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Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study
Open accessAbstract
In a technology-driven society, screens are being used more than ever. The high rate of electronic media use among children and adolescents begs the question: is screen time harming our youth? The current study draws from a nationwide sample of 11,875 participants in the United States, aged 9 to 10 years, from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study®). We investigate relationships between screen time and mental health, behavioral problems, academic performance, sleep habits, and peer relationships by conducting a series of correlation and regression analyses, controlling for SES and race/ethnicity. We find that more screen time is moderately associated with worse mental health, increased behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and poorer sleep, but heightened quality of peer relationships. However, effect sizes associated with screen time and the various outcomes were modest; SES was more strongly associated with each outcome measure. Our analyses do not establish causality and the small effect sizes observed suggest that increased screen time is unlikely to be directly harmful to 9-and-10-year-old children.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a nationwide ABCD Study sample of 11,875 U.S. children aged 9–10, more screen time was moderately associated with worse mental health, more behavioral problems, lower academic performance, and poorer sleep, but also with stronger peer relationships. Effect sizes were small (<2% of variance explained), and SES was more strongly associated with outcomes than screen time, suggesting screen time is unlikely to be directly harmful at this age.
Key findings
- Weekday total screen time was significantly associated with externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, and number of close friends for both males and females, but not with depression, anxiety, or internalizing problems for females; for males, it was also not significantly associated with depression or anxiety.
- Weekend total screen time was significantly associated with all outcomes for males, including depression, anxiety, and internalizing problems; for females, it remained significantly associated with externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, and close friends, but not depression, anxiety, or internalizing problems.
- Screen time effects were small: “<2% of the variance explained” for all outcomes, while SES accounted for “much more of the variance (~5%).”
- Child-reported weekday screen time averaged 3.39 hours (SD = 2.94) and weekend screen time 4.57 hours (SD = 3.54); parent-reported weekday screen time averaged 2.55 hours (SD = 2.59) and weekend 3.99 hours (SD = 2.66).
Methods
- Data came from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study baseline, a nationwide sample of 11,875 children aged 9–10 recruited from 21 U.S. sites. Part 1 analyzed weekday screen time in 11,727 children; Part 2 analyzed weekend screen time in 11,672 children after exclusions for implausible values (≥18 hours/day) and missing data.
- Measures included child and parent Screen Time Questionnaire reports, parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scales for depression, anxiety, internalizing, externalizing, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, and ADHD; parent-reported academic grades, sleep quantity and quality, and child-reported number of close male and female friends; covariates were combined family income (SES) and race/ethnicity.
- Analyses used Pearson correlations and multiple linear regressions controlling for SES and race/ethnicity, run separately by sex, with interaction tests for sex × screen time; primary tests used a Bonferroni-corrected significance level of .004.
Limitations
- The paper states that participants were only 9–10 years old, so screen time means were low—especially for texting and social media—and most participants did not show signs of mental ill health; follow-up as the cohort ages would likely be better powered.
- The paper states that screen time items capped most subtypes at “4+ hours,” preventing examination of extreme screen time, and that most outcomes relied on parent report, which may be inaccurate for subtle symptoms such as internalizing problems.
- The paper states that analyses do not establish causality; evident from the text, the baseline cross-sectional design and small effect sizes limit causal or clinical conclusions, and the sample tended toward upper-middle SES and was 52% White.
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Claims the paper makes
67 Own result · 26 Not checked yet · 16 Own method · 9 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 2 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The finding that more screen time is associated with a greater number of close friends, both male and female, is in line with previous research [21]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [21] RJ Iannotti, 2009, Patterns of adolescent physical activity, screen-based media use, and positive and negative health indicators in the U.S. and Canada, J Adolesc Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Screen-based media use and Positive Health Indicators; page unavailable) report that screen-based media use was positively associated with a quality-of-peer-relationships index in both countries. The Methods (Quality of Peer Relationships; page unavailable) show that the index included numbers of close male and female friends, but the paper does not report separate associations between screen time and either friend count. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also a significant difference in parent reports of their child’s screen time, t(11,748) = -61.63, p < .001, between weekdays (M = 2.55, SD = 2.59) and weekends (M = 3.99, SD = 2.66).”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that more screen time is moderately associated with worse mental health, increased behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and poorer sleep, but heightened quality of peer relationships.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Main effect of ST | 0.074 | 5.07 | < .001* | .031 | .049 |”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Main effect of ST | -0.149 | -10.69 | < .001* | .004 | -.103 |”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that more screen time is moderately associated with worse mental health, increased behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and poorer sleep, but heightened quality of peer relationships.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The number of close friends a participant has indicates that these friendships are of quality to the participant.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, there existed significant differences between weekday and weekend screen usage type (e.g., TV/movies, online videos, gaming, etc.) for every usage type examined (see S1 Table).”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vast majority of interactions were not significant”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that more screen time is moderately associated with worse mental health, increased behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and poorer sleep, but heightened quality of peer relationships.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Main effect of ST | 0.088 | 6.04 | < .001* | .028 | .058 |”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 41
- It may state two separate claims as one. 43
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Another study has linked screen time to increased adolescent depression and anxiety diagnoses, as well as to prevalence of treatment by a mental health professional and subsequent use of medication for psychological or behavioral health concerns [12].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [12] JM Twenge, 2018, Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study, Prev Med Rep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (“Screen time and diagnoses of anxiety and depression”) links higher screen time among 14- to 17-year-olds to more depression and anxiety diagnoses, mental-health professional care, and medication use. It reports care and medication use during the last 12 months but does not establish that medication use was subsequent to professional treatment. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the majority of correlations are significant, most are weak or moderate in strength.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main effect of SES was also often significant.”
