The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study
Open accessAbstract
In a technology-driven society, screens are being used more than ever. The high rate of electronic media use among children and adolescents begs the question: is screen time harming our youth? The current study draws from a nationwide sample of 11,875 participants in the United States, aged 9 to 10 years, from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study®). We investigate relationships between screen time and mental health, behavioral problems, academic performance, sleep habits, and peer relationships by conducting a series of correlation and regression analyses, controlling for SES and race/ethnicity. We find that more screen time is moderately associated with worse mental health, increased behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and poorer sleep, but heightened quality of peer relationships. However, effect sizes associated with screen time and the various outcomes were modest; SES was more strongly associated with each outcome measure. Our analyses do not establish causality and the small effect sizes observed suggest that increased screen time is unlikely to be directly harmful to 9-and-10-year-old children.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a nationwide ABCD Study sample of 11,875 U.S. children aged 9–10, more screen time was moderately associated with worse mental health, more behavioral problems, lower academic performance, and poorer sleep, but also with stronger peer relationships. Effect sizes were small (<2% of variance explained), and SES was more strongly associated with outcomes than screen time, suggesting screen time is unlikely to be directly harmful at this age.
Key findings
- Weekday total screen time was significantly associated with externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, and number of close friends for both males and females, but not with depression, anxiety, or internalizing problems for females; for males, it was also not significantly associated with depression or anxiety.
- Weekend total screen time was significantly associated with all outcomes for males, including depression, anxiety, and internalizing problems; for females, it remained significantly associated with externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, and close friends, but not depression, anxiety, or internalizing problems.
- Screen time effects were small: “<2% of the variance explained” for all outcomes, while SES accounted for “much more of the variance (~5%).”
- Child-reported weekday screen time averaged 3.39 hours (SD = 2.94) and weekend screen time 4.57 hours (SD = 3.54); parent-reported weekday screen time averaged 2.55 hours (SD = 2.59) and weekend 3.99 hours (SD = 2.66).
Methods
- Data came from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study baseline, a nationwide sample of 11,875 children aged 9–10 recruited from 21 U.S. sites. Part 1 analyzed weekday screen time in 11,727 children; Part 2 analyzed weekend screen time in 11,672 children after exclusions for implausible values (≥18 hours/day) and missing data.
- Measures included child and parent Screen Time Questionnaire reports, parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scales for depression, anxiety, internalizing, externalizing, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, and ADHD; parent-reported academic grades, sleep quantity and quality, and child-reported number of close male and female friends; covariates were combined family income (SES) and race/ethnicity.
- Analyses used Pearson correlations and multiple linear regressions controlling for SES and race/ethnicity, run separately by sex, with interaction tests for sex × screen time; primary tests used a Bonferroni-corrected significance level of .004.
Limitations
- The paper states that participants were only 9–10 years old, so screen time means were low—especially for texting and social media—and most participants did not show signs of mental ill health; follow-up as the cohort ages would likely be better powered.
- The paper states that screen time items capped most subtypes at “4+ hours,” preventing examination of extreme screen time, and that most outcomes relied on parent report, which may be inaccurate for subtle symptoms such as internalizing problems.
- The paper states that analyses do not establish causality; evident from the text, the baseline cross-sectional design and small effect sizes limit causal or clinical conclusions, and the sample tended toward upper-middle SES and was 52% White.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
67 Own result · 26 Not checked yet · 16 Own method · 9 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 2 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The finding that more screen time is associated with a greater number of close friends, both male and female, is in line with previous research [21]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [21] RJ Iannotti, 2009, Patterns of adolescent physical activity, screen-based media use, and positive and negative health indicators in the U.S. and Canada, J Adolesc Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Screen-based media use and Positive Health Indicators; page unavailable) report that screen-based media use was positively associated with a quality-of-peer-relationships index in both countries. The Methods (Quality of Peer Relationships; page unavailable) show that the index included numbers of close male and female friends, but the paper does not report separate associations between screen time and either friend count. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also a significant difference in parent reports of their child’s screen time, t(11,748) = -61.63, p < .001, between weekdays (M = 2.55, SD = 2.59) and weekends (M = 3.99, SD = 2.66).”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that more screen time is moderately associated with worse mental health, increased behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and poorer sleep, but heightened quality of peer relationships.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Main effect of ST | 0.074 | 5.07 | < .001* | .031 | .049 |”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Main effect of ST | -0.149 | -10.69 | < .001* | .004 | -.103 |”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that more screen time is moderately associated with worse mental health, increased behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and poorer sleep, but heightened quality of peer relationships.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The number of close friends a participant has indicates that these friendships are of quality to the participant.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, there existed significant differences between weekday and weekend screen usage type (e.g., TV/movies, online videos, gaming, etc.) for every usage type examined (see S1 Table).”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vast majority of interactions were not significant”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that more screen time is moderately associated with worse mental health, increased behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and poorer sleep, but heightened quality of peer relationships.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Main effect of ST | 0.088 | 6.04 | < .001* | .028 | .058 |”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 41
- It may state two separate claims as one. 43
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Another study has linked screen time to increased adolescent depression and anxiety diagnoses, as well as to prevalence of treatment by a mental health professional and subsequent use of medication for psychological or behavioral health concerns [12].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [12] JM Twenge, 2018, Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study, Prev Med Rep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (“Screen time and diagnoses of anxiety and depression”) links higher screen time among 14- to 17-year-olds to more depression and anxiety diagnoses, mental-health professional care, and medication use. It reports care and medication use during the last 12 months but does not establish that medication use was subsequent to professional treatment. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the majority of correlations are significant, most are weak or moderate in strength.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main effect of SES was also often significant.”
