2022oa15715 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, Y., Xian, H., Arnold, L. D., & Chang, J. J. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241306570
Krstić, T., Milovanović, I. Z., Stojadinović, A., Ignjatović, V. B., & Nikolašević, Ž. (2025) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000437
Mood symptoms as mediators of the impulsivity–ADHD link in adolescents
Tunagür, M. T., Hakyemezoglu, B., Cirakoglu, A., Sarıgedik, E., & Tunagur, E. M. K. (2026) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562261476908
Functional Impairments and Adverse Outcomes Associated with ADHD: A Literature Review
Salehpour, F., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2026) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina62091661
- Authors
- Krieger, V., Amador-Campos, J. A., & Guàrdia-Olmos, J.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-05-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e0232470
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7202790
- OpenAlex
- W2968064419
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fundación Alicia Koplowitz (Grant FAKO-2009)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, executive function, Big Five personality traits, personality traits, adolescents, conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, mediation
- MeSH terms
- Neuroticism, Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Conscience, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Psychological, Personality, Case-Control Studies, Executive Function
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