- Also stated in: § Part 2 · plain
“The main effect of SES was also often significant.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Part 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both main effects of weekday screen time and sex were often significant at Bonferroni corrected alpha .004, as seen in Table 2.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The significant association between screen time and externalizing disorder symptoms was in line with previous research [13].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] W Sanders, 2016, Parental perceptions of technology and technology-focused parenting: Associations with youth screen time, J Appl Dev Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in Table 5, for females, total weekend screen time is significantly associated with externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, the number of close friends who are male, and the number of close friends who are female.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the types of screen time, video chat and texting have the least reliable predictive power and are only significant for some outcomes.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both weekday and weekend total screen time are moderately associated with greater behavioral problems including ADHD, poor academic performance and poor sleep quantity and quality.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both main effects of weekday screen time and sex were often significant at Bonferroni corrected alpha .004”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For males, although total weekend screen time demonstrated a significant relationship to every outcome variable at alpha .05, the overall relationships between differing types of screen time and depression, anxiety, and internalizing problems are not significant.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Screen time—above and beyond both SES and race/ethnicity—is a significant predictor of some internalizing symptoms, behavioral problems, academic performance, sleep quality and quantity, and the strength of peer relationships for 9- to 10-year-old children, in both boys and girls.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because participants are 9 and 10, they simply are not using screens as much as their older peers; means for screen time use are low, especially for texting and social media”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in Table 3, for males, total weekday screen time is significantly associated with internalizing problems, externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, the number of close friends who are male, and the number of close friends who are female.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally seen in Table 3, for females, total weekday screen time is significantly associated with externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, the number of close friends who are male, and the number of close friends who are female.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When running Multiple Regression separately by sex, the majority of regressions of outcome variables on total weekday screen time were significant using a Bonferroni corrected p-value of less than .004, and were in line with our hypotheses, controlling for SES and race/ethnicity”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The negative association between screen time and amount of sleep has been demonstrated previously [17]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] L Hale, 2015, Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review, Sleep Med Rev source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observed effect sizes are small (<2% variance explained), with SES contributing much more to the variance in outcomes.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The negative association between screen time and academic performance may be of some concern to parents; another group of researchers reported a similar trend in a sample of Chinese adolescents [30].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] H Yan, 2017, Associations among Screen Time and Unhealthy Behaviors, Academic Performance, and Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frequencies of mature gaming and viewing of R-rated movies are also low.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in Part 1, the majority of correlations are significant, are weak or moderate in strength”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The positive association between sleep disorder score and screen time is of interest”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in Table 5, for males, total weekend screen time is significantly associated with all outcome measures: depression, anxiety, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, the number of close friends who are male, and the number of close friends who are female.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, screen time is positively associated with the quantity and quality of peer relationships.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the types of screen time, video chat has the least reliable predictive power, and is significant in about half of outcome measures.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“our results are in line with a recent review [22].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] CL Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J of Child Psychology and Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only outcome measure demonstrating a significant interaction term, for Part 1 and for Part 2, is number of close friends who are males.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the types of screen time, video chat and texting have the least reliable predictive power and are only significantly associated with some outcomes.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When running Multiple Regression separately by sex, the majority of regressions of outcome variables on total weekend screen time are significant using a Bonferroni corrected p-value of less than .004 and are in line with our hypotheses, controlling for SES and race/ethnicity”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parent report of total weekend screen time is significantly related to all outcome variables.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Overall, both the current study and the previous [11] find only weak associations of screen time with internalizing problems in the baseline ABCD sample.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] PQ Fors, 2019, Differential relationships of child anxiety and depression to child report and parent report of electronic media use, Child Psychiatry & Human Development source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of significant relationships between screen time and internalizing disorder symptoms (i.e., depression and anxiety) was surprising and does not align with prior findings by researchers who also used the ABCD study to examine screen time as a predictor variable.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the types of screen time, both video chat and texting have the least reliable predictive power and are significant in only about half of outcome measures.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Researchers reported that TV and computer use—including social media and messaging—were related to more positive peer relationships, with the suggestion that those forms of media use might be culturally linked to socialization.