- Also stated in: § Part 2 · plain
“The main effect of SES was also often significant.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Part 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both main effects of weekday screen time and sex were often significant at Bonferroni corrected alpha .004, as seen in Table 2.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The significant association between screen time and externalizing disorder symptoms was in line with previous research [13].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] W Sanders, 2016, Parental perceptions of technology and technology-focused parenting: Associations with youth screen time, J Appl Dev Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in Table 5, for females, total weekend screen time is significantly associated with externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, the number of close friends who are male, and the number of close friends who are female.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the types of screen time, video chat and texting have the least reliable predictive power and are only significant for some outcomes.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both weekday and weekend total screen time are moderately associated with greater behavioral problems including ADHD, poor academic performance and poor sleep quantity and quality.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both main effects of weekday screen time and sex were often significant at Bonferroni corrected alpha .004”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For males, although total weekend screen time demonstrated a significant relationship to every outcome variable at alpha .05, the overall relationships between differing types of screen time and depression, anxiety, and internalizing problems are not significant.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Screen time—above and beyond both SES and race/ethnicity—is a significant predictor of some internalizing symptoms, behavioral problems, academic performance, sleep quality and quantity, and the strength of peer relationships for 9- to 10-year-old children, in both boys and girls.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because participants are 9 and 10, they simply are not using screens as much as their older peers; means for screen time use are low, especially for texting and social media”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in Table 3, for males, total weekday screen time is significantly associated with internalizing problems, externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, the number of close friends who are male, and the number of close friends who are female.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally seen in Table 3, for females, total weekday screen time is significantly associated with externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, the number of close friends who are male, and the number of close friends who are female.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When running Multiple Regression separately by sex, the majority of regressions of outcome variables on total weekday screen time were significant using a Bonferroni corrected p-value of less than .004, and were in line with our hypotheses, controlling for SES and race/ethnicity”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The negative association between screen time and amount of sleep has been demonstrated previously [17]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] L Hale, 2015, Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review, Sleep Med Rev source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observed effect sizes are small (<2% variance explained), with SES contributing much more to the variance in outcomes.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The negative association between screen time and academic performance may be of some concern to parents; another group of researchers reported a similar trend in a sample of Chinese adolescents [30].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] H Yan, 2017, Associations among Screen Time and Unhealthy Behaviors, Academic Performance, and Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frequencies of mature gaming and viewing of R-rated movies are also low.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in Part 1, the majority of correlations are significant, are weak or moderate in strength”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The positive association between sleep disorder score and screen time is of interest”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in Table 5, for males, total weekend screen time is significantly associated with all outcome measures: depression, anxiety, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, ODD, conduct disorder, attention problems, ADHD, academic performance, sleep quantity, sleep quality, the number of close friends who are male, and the number of close friends who are female.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, screen time is positively associated with the quantity and quality of peer relationships.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the types of screen time, video chat has the least reliable predictive power, and is significant in about half of outcome measures.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“our results are in line with a recent review [22].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] CL Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J of Child Psychology and Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only outcome measure demonstrating a significant interaction term, for Part 1 and for Part 2, is number of close friends who are males.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the types of screen time, video chat and texting have the least reliable predictive power and are only significantly associated with some outcomes.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When running Multiple Regression separately by sex, the majority of regressions of outcome variables on total weekend screen time are significant using a Bonferroni corrected p-value of less than .004 and are in line with our hypotheses, controlling for SES and race/ethnicity”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parent report of total weekend screen time is significantly related to all outcome variables.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Overall, both the current study and the previous [11] find only weak associations of screen time with internalizing problems in the baseline ABCD sample.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] PQ Fors, 2019, Differential relationships of child anxiety and depression to child report and parent report of electronic media use, Child Psychiatry & Human Development source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of significant relationships between screen time and internalizing disorder symptoms (i.e., depression and anxiety) was surprising and does not align with prior findings by researchers who also used the ABCD study to examine screen time as a predictor variable.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the types of screen time, both video chat and texting have the least reliable predictive power and are significant in only about half of outcome measures.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Results > Part 2
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Researchers reported that TV and computer use—including social media and messaging—were related to more positive peer relationships, with the suggestion that those forms of media use might be culturally linked to socialization.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] RJ Iannotti, 2009, Patterns of adolescent physical activity, screen-based media use, and positive and negative health indicators in the U.S. and Canada, J Adolesc Health source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample remained representative of the ABCD Study, with 6111 males (52.1%), 5613 females (47.9%), and 3 individuals who chose not to disclose their sex.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plainn = 11,727- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Another study used the ABCD Study sample in examining the mediating role of sleep in screen time and problem behaviors in children, and found that sleep duration mediates the association between screen time and problem behaviors [19].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] MD Guerrero, 2019, Screen time and problem behaviors in children: exploring the mediating role of sleep duration, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All regressions controlled for both SES and race/ethnicity.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“It has been shown that spending more time on screens is positively associated with the quality of peer relationships in school-age children [21].