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] RJ Iannotti, 2009, Patterns of adolescent physical activity, screen-based media use, and positive and negative health indicators in the U.S. and Canada, J Adolesc Health source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample remained representative of the ABCD Study, with 6111 males (52.1%), 5613 females (47.9%), and 3 individuals who chose not to disclose their sex.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plainn = 11,727- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Another study used the ABCD Study sample in examining the mediating role of sleep in screen time and problem behaviors in children, and found that sleep duration mediates the association between screen time and problem behaviors [19].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] MD Guerrero, 2019, Screen time and problem behaviors in children: exploring the mediating role of sleep duration, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All regressions controlled for both SES and race/ethnicity.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It has been shown that spending more time on screens is positively associated with the quality of peer relationships in school-age children [21].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] RJ Iannotti, 2009, Patterns of adolescent physical activity, screen-based media use, and positive and negative health indicators in the U.S. and Canada, J Adolesc Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current analyses were conducted on a sample of 11,672 children ages 9 to 10.92 years, (M = 9.91 years, SD = 0.62 years).”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plainn = 11,672- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Previous literature links increased screen time to a number of negative outcomes, including poor mental health and worse behavioral problems [9]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] J Parent, 2016, Youth Screen Time and Behavioral Health Problems: The Role of Sleep Duration and Disturbances, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One study thus far has examined the relationship between screen time and mental health in the context of anxiety and depression in 4528 participants from an early data release of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study), reporting that, when controlling for participant age, sex, BMI, family income, race, and physical activity, screen time was positively associated with anxiety”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] PQ Fors, 2019, Differential relationships of child anxiety and depression to child report and parent report of electronic media use, Child Psychiatry & Human Development source
plaincorrelationaln = 4,528- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The same study also found that different types of screen time (e.g., television, texting) showed differential relationships to anxiety and depression.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] PQ Fors, 2019, Differential relationships of child anxiety and depression to child report and parent report of electronic media use, Child Psychiatry & Human Development source
plaincorrelationaln = 4,528- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These significant differences suggest that weekday and weekend screen time and screen time use type differ, and therefore, should be examined separately.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“previous studies have also demonstrated negative associations between screen time and sleep quantity and quality [17], such that those who spend more time on screens get less sleep overall and more interrupted sleep.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] L Hale, 2015, Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review, Sleep Med Rev source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One publication examined technology-related parenting strategies, reporting that strategies with increased child screen time were associated with more externalizing behavioral problems [13].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] W Sanders, 2016, Parental perceptions of technology and technology-focused parenting: Associations with youth screen time, J Appl Dev Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Schools in the study were selected in part based on demographic makeup, ensuring the inclusion of all demographic groups.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There has also been a documented decline in academic performance with increased screen time [16]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] C Peiró-Velert, 2014, Screen media usage, sleep time and academic performance in adolescents: clustering a self-organizing maps analysis, PLOS ONE source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The authors found that child report of weekday electronic media use and both child and parent report of weekend electronic media use were significantly associated with anxiety, and both child and parent report of both weekend and weekday electronic media use were significantly associated with depression.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] PQ Fors, 2019, Differential relationships of child anxiety and depression to child report and parent report of electronic media use, Child Psychiatry & Human Development source
plaincorrelationaln = 4,528- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, a recent annual research review reported that previous literature examining screen time has produced mixed results, and that screen time itself may not be cause for concern; rather, how electronic media is being consumed by adolescents is the more important consideration [22].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] CL Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J of Child Psychology and Psychiatry source
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sex differences suggested that males and females differed in both independent and dependent variables, and therefore, should be examined separately.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Statistical analysis
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This resulted in a quasi-representative, longitudinal dataset”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Data
plainn = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the current analyses were conducted on a sample of 11,727 children ages 9 to 10.92 years (M = 9.91 years, SD = .62 years).”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plainn = 11,727- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“An Australian study also suggests that the type of screen time matters [23]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] T Sanders, 2019, Type of screen time moderates effects on outcomes in 4013 children: evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Screen time has also been associated with attention problems; one study utilized a sample of French students to examine the relationship between self-report screen time and self-perceived attention problems, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Researchers found a significant association between screen time and total score of self-perceived attention problems and”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] I Montagni, 2016, Association of screen time with self-perceived attention problems and hyperactivity levels in French students: a cross-sectional study, BMJ Open source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analyses conducted rely on the normal distribution assumption; the independent variables (screen time) and depended variables are only approximately normally distributed and thus p-values are necessarily subject to some imprecision.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it has been posited that youth from low SES backgrounds may disproportionally impacted by psychological problems linked to high screen time [24].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] TK Oswald, 2020, Psychological impacts of “screen time” and “green time” for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review, PLOS ONE source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We utilized the entire existing dataset because the large sample size, which was determined by the design of the ABCD Study, ensures sufficient power to detect even small associations.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plainn = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the majority of outcome measures were evaluated through parent report rather than child self-report, and it is possible that parent evaluations are inaccurate, especially for more subtle symptoms such as internalizing problems.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample was 52% White, 20.3% Hispanic, 15% Black, 2.1% Asian, and 10.5% Other or Prefer Not to Respond.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We replicated their findings closely, which suggests that the discrepancy in our results primarily arises from the differences in the sample as it doubled in size.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] PQ Fors, 2019, Differential relationships of child anxiety and depression to child report and parent report of electronic media use, Child Psychiatry & Human Development source
hedgeddirectn = 4,528- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ABCD dataset was chosen for analysis because it draws from 21 research sites across the country, which in total recruited 11,875 children, ages 9 to 10 years, primarily from local schools, or, in the case of an embedded twin sample at four sites, from birth records.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Data
plainn = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, our results imply that too much time spent on screens is associated with poorer mental health, behavioral health, and academic outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children, but that negative impact on the subjects is likely not clinically harmful at this age.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“perhaps because parent SES contributes to nearly every facet of children’s physical and mental health outcomes [28].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] M Vukojevic, 2017, Parental socioeconomic status as a predictor of physical and mental health outcomes in children–literature review, Acta Clin Croat
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample tended toward upper-middle SES, with 3.6% reporting annual family income <$5000;”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“because internalizing disorders typically develop throughout childhood and adolescence [31, 32]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] N Durbeej, 2019, Trends in childhood and adolescent internalizing symptoms: Results from Swedish population based twin cohorts, BMC Psychology source
- Not checked yetcites [32] L Shanahan, 2014, Trajectories of internalizing symptoms across childhood: The roles of biological self-regulation and maternal psychopathy, Dev Psychopathol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“suggesting, as previous studies [22, 23] point out, that the type of screen time use is more important to consider than screen time itself.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] CL Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J of Child Psychology and Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [23] T Sanders, 2019, Type of screen time moderates effects on outcomes in 4013 children: evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of consistently significant interactions between screen time and sex—but often significant main effects for both screen time and sex—demonstrate that generally, both screen time and sex predict the outcome variables, but that the effect of screen time on the outcome variables often does not depend on sex, and vice versa.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, parent report is preferred for assessing some outcome measures of interest; in externalizing problems and attention problems specifically, the positive illusory bias skews youth self-report to overly positive reports of their performance in comparison to criteria that reflects actual performance [34, 35].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] JS Owens, 2007, A critical review of self-perceptions and the positive illusory bias in children with ADHD, Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [35] E Bourchtein, 2017, Is the positive illusory bias common in young adolescents with ADHD? A fresh look at prevalence and stability using latent profile and transition analyses, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, for the majority of outcome variables, parents responded to the Child Behavior Checklist, which demonstrates strong psychometric validity [33].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] C Ebesutani, 2010, The Research Network on Youth Mental Health. Concurrent Validity of the Child Behavior Checklist DSM-Oriented Scales: Correspondence with DSM Diagnoses and Comparison to Syndrome Scales, J Psychopathol Behav Assess source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the ABCD Study is the largest long-term study of brain development and child and adolescent health in the United States [26].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Data
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. About the study. ABCD Study. 2019. Available from: https://abcdstudy.org/about/
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of note, the entire ABCD sample consists of more males (52.1%) than females (47.8%).”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Data
plainn = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggests that when on screens, adolescents are communicating with their friends via texting, social media, or video chat, and the social nature of such screen time use strengthens relationships between peers and allows them to stay connected even when apart.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Few studies have examined screen time use at such a young age; the majority of the current literature focuses on mid-to-late adolescence rather than very early adolescence.
“Of additional importance, few studies have examined screen time use at such a young age. The majority of the current literature focuses on mid-to-late adolescence, rather than very early adolescence; the current study’s focus on 9- and 10- year old children fills that gap in the literature.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The number of close friends a participant has indicates that these friendships are of quality to the participant.
“By specifically examining the number of close friends, rather than merely the total number of friends, we can assume that these friendships are of quality to the participant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ABCD Study baseline sample is representative of 9- and 10-year-old children in the US, so the findings generalize to that population.
“for 9- to 10-year-old children, in both boys and girls”
“in 9- and 10- year old children”
The paper relies on this without support.