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] RJ Iannotti, 2009, Patterns of adolescent physical activity, screen-based media use, and positive and negative health indicators in the U.S. and Canada, J Adolesc Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current analyses were conducted on a sample of 11,672 children ages 9 to 10.92 years, (M = 9.91 years, SD = 0.62 years).”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plainn = 11,672- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Previous literature links increased screen time to a number of negative outcomes, including poor mental health and worse behavioral problems [9]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] J Parent, 2016, Youth Screen Time and Behavioral Health Problems: The Role of Sleep Duration and Disturbances, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One study thus far has examined the relationship between screen time and mental health in the context of anxiety and depression in 4528 participants from an early data release of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study), reporting that, when controlling for participant age, sex, BMI, family income, race, and physical activity, screen time was positively associated with anxiety”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] PQ Fors, 2019, Differential relationships of child anxiety and depression to child report and parent report of electronic media use, Child Psychiatry & Human Development source
plaincorrelationaln = 4,528- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The same study also found that different types of screen time (e.g., television, texting) showed differential relationships to anxiety and depression.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] PQ Fors, 2019, Differential relationships of child anxiety and depression to child report and parent report of electronic media use, Child Psychiatry & Human Development source
plaincorrelationaln = 4,528- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These significant differences suggest that weekday and weekend screen time and screen time use type differ, and therefore, should be examined separately.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“previous studies have also demonstrated negative associations between screen time and sleep quantity and quality [17], such that those who spend more time on screens get less sleep overall and more interrupted sleep.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] L Hale, 2015, Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review, Sleep Med Rev source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One publication examined technology-related parenting strategies, reporting that strategies with increased child screen time were associated with more externalizing behavioral problems [13].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] W Sanders, 2016, Parental perceptions of technology and technology-focused parenting: Associations with youth screen time, J Appl Dev Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Schools in the study were selected in part based on demographic makeup, ensuring the inclusion of all demographic groups.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There has also been a documented decline in academic performance with increased screen time [16]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] C Peiró-Velert, 2014, Screen media usage, sleep time and academic performance in adolescents: clustering a self-organizing maps analysis, PLOS ONE source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The authors found that child report of weekday electronic media use and both child and parent report of weekend electronic media use were significantly associated with anxiety, and both child and parent report of both weekend and weekday electronic media use were significantly associated with depression.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] PQ Fors, 2019, Differential relationships of child anxiety and depression to child report and parent report of electronic media use, Child Psychiatry & Human Development source
plaincorrelationaln = 4,528- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, a recent annual research review reported that previous literature examining screen time has produced mixed results, and that screen time itself may not be cause for concern; rather, how electronic media is being consumed by adolescents is the more important consideration [22].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] CL Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J of Child Psychology and Psychiatry source
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sex differences suggested that males and females differed in both independent and dependent variables, and therefore, should be examined separately.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Statistical analysis
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This resulted in a quasi-representative, longitudinal dataset”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Data
plainn = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the current analyses were conducted on a sample of 11,727 children ages 9 to 10.92 years (M = 9.91 years, SD = .62 years).”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plainn = 11,727- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“An Australian study also suggests that the type of screen time matters [23]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] T Sanders, 2019, Type of screen time moderates effects on outcomes in 4013 children: evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Screen time has also been associated with attention problems; one study utilized a sample of French students to examine the relationship between self-report screen time and self-perceived attention problems, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Researchers found a significant association between screen time and total score of self-perceived attention problems and”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] I Montagni, 2016, Association of screen time with self-perceived attention problems and hyperactivity levels in French students: a cross-sectional study, BMJ Open source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analyses conducted rely on the normal distribution assumption; the independent variables (screen time) and depended variables are only approximately normally distributed and thus p-values are necessarily subject to some imprecision.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it has been posited that youth from low SES backgrounds may disproportionally impacted by psychological problems linked to high screen time [24].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] TK Oswald, 2020, Psychological impacts of “screen time” and “green time” for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review, PLOS ONE source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We utilized the entire existing dataset because the large sample size, which was determined by the design of the ABCD Study, ensures sufficient power to detect even small associations.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plainn = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the majority of outcome measures were evaluated through parent report rather than child self-report, and it is possible that parent evaluations are inaccurate, especially for more subtle symptoms such as internalizing problems.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample was 52% White, 20.3% Hispanic, 15% Black, 2.1% Asian, and 10.5% Other or Prefer Not to Respond.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We replicated their findings closely, which suggests that the discrepancy in our results primarily arises from the differences in the sample as it doubled in size.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] PQ Fors, 2019, Differential relationships of child anxiety and depression to child report and parent report of electronic media use, Child Psychiatry & Human Development source
hedgeddirectn = 4,528- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ABCD dataset was chosen for analysis because it draws from 21 research sites across the country, which in total recruited 11,875 children, ages 9 to 10 years, primarily from local schools, or, in the case of an embedded twin sample at four sites, from birth records.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Data
plainn = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, our results imply that too much time spent on screens is associated with poorer mental health, behavioral health, and academic outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children, but that negative impact on the subjects is likely not clinically harmful at this age.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“perhaps because parent SES contributes to nearly every facet of children’s physical and mental health outcomes [28].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] M Vukojevic, 2017, Parental socioeconomic status as a predictor of physical and mental health outcomes in children–literature review, Acta Clin Croat