The screen time measures (self-report and parent report) accurately reflect participants' actual screen time.
“By restricting the screen time maximum label to “4+ hours” for all subsets of screen time apart from total screen time, it was not possible to examine extremes in screen time”
The paper relies on this without support.
The associations between screen time and outcomes are not substantially confounded by variables other than SES and race/ethnicity.
“controlling for SES and race/ethnicity”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Similarly, previous cross-sectional studies have found potential associations between screen time and symptoms of conduct disorder and ODD among adolescents [67–72].”
From Screen time and mental health: a prospective analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (2024) · cites this paper as [71]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Statistical analysis
“as well as each outcome measure. The sex differences suggested that males and females differed in both independent and dependent variables”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Statistical analysis
“| Sleep quantity | 4.28 (0.82) | 4.30 (0.80) | -1.01 | .313 |”
Citations
Cites
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Hale, L., & Guan, S. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007 · Cited by 1,468 · cited 3×
“The negative association between screen time and amount of sleep has been demonstrated previously [17] and, as in the case of academic performance, it is possible that time on screens takes away from time asleep.”
BackgroundInfluentialRecruiting the ABCD sample: Design considerations and procedures
Garavan, H., Bartsch, H., Conway, K., Decastro, A., Goldstein, R. Z., Heeringa, S., Jernigan, T., Potter, A., Thompson, W., & Zahs, D. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.04.004 · Cited by 1,393 · cited 16×
“The current study examines relationships between child and parent reports of screen time use and various important developmental outcome variables in a large and diverse nationwide sample of 9- and 10- year old children collected by the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study [25].”
BackgroundInfluentialBehavior Problems in Preschool Children: A Review of Recent Research
Campbell, S. B. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01657.x · Cited by 1,356 · cited 1×
“Nevertheless, externalizing problems are the most common and persistent problem behaviors seen in childhood and adolescence [14], and therefore, should be examined in studies focused on adolescent development.”
BackgroundTwenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2018) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003 · Cited by 1,304 · cited 1×
“Another study has linked screen time to increased adolescent depression and anxiety diagnoses, as well as to prevalence of treatment by a mental health professional and subsequent use of medication for psychological or behavioral health concerns [12].”
BackgroundPeer Relationships in Adolescence
Brown, B. B., & Larson, J. (2009) · Handbook of Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002004 · Cited by 1,208 · cited 1×
“Formation of peer relationships is one of the most important and influential aspects of adolescence [20].”
BackgroundOdgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13190 · Cited by 1,189 · cited 3×
“, using a computer to complete an academic paper) was not recorded; it is possible that academic screen time could be positively associated with academic performance, suggesting, as previous studies [22, 23] point out, that the type of screen time use is more important to consider than screen time itself.”
BackgroundMethodResultAdolescence as a sensitive period of brain development
Fuhrmann, D., Knoll, L. J., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.008 · Cited by 1,158 · cited 1×
“Adolescence is a critical developmental period [3] during which important aspects of health and well-being are easily influenced.”
BackgroundParenting and children's internalization of values : a handbook of contemporary theory
Grusec, J. E., & Kuczynski, L. (1997) · Cited by 991
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Shochat, T., Cohen-Zion, M., & Tzischinsky, O. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.03.005 · Cited by 837 · cited 1×
“Among the most important markers of adolescent well-being are internalizing and externalizing disorders [5], academic performance [6], sleep [7], and peer relationships [8].”
BackgroundA Critical Review of Self-perceptions and the Positive Illusory Bias in Children with ADHD
Owens, J. S., Goldfine, M. E., Evangelista, N. M., Hoza, B., & Kaiser, N. M. (2007) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0027-3 · Cited by 552
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- BB Brown, 2009, Handbook of adolescent psychology: Contextual influences on adolescent development
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–173 of 173
Niños y pantallas: cómo equilibrar el uso para un desarrollo cognitivo saludable
HERRERAS, E. B. (2025) · Boletín de Pediatría · doi:10.63788/yhjexw76 · Cited by 1
Prospective associations between media parenting practices and adolescent video game use
Nagata, J. M., Sportsman, D., Wong, J. H., Nayak, S., Li, E. J., Ganson, K. T., Piatkowski, T. M., He, J., Testa, A. M., & Baker, F. C. (2026) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-025-01009-y · Cited by 2
Baskin-sommers, A. R., Gearing, D., Ramduny, J., Zhang, Z., Townsend, N., Dupree, C., Fink, C., Horenkamp, L., Karcher, N. R., Patel, H., et al. (2026) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101686 · Cited by 2
“However, in another study, the association between screen time and internalizing (e.g., depression) was small, questioning whether the evidence was strong enough to make a clear recommendation (Paulich et al., 2021).”
Guan, K., Zhang, Z., Liu, Z., Pindus, D. M., Hillman, C. H., Yu, Q., Kramer, A. F., Kuang, J., Erickson, K. I., Herold, F., et al. (2026) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-026-00424-8 · Cited by 1
Thompson, E. L., Sawi, O. M., Roy, E. A., Abad, S., Kaiver, C. M., Lehman, S. M., Tay, J., Gonzalez, M. R., Rinsveld, A. M. V., Dowling, G. J., et al. (2026) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101746 · Cited by 1
“Similarly, more weekday and weekend non-academic screen use was concurrently associated with worse academic performance at ages 9 – 10, although socioeconomic factors remained the strongest predictors of academic outcomes (Paulich et al., 2021).”
Al‐Azayem, S. A., Magdy, R., Hussein, M., Salem, A. M. S., Noureldeen, M. M., Elmazny, A. N., Soliman, S. H., Amer, A. A., Hamed, D., Safwat, J., et al. (2026) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-026-01182-5 · Cited by 1
“As electronic media use among teens increases, the potential association between screen time and adolescent health is a topic of interest [2, 3].”
Nimmo, E., & Chau, M. (2026) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.70170 · Cited by 2
Nagata, J. M., Sportsman, D., Kim, K. E., Huang, O. H., Helmer, C. K., Li, E. J., Ganson, K. T., Testa, A. M., & Baker, F. C. (2026) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.70609 · Cited by 1
Gonzalez, M. R., Silmi, K. P., del Castillo, V., Perez, Y., Orama, M., Cuan, A., Alkire, D. R., Aupperle, R. L., Aguinaldo, L. D., Pelham, W., et al. (2026) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101785 · Cited by 1
The Place of Broadband Within Equal Education Opportunity
Wright, R. G. (2023) · Indiana Law Review · doi:10.18060/27240 · Cited by 1
Prabhakar, M., Prasad, H. G., & Reddy, R. S. (2023) · Telangana Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/tjp.tjp_6_23 · Cited by 2
Effects of screen time on the social well-being of adolescents
Danmaisoro, H. B., & Mozayani, A. (2024) · Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal · doi:10.15406/frcij.2024.12.00412 · Cited by 1
RELAÇÃO ENTRE TDAH E O TEMPO DE TELA NA INFÂNCIA
Siqueira, E., Lins, I., & Fachin, L. P. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences · doi:10.36557/2674-8169.2024v6n8p5124-5147 · Cited by 1
Decisions, decisions: The impact of a group mentoring program on adolescents’ decision-making skills
Lee, C., & Wong, J. S. (2025) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-025-00560-9 · Cited by 1
“This is expected, as excessive screen time has been found to correlate significantly with cognitive difficulties among young people (defined as difficulties concentrating, remembering, or making decisions; Onyeaka et al., 2022; Paulich et al., 2021).”
Wilson, J. A., Zhang, M., & Romano, S. L. (2022) · Journal of Current Research in Oral Surgery · doi:10.51847/uhgv8neytu · Cited by 1
How do digital technologies affect young people’s mental health?
Gude, J. G. (2022) · Current Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/cp.0207 · Cited by 1
Children’s Basic Etiquette Learning in Mobile Application
Universitas Multimedia Nusantara & Jl. Scientia Boulevard, C. S. K. D., Atmaja, E., Istiono, W., & Universitas Multimedia Nusantara & Jl. Scientia Boulevard, C. S. K. D. (2022) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS · doi:10.47191/ijmra/v5-i11-37 · Cited by 1
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The Long-Term Impact of Digital Media on Brain Development in ChildrenPreprint
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The associations of child screen time with psychiatric problems: the role of genetic confoundingPreprint
Zhang, Y., Choi, K., Delaney, S., Ge, T., Pingault, J., & Tiemeier, H. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.23286931
“38 This association was partially explained by sociodemographic factors and maternal psychopathology but largely remained after the adjustments.”