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample tended toward upper-middle SES, with 3.6% reporting annual family income <$5000;”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“because internalizing disorders typically develop throughout childhood and adolescence [31, 32]”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] N Durbeej, 2019, Trends in childhood and adolescent internalizing symptoms: Results from Swedish population based twin cohorts, BMC Psychology source
- Not checked yetcites [32] L Shanahan, 2014, Trajectories of internalizing symptoms across childhood: The roles of biological self-regulation and maternal psychopathy, Dev Psychopathol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“suggesting, as previous studies [22, 23] point out, that the type of screen time use is more important to consider than screen time itself.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] CL Odgers, 2020, Annual research review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions, J of Child Psychology and Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [23] T Sanders, 2019, Type of screen time moderates effects on outcomes in 4013 children: evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of consistently significant interactions between screen time and sex—but often significant main effects for both screen time and sex—demonstrate that generally, both screen time and sex predict the outcome variables, but that the effect of screen time on the outcome variables often does not depend on sex, and vice versa.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, parent report is preferred for assessing some outcome measures of interest; in externalizing problems and attention problems specifically, the positive illusory bias skews youth self-report to overly positive reports of their performance in comparison to criteria that reflects actual performance [34, 35].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] JS Owens, 2007, A critical review of self-perceptions and the positive illusory bias in children with ADHD, Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [35] E Bourchtein, 2017, Is the positive illusory bias common in young adolescents with ADHD? A fresh look at prevalence and stability using latent profile and transition analyses, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, for the majority of outcome variables, parents responded to the Child Behavior Checklist, which demonstrates strong psychometric validity [33].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] C Ebesutani, 2010, The Research Network on Youth Mental Health. Concurrent Validity of the Child Behavior Checklist DSM-Oriented Scales: Correspondence with DSM Diagnoses and Comparison to Syndrome Scales, J Psychopathol Behav Assess source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the ABCD Study is the largest long-term study of brain development and child and adolescent health in the United States [26].”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Data
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. About the study. ABCD Study. 2019. Available from: https://abcdstudy.org/about/
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of note, the entire ABCD sample consists of more males (52.1%) than females (47.8%).”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Data
plainn = 11,875- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggests that when on screens, adolescents are communicating with their friends via texting, social media, or video chat, and the social nature of such screen time use strengthens relationships between peers and allows them to stay connected even when apart.”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Few studies have examined screen time use at such a young age; the majority of the current literature focuses on mid-to-late adolescence rather than very early adolescence.
“Of additional importance, few studies have examined screen time use at such a young age. The majority of the current literature focuses on mid-to-late adolescence, rather than very early adolescence; the current study’s focus on 9- and 10- year old children fills that gap in the literature.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The number of close friends a participant has indicates that these friendships are of quality to the participant.
“By specifically examining the number of close friends, rather than merely the total number of friends, we can assume that these friendships are of quality to the participant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ABCD Study baseline sample is representative of 9- and 10-year-old children in the US, so the findings generalize to that population.
“for 9- to 10-year-old children, in both boys and girls”
“in 9- and 10- year old children”
The paper relies on this without support.
The screen time measures (self-report and parent report) accurately reflect participants' actual screen time.
“By restricting the screen time maximum label to “4+ hours” for all subsets of screen time apart from total screen time, it was not possible to examine extremes in screen time”
The paper relies on this without support.
The associations between screen time and outcomes are not substantially confounded by variables other than SES and race/ethnicity.
“controlling for SES and race/ethnicity”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Similarly, previous cross-sectional studies have found potential associations between screen time and symptoms of conduct disorder and ODD among adolescents [67–72].”
From Screen time and mental health: a prospective analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (2024) · cites this paper as [71]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Statistical analysis
“as well as each outcome measure. The sex differences suggested that males and females differed in both independent and dependent variables”
§ Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study > Materials and methods > Statistical analysis
“| Sleep quantity | 4.28 (0.82) | 4.30 (0.80) | -1.01 | .313 |”
Citations
Cites
Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review
Hale, L., & Guan, S. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007 · Cited by 1,468 · cited 3×
“The negative association between screen time and amount of sleep has been demonstrated previously [17] and, as in the case of academic performance, it is possible that time on screens takes away from time asleep.”
BackgroundInfluentialRecruiting the ABCD sample: Design considerations and procedures
Garavan, H., Bartsch, H., Conway, K., Decastro, A., Goldstein, R. Z., Heeringa, S., Jernigan, T., Potter, A., Thompson, W., & Zahs, D. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.04.004 · Cited by 1,393 · cited 16×
“The current study examines relationships between child and parent reports of screen time use and various important developmental outcome variables in a large and diverse nationwide sample of 9- and 10- year old children collected by the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study [25].”
BackgroundInfluentialBehavior Problems in Preschool Children: A Review of Recent Research
Campbell, S. B. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01657.x · Cited by 1,356 · cited 1×
“Nevertheless, externalizing problems are the most common and persistent problem behaviors seen in childhood and adolescence [14], and therefore, should be examined in studies focused on adolescent development.”
BackgroundTwenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2018) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003 · Cited by 1,304 · cited 1×
“Another study has linked screen time to increased adolescent depression and anxiety diagnoses, as well as to prevalence of treatment by a mental health professional and subsequent use of medication for psychological or behavioral health concerns [12].”
BackgroundPeer Relationships in Adolescence
Brown, B. B., & Larson, J. (2009) · Handbook of Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002004 · Cited by 1,208 · cited 1×
“Formation of peer relationships is one of the most important and influential aspects of adolescence [20].”
BackgroundOdgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13190 · Cited by 1,189 · cited 3×
“, using a computer to complete an academic paper) was not recorded; it is possible that academic screen time could be positively associated with academic performance, suggesting, as previous studies [22, 23] point out, that the type of screen time use is more important to consider than screen time itself.”
BackgroundMethodResultAdolescence as a sensitive period of brain development
Fuhrmann, D., Knoll, L. J., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.008 · Cited by 1,158 · cited 1×
“Adolescence is a critical developmental period [3] during which important aspects of health and well-being are easily influenced.”
BackgroundParenting and children's internalization of values : a handbook of contemporary theory
Grusec, J. E., & Kuczynski, L. (1997) · Cited by 991
Functional consequences of inadequate sleep in adolescents: A systematic review
Shochat, T., Cohen-Zion, M., & Tzischinsky, O. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.03.005 · Cited by 837 · cited 1×
“Among the most important markers of adolescent well-being are internalizing and externalizing disorders [5], academic performance [6], sleep [7], and peer relationships [8].”
BackgroundA Critical Review of Self-perceptions and the Positive Illusory Bias in Children with ADHD
Owens, J. S., Goldfine, M. E., Evangelista, N. M., Hoza, B., & Kaiser, N. M. (2007) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0027-3 · Cited by 552
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- BB Brown, 2009, Handbook of adolescent psychology: Contextual influences on adolescent development
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Problematic Social Media Use and Its Relationship with Depression or Anxiety: A Systematic Review
Lopes, L. S., Valentini, J. P., Monteiro, T. H., Costacurta, M. C. D. F., Soares, L. O. N., Telfar-Barnard, L., & Nunes, P. V. (2022) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0300 · Cited by 197
Nagata, J. M., Al-Shoaibi, A. A. A., Leong, A. W., Zamora, G., Testa, A., Ganson, K. T., & Baker, F. C. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20102-x · Cited by 103
Associations between media parenting practices and early adolescent screen use
Nagata, J. M., Paul, A., Yen, F., Smith-Russack, Z., Shao, I. Y., Al-Shoaibi, A. A. A., Ganson, K. T., Testa, A. M., Kiss, O., He, J., et al. (2024) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-024-03243-y · Cited by 86
Liu, L., Xin, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1556721 · Cited by 73
“Paulich et al. (2021) analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, suggesting that increased screen time may impair children’s attention and impulse control—both critical components of cognitive function, and may potentially exacerbate the symptoms of Attention…”
Digital maturity: Development and validation of the Digital Maturity Inventory (DIMI)
Laaber, F., Florack, A., Koch, T., & Hubert, M. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107709 · Cited by 45
Screen media activity in youth: A critical review of mental health and neuroscience findings
Paulus, M. P., Zhao, Y., Potenza, M. N., Aupperle, R. L., Bagot, K. S., & Tapert, S. F. (2023) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2023.100018 · Cited by 44
“However, it is worth noting that despite these findings, the effect sizes associated with screen time and various outcomes are often modest [37].”
Nagata, J. M., Chu, J., Ganson, K. T., Murray, S. B., Iyer, P., Gabriel, K. P., Garber, A. K., Bibbins‐Domingo, K., & Baker, F. C. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13673 · Cited by 39
Mohd Saat, N. Z., Hanawi, S. A., Hanafiah, H., Ahmad, M., Farah, N. M. F., & Abdul Rahman, N. A. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1459952 · Cited by 34
Raney, J. H., Testa, A. M., Jackson, D. B., Ganson, K. T., & Nagata, J. M. (2022) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2022.07.007 · Cited by 37
de Lannoy, L., Barbeau, K., Vanderloo, L. M., Goldfield, G. S., Lang, J. J., MacLeod, O., & Tremblay, M. S. (2023) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100511 · Cited by 35
Bedtime Screen Use Behaviors and Sleep Outcomes in Early Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study
Nagata, J. M., Cheng, C. M., Shim, J. E., Kiss, O., Ganson, K., Testa, A. M., He, J.-B., & Baker, F. C. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.06.006 · Cited by 36
Ramírez, S., Gana, S., Garcés, S., Zuñiga, T. D. P. A., Araya, R., & Gaete, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.764054 · Cited by 44
“Another large study conducted in the United States also found that screen time was related to decreased academic performance (39).”
BackgroundShared Genetic Risk in the Association of Screen Time With Psychiatric Problems in Children
Zhang, Y., Choi, K. W., Delaney, S., Ge, T., Pingault, J., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.41502 · Cited by 33
Song, K., Zhang, J., Zhou, N., Fu, Y., Zou, B., Xu, L., Wang, Z., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Potenza, M. N., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.02.014 · Cited by 30
Zink, J., O'Connor, S., Blachman-Demner, D., Wolff-Hughes, D. L., & Berrigan, D. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.09.001 · Cited by 24
Sukumaran, K., Botternhorn, K. L., Schwartz, J. D., Gauderman, J., Cardenas‐Iniguez, C., McConnell, R., Hackman, D. A., Berhane, K. T., Ahmadi, H., Abad, S., et al. (2024) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp14418 · Cited by 28
The cost burden of problematic internet usage
Rumpf, H., Effertz, T., & Montag, C. (2022) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101107 · Cited by 26
Passively sensing smartphone use in teens with rates of use by sex and across operating systems
Alexander, J. D., Linkersdörfer, J., Toda-Thorne, K., Sullivan, R. M., Cummins, K. M., Tomko, R. L., Allen, N. B., Bagot, K. S., Baker, F. C., Fuemmeler, B. F., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-68467-8 · Cited by 28
“Research has thus far yielded mixed evidence for smartphone-related effects on mental health 40,44 .”