El cerebro humano en la era digital
Matarazzo, M. (2023) · Kranion · doi:10.24875/kranion.m22000040
Melhorando as funções executivas de crianças por meio de exergames: uma breve revisão
Moraes, B. L. J., Ramos, I. A., Cavalcante, A. D. O., Silva, R. C., Pedrosa, V. D. S., Miranda, J. M., Almeida, P. M. D., & Leite, C. D. (2023) · Journal Archives of Health · doi:10.46919/archv4n4-003
Sexual Exploitation Related to Online Risky Behaviour in Children and AYAs in India
Bhave, S., Sovani, A. V., & Patankar, S. (2023) · Current Pediatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s40124-023-00303-5
Nascimento, W. D. C., Rocha, S. L., & Domingues, R. J. D. S. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv7n1-017 · Cited by 3
FEATURES OF SURVEYS WITH THE CHILD AUDIENCE
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The Influence of Social Media and Gaming Practices on Perceived Academic Performance in ChildrenPreprint
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Neural correlates differ between crystallized and fluid intelligence in adolescentsPreprint
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The Influence of Social Networking Sites on the Well-Being of Young Adults in the Sultanate of Oman
Muthuraman, S., Haziazi, M. A., Balushi, A. A., & Arun Kumar, S. (2024) · Journal of Ecohumanism · doi:10.62754/joe.v3i8.5607
“Excessive screen time in children and young adults has been associated with various mental and physical health issues, including obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and sleep problems (Nagata, et al., 2021 and Paulich, et al., 2021).”
Samværsdans i lærerutdanningen – et inkluderende og bevegelig sammentreff
Nygård, S.-I., & Fretheim, S. (2025) · Musikk og Tradisjon · doi:10.52145/mot.v38i.2356
“Dans kan potensielt også være en motvekt til stillesitting og økt skjermbruk, som ifølge Paulich et al. (2021) er negativt forbundet med kroppslig samhandling, helse, og skolepres-tasjoner.”
Adolescence Brain Development and Parenting
Anderson, A. J., & Puchalski, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85493-5_2195-1
Zehra, U. U. B., Raza, R., Tindyala, E., Venkatesh, K. K., Mansoor, I., Zehra, M., Ejaz, A., Tanveer, F., Aslam, M., & Sadia, R. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.25325745 · Cited by 3
Shou, Q., Yamashita, M., & Mizuno, Y. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5252821
Transmedia and Digital Addiction
Semolini, F. F., da Silva, L. S., Vitta, A. S. L., Freires, É. M., & Andrade, A. L. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87986-9_11
Pandemic-related anxiety and screen time: A mediation analysis
Burns, H., Hossain, A., Forbes, A., Sheikh, S., Iyer, R. S., Marin-Dragu, S., dos Santos, D. P., Orji, R., Hájek, T., Stewart, S. H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100940 · Cited by 1
Aristotelian Sophrosyne in the Digital Landscape: A Re-examination
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Latif, A., Javed, H., Wahid, S., Zafar, A., Akhtar, M., & Mangi, S. Y. (2025) · Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal · doi:10.51253/pafmj.v75isuppl-5.13133
Solina, A. M. (2025) · International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) · doi:10.12692/ijb/27.2.37-56
Kids and their computers: Several hours a day of screen time is OK, study suggests
Paulich, K. N. (2021) · doi:10.64628/aai.7cwj5ryx5
Self-citationHaider, K., Schwab, J., Hoenigl, A., Humer, E. C., & Pieh, C. (2025) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2025.2573641
“The debate about the link between screen time and sleep appears to be a potentially health-endangering one (Hale & Guan, 2015; Lissak, 2018; Paulich et al., 2021), which is why sleep-friendly screen recommendations have been put forward, suggesting, for example, that screens should not be used…”
Piszka, M., Kwapień, E., Brasse, P., et al. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.96944
“These issues include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), suboptimal academic performance, and poor sleep quantity and quality [29].”
Rutter, L. A., Jiang, J., Bollen, J., Valdez, D., Edwards, A., Boyle, A., Coats, L., Hu, H., & Lorenzo‐Luaces, L. (2025) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2025.2587284 · Cited by 1
“…sleep, often linked to excessive screen time, is associated with increased internalizing symptoms such as depression and anxiety in adolescents (Paulich et al., 2021) Studies suggest that improving sleep hygiene, such as reducing screen exposure before bedtime, can mitigate these risks and…”
Media multitasking and academic achievement among different educational levels: a scoping review
Lax, M., Mölsä, M. E., Korhonen, J., & Söderberg, P. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-01028-x · Cited by 4
“Increased screen time has been suggested to lead to more distractions in learning environments [10] and has been linked to decreased academic achievements [11].”
Cognitive Effects of Daily Screen Time Habits among Early Adolescents
Siddique, U. B., Adil, R., & Kaynaat, W. (2025) · Healer Journal of Biomedical and Health Sciences · doi:10.55735/yytb2817
Kochan, E. H., Cardozo, R. L. S. C., Junior, M. B. D. L., & Safanelli, A. P. (2025) · Caderno Pedagógico · doi:10.54033/cadpedv22n14-304
Ercolanoni, S., Gui, M., & Respi, C. (2025) · Media Education · doi:10.36253/me-19294
“Tale risultato si conferma anche in studi longitudinali (Paulich et al., 2021).”