BackgroundYu, H., Xu, C., Lu, J., Li, Q., Li, Q., Zhou, K., Zhong, J., Liang, Y., & Yang, W. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.030 · Cited by 32
Brain structural covariation linked to screen media activity and externalizing behaviors in children
Zhao, Y., Paulus, M. P., Bagot, K. S., Constable, R. T., Yaggi, H. K., Redeker, N. S., & Potenza, M. N. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00044 · Cited by 25
Laaber, F., Koch, T., Hubert, M., & Florack, A. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108077 · Cited by 26
Probing the digital exposome: associations of social media use patterns with youth mental health
Pagliaccio, D., Tran, K. T., Visoki, E., DiDomenico, G. E., Auerbach, R. P., & Barzilay, R. (2024) · NPP—Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s44277-024-00006-9 · Cited by 23
Grace, T. D., Abel, C., & Salen, K. (2023) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3585088.3589370 · Cited by 27
Air pollution from biomass burning disrupts early adolescent cortical microarchitecture development
Bottenhorn, K. L., Sukumaran, K., Cardenas‐Iniguez, C., Habre, R., Schwartz, J. D., Chen, J., & Herting, M. M. (2024) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2024.108769 · Cited by 28
“…( White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, or Other ), and handedness ( right, left, or mixed ; ( 53 , 54 )), average daily screen time (hours; ( 55 , 56 )), physical activity (number of days child was physically active in the week prior; ( 57 )), combined household income in USD ( >100K, 50-100K,…”
The Impact of Screen Time on Sleep Patterns in School-Aged Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Chandra Sekhar, G., Haarika, V., Tumati, K. R., & Mahesh, R. U. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.55229 · Cited by 18
Nagata, J. M., Cortez, C. A., Iyer, P., Ganson, K., Chu, J., & Conroy, A. A. (2021) · Academic pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.12.008 · Cited by 16
Blackwell, C. K., Mansolf, M. A., Rose, T., Pila, S., Cella, D. F., Cohen, A., Leve, L. D., McGrath, M., Neiderhiser, J. M., Urquhart, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.12.003 · Cited by 19
Al-shoaibi, A. A. A., Zamora, G., Chu, J., Patel, K. P., Ganson, K., Testa, A. M., Jackson, D. B., Tapert, S., Baker, F. C., & Nagata, J. M. (2024) · Acta paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.17349 · Cited by 21
Choi, E. J., Christiaans, E., & Duerden, E. G. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108688 · Cited by 24
Digital immigrants, digital natives and digital learners: Where are we now?
David, H. (2022) · Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists · doi:10.17478/jegys.1090172 · Cited by 25
Cheng, Y., Wenyao, G., Xudong, Y., Shuang, S., Zhuying, S., Yizheng, Z., Zhou, L., Jinxin, C., Xingqi, W., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1265/ehpm.23-00177 · Cited by 15
“Paulich et al. [43] found that more screen time was associated with worse mental health, increased behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and poorer sleep.”
BackgroundLeisure Screen Time and Food Consumption among Brazilian Adults
Martins, R. C. D. O., Caldeira, T. C. M., Soares, M. M., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21091123 · Cited by 13
Leonhardt, C., Danielsen, D., & Andersen, S. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108508 · Cited by 12
Rico-González, M., Holsbrekken, E., Martín-Moya, R., & Ardigò, L. P. (2025) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319241306699 · Cited by 13
Shou, Q., Yamashita, M., & Mizuno, Y. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03672-1 · Cited by 13
“However, several studies have also reported that the association between screen time and ADHD tends to be weak, with small effect sizes that are not considered clinically signi fi cant or harmful [14, 15].”
Leveraging big data for causal understanding in mental health: a research framework
Newson, J. J., Bala, J. W., Giedd, J. N., Maxwell, B., & Thiagarajan, T. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337740 · Cited by 12
Mayen, S., Reinhardt, A., & Wilhelm, C. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105411 · Cited by 22
Parent and Educator Concerns on the Pedagogical Use of AI-Equipped Social Robots
Perella-Holfeld, F., Sallam, S., Petrie, J., Gómez, R., Irani, P., & Sakamoto, Y. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3678556 · Cited by 12
Digital Devices and Cognitive Functions in Children
Karkashadze, G. A., Namazova-Baranova, L. S., Vishneva, Е. A., Sergeeva, N. Е., Gogberashvili, T. Y., Ulkina, N. A., Kaytukovа, E. V., Kratko, D. S., Эдуардовна, К. С., Sadilloeva, S. H., et al. (2022) · Вопросы современной педиатрии · doi:10.15690/vsp.v20i6.2357 · Cited by 14
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Physical and Mental Health of School-Aged Children
Abbas, S. A., Athar, S., & Jilani, N. Z. (2023) · HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine · doi:10.36518/2689-0216.1547 · Cited by 12
Dhara, S., Thakur, J., Pandey, N., Mozumdar, A., & Roy, S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306071 · Cited by 13
“Likewise, the hours of screentime, in the form of watching movies or having thought-provoking experiences for both married and unmarried participants, acts as a source of amusement or recreation [122–124].”
BackgroundDementyev, F., Fish, B., Opoku, N. S., Tesfaye, L., Chan, J., Ortiz, L., Montgomery, S., Walker, E. J., & Wilson, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1255514 · Cited by 11
Prevalence and lifestyle determinants of depressive symptoms among Chinese children and adolescents
Ding, L., Wu, Z., Wu, Q., Wei, R., & Li, E. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78436-w · Cited by 8
Screen Time and Standardized Academic Achievement Tests in Elementary School
Li, X., Keown‐Stoneman, C. D. G., Omand, J. A., Cost, K. T., Gallagher‐Mackay, K., Hove, J., Janus, M., Korczak, D. J., Pullenayegum, E., Tsujimoto, K. C., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.37092 · Cited by 18
Lo, C. K. M., Chan, K. L., Chan, E. W. W., Ho, F. K. W., & Ip, P. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108284 · Cited by 9
Fu, Z., Wang, K., Du, N.-Y., et al. (2024) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v12.i21.4642 · Cited by 6
Sánchez, G., & JENKINS, J. H. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116839 · Cited by 6
“…et al., 2019), mental health conditions including depression and anxiety (Keles et al., 2020; Shannon et al., 2022; Twenge et al., 2018), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (Boer et al., 2020; Ra et al., 2018), and decreased academic performance (Evers et al., 2020; Paulich et al., 2021).”
Liu, Q., Zhu, W., Lou, H., Zhang, D.-Y., Mu, F.-Z., Zhang, X., Li, Y.-H., Zhang, W.-H., He, M., Wang, J., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24252-4 · Cited by 9
Garrido-López, B., Villarino, M. Á. F., Valeiro, M. G., Andreu‐Caravaca, L., Martins, J., & Dopico-Calvo, X. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15040470 · Cited by 9
Neural correlates differ between crystallized and fluid intelligence in adolescents
Qiu, B., Qian, R., Gu, B., Li, Z., Chen, Z., Xu, X., Gao, H., Chen, Y., Zhao, R., Chen, R., et al. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03467-4 · Cited by 5
García-Guillén, M. J., Castillo-Paredes, A., Galán-Arroyo, C., & Rojo-Ramos, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1631231 · Cited by 6
Tamura, N., Yamazaki, K., Miyashita, C., Ikeda, A., Ajmal, A., Suyama, S., Hikage, T., Omiya, M., Mizuta, M., & Kishi, R. (2025) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1265/ehpm.25-00110 · Cited by 5
Yang, B., Zhou, Z., Chen, Y., Devakonda, V., Cai, T., Lee, T., & Qu, Y. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12949 · Cited by 6
Chen, S., Chen, C., Xu, H., Wang, L., Xie, W., Wang, T., & Luo, L. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07509-4 · Cited by 6
“Increasingly studies have shown that the rational use of electronic products promotes children's cognitive development (Paulich et al., 2021).”
Technology as a Double-Edged Sword: Understanding Life Experiences and Coping With COVID-19 in India
Misra, G., Singh, P., Ramakrishna, M., & Ramanathan, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.800827 · Cited by 5
“Although the usual literature trends suggest that increased screen time can lead to decreased mental health and well-being (Paulich et al., 2021), the present study, through its exploration of the impact and access of technology demonstrated that for people of lower socio-economic status,…”
BackgroundAir pollution from biomass burning disrupts early adolescent cortical microarchitecture developmentPreprint
Bottenhorn, K. L., Sukumaran, K., Cardenas-Iniguez, C., Habre, R., Schwartz, J., Chen, J.-C., & Herting, M. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.10.21.563430 · Cited by 6
Lo, C. K. M., Chan, E. W. W., Cho, Y. W., Chan, K. L., Ip, P., & Ho, F. K. W. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100720 · Cited by 10
Liu, Q., Zhu, W.-D., Han, S., Lou, H., Li, B., & Liu, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1696358 · Cited by 4
A scoping review of parental stress related to children’s screen time
Sowmya, S., & Vithya, V. (2025) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-025-00395-8 · Cited by 7
Keyes, K. M., Hamilton, A. D., Finsaas, M. C., & Kreski, N. T. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02669-3 · Cited by 6
Nagata, J. M., Li, K., Sui, S. S., Talebloo, J., Otmar, C. D., Shao, I. Y., Kiss, O., Ganson, K. T., Testa, A. M., He, J., et al. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05367-w · Cited by 5
Iglesias‐Vázquez, L., Garcidueñas-Fimbres, T. E., Gómez-Martínez, C., Castro-Collado, C., Leis, R., de la Puente, M. F., Moreno, L. A., Navas‐Carretero, S., Corella, D., Echeverría, A. M., et al. (2025) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-025-00963-x · Cited by 4
“This finding aligns with previous research [18, 36, 39]; however, some studies have reported only small or negligible effects of sleep [21, 40], and others have emphasized the need for further research using longitudinal or repeated meas‑ ures designs to better disentangle the complex relationship…”
Ahmer, Z., Dar, M. S., Arif, M., Shah, M., Ain, N. U., Habiba, U., & Shahid, F. (2023) · Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association · doi:10.47391/jpma.8031 · Cited by 4
The effect of screen time on hearing and balance in 6–16 aged children
Aydoğan, Z., Binay-Bolat, K., Ocak, E., & Tokgöz-Yılmaz, S. (2023) · Acta Oto-Laryngologica · doi:10.1080/00016489.2023.2296556 · Cited by 4
Xiao, L.-R., Tian, X., Zhang, P., Diao, H., Xu, X., & Wu, H. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21935-w · Cited by 4
Rojo‐Wissar, D. M., Acosta, J., DiMarzio, K., Hare, M. M., Dale, C. F., Sanders, W., & Parent, J. M. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12665 · Cited by 6
Nguyen, J. T., Brown, T., & Yu, M. (2023) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/03080226231190523 · Cited by 4
“Our findings are like those of Paulich et al. (2021) who describe the positive effects of social ST use on peer relationships, identifying an association between ST use, where children stayed connected with their peers through social media, texting or video calls and higher numbers of close…”
BackgroundResultWang, H., Yin, H., Gao, C., Zhang, Y., & Gao, M. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000044427 · Cited by 3
Parker, M. A., Harton, M. R., Mattey-Mora, P. P., & Streck, J. M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25956-3 · Cited by 4
Owais, S., Ospina, M. B., Ford, C., Hill, T., Savoy, C. D., & Lieshout, R. J. V. (2023) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437231223333 · Cited by 4