Söğütlüler, T. (2026) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi · doi:10.19145/e-gifder.1807042
Shou, Q., Yamashita, M., & Mizuno, Y. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106742
Finnegan, O., Weaver, R. G., Burkart, S. A., Armstrong, B., Adams, E. L., Pfledderer, C. D., McLain, A. C., Brazendale, K., Zhu, X., White, J. W., et al. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27417-x
Olatunji, F., Asiyanbola, T. A., Oni, B., & Adekunle, H. (2026) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2026.e03379
Screen viewing time from age 1 to 8 years and subsequent academic performance and working memory
Yang, S., Padmapriya, N., Saw, S., Chong, Y. S., Shek, L., Gluckman, P. D., Godfrey, K. M., Eriksson, J. G., Müller‐Riemenschneider, F., Law, E. C. N., et al. (2026) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-026-01046-1
“Additionally, most research has focused on school-age children, neglecting early childhood, which may represent a sensitive period [22, 27].”
Desai, N., Alshaikh, E. S., Yeates, K. O., Wheeler, K. K., Pommering, T. L., Smith, G. A., & Yang, J. (2026) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2025-110310
Excessive screen time: An emerging concern in neurodevelopment and cognitive functioning
Neredumilli, P. K., & Kattimani, S. (2026) · Archives of Mental Health · doi:10.4103/amh.amh_135_26
Sebben, S., Zhang, J., Frizzo, G. B., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2026) · Brain and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.braen.2026.100024
Xu, Y., Wang, X., Qiao, L., & Jin, R. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107237 · Cited by 1
Celik, S., Gracia, P., Gonzalez-Vila, P., & Tarantino, G. (2026) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-026-00287-5 · Cited by 2
“…that heavy levels of digital use are associated with adolescents’ negative mental health outcomes (e.g., Bohnert & Gracia, 2021; Gracia et al., 2023; Paulich et al., 2021; Santos et al., 2023; Twenge & Campbell, 2018), although several studies suggest that the strength of such association is…”
Abdallah, N., Katmah, R., Khalaf, K. A., & Jelinek, H. F. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101208
Bellmont-Olson, L. M., Wright, M., Müller‐Oehring, E. M., Baker, F. C., Kiss, O., Pohl, K. M., Gotlib, I. H., & Schulte, T. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101129
Marano, G., Giacomi, O. D., Hasaj, S., Traversi, G., Mazza, O., Cangini, A., & Mazza, M. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13070940
Sushma, N., Pankaja, K. E., Usha, H. V., Malathi, P., Nirmala, S., & Raju, S. S. (2026) · International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics · doi:10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20262423
Gümüş, E. Ç., Bozkurt, F. D., & Çakici, H. B. (2026) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423626101546
“…with various vision-related problems, such as digital eye strain (Reid Chassiakos et al. , 2016) and myopia, and may adversely impact developmental outcomes, academic performance, and overall quality of life among youth (Paulich et al., 2021; Jain et al ., 2023; Priftis and Panagiotakos, 2023).”
Wade, M., & Mammon, M. (2026) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70212
Perceptions of Dietary mHealth Apps Among Adolescents: Scoping Review
Margo, M., Deslippe, A. L., McFarland, E., Silva, H., Baluyot, T. C., Alberga, A. S., & Cohen, T. R. (2026) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/91650
Young minds in distress: Exploring the global rise in youth mental health diagnoses
Chiang, H., Chien, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03884-x
Qin, X.-D., Lu, L., Li, R., Li, Z.-W., Zhou, Z., Shen, Q., Lai, S., & Liu, S. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14193140
Bren, Z., Tran, K. T., Clinton, R., Visoki, E., Tran, L. A., Michel, N., Moore, T. M., Pimentel, S. D., & Barzilay, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2026.1940646
Hafiz, S., Sultana, N., Sarker, B. K., Soron, T. R., Haque, R., & Tofail, F. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0359518
Metadata
- Authors
- Paulich, K. N., Ross, J. M., Lessem, J. M., & Hewitt, J. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Paulich, Katie N.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2021-09-08
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e0256591
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8425530
- OpenAlex
- W3198152199
- Semantic Scholar
- 16ef4634bfa301e7ab71f47ffcceab416633aba8
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 36.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (U01DA041022, U01DA041028, U01DA041048, U01DA041089, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041120, U01DA041134, U01DA041148, U01DA041156, U01DA041174, U24DA041123, U24DA041147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- screen time, early adolescents, child mental health, behavioral problems, academic performance, sleep habits, peer relationships, socioeconomic status, Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, electronic media use, children aged 9-10
- MeSH terms
- Problem Behavior, Child Health, Adolescent Health, Academic Performance, Screen Time, Adolescent, Anxiety, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Depression, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Mental Health, Sleep, United States, Young Adult, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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