Exploring Screen Time and Its Effects on Children’s Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study
Mulla, W., Ahmed, W., Radhi, M., Alaali, H., Alwazeer, G., Yusuf, F., Alsuhim, G., Suhaym, A. A., Alahmari, W. M. D., Abdulla, M., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.71215 · Cited by 3
Quality of life and depression in an understudied population: Young adults with epilepsy
Johnson, E. K., Kiriakopoulos, E. T., Briggs, F. B. S., Sajatovic, M., Escoffery, C., Spruill, T. M., Shegog, R., Fraser, R., Jobst, B. C., Yala, J. A., et al. (2025) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2025.110603 · Cited by 3
Christensen, R. N., Morris, B. S., Arenas, A. E., & Hubert, M. (2025) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70115 · Cited by 4
Bildschirmkonsum und kognitive Kompetenzen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Lovis-Schmidt, A., Peterfy, M., Schaub, A., Becker, D., & Rindermann, H. (2022) · Lernen und Lernstörungen · doi:10.1024/2235-0977/a000367 · Cited by 3
Cascalheira, C. J., Pugh, T. H., Hong, C., Birkett, M. A., Macapagal, K. R., & Holloway, I. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2023.1303218 · Cited by 3
Sârbu, E. A., Iovu, M.-B., Lazăr, F., & Ghețău, C. (2024) · BRAIN BROAD RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE · doi:10.18662/brain/15.1/536 · Cited by 3
Manuja, R., Pattankar, T. P., Yadavannavar, M. C., & Udgiri, R. S. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.64689 · Cited by 6
“This finding aligns with a study by Paulich et al., which found that increased screen time was moderately associated with poorer mental health, behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and poorer sleep, though it also noted improved quality of peer relationships [15].”
ResultKostyrka‐Allchorne, K., Stoilova, M., Bourgaize, J., Murray, A. L., Azeri, E., Hollis, C. P., Townsend, E., Livingstone, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085061 · Cited by 3
“37 Other potential mediating or moderating mechanisms may also drive or alter the relationship between digital activity and mental health.”
Influence of physical activity and screen time on sleep quality in primary school students
Martínez-Larrínaga, A., Martín-Laña, N., Lavín, B., Arce-Larrory, O., Larrínaga-Undabarrena, A., Zabala-Domínguez, O., & Sáez, I. (2024) · South Florida Journal of Development · doi:10.46932/sfjdv5n10-037 · Cited by 4
Digital Maturity: Development and Validation of the Digital Maturity Inventory (DIMI)Preprint
Laaber, F., Florack, A., Koch, T., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/w7m8k · Cited by 2
Kant, T., Koyama, E., Zai, C. C. H., Sanches, M., Beitchman, J. H., & Kennedy, J. L. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21126 · Cited by 2
Magalhães, J. R., Figueiredo, M. M. C., Santos, A. B. T. M. D., Cefalì, F., Solfa, D. D. O., Neto, R. B. M., Fontenelle, S. G. P., Girão, M. V. F., Barreiros, R. M., Stangherlin, L., et al. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Clinical Medicine and Review · doi:10.52600/2965-0968.bjcmr.2024.2.4.34-43 · Cited by 3
“…symptoms (anxiety, stress, depression) and externalizing symptoms (hyperactivity, aggressiveness, impulsivity) have brought about perspectives that stress various connections with dysfunctional behaviors, all which dialogue with the function of emotional dysregulation [2, 5, 9, 23, 25].”
BackgroundMay family routines impact oral health in American children?
Pardi, V., Castilho, G. T., Stewart, R., Luo, H., Wright, W. G., & Moss, M. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2024.1477036 · Cited by 2
McAlister, K. L., Lawrence‐Sidebottom, D., McCutchen, D., Roots, M., & Huberty, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1556468 · Cited by 2
Rizzo, R., Fusto, G., Marino, S., Castagnola, I., Parano, C., Pappalardo, X. G., & Parano, E. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12070909 · Cited by 2
Longitudinal changes in screen time, sleep, and sports/exercise activity in early adolescence
Nagata, J. M., Helmer, C. K., Memon, Z., Ramappa, S., Wong, J. H., Diep, T., Al-Shoaibi, A. A. A., Ganson, K. T., Testa, A. M., Baker, F. C., et al. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-025-06368-z · Cited by 6
Smartphone Acquisition and Use at Age 13 Years and Health Outcomes at Age 14 Years
Bren, Z., Tran, K. T., Visoki, E., Waasdorp, T. E., Moore, T. M., Pimentel, S. D., & Barzilay, R. (2026) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.2118 · Cited by 3
Yang, H., Yang, S., Yang, Y., & Tan, Q. Y. J. (2024) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2024.2334933 · Cited by 3
“In contrast, Paulich et al. (2021) collected screen time reports from both young adolescents and their parents.”
BackgroundFrança, A. F. D. M., da Silva, E. N., Feitosa, A. D. N. A., et al. (2024) · Revista interdisciplinar em saúde · doi:10.35621/23587490.v11.n1.p1168-1185 · Cited by 2
Zhao, H., Biferie, M. D., Xiao, B., & Shapka, J. D. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22040489 · Cited by 5
Pan, N., Zhao, J.-X., Su, X.-T., Yang, K.-Z., Shi, L., Wang, X., Jin, J., Li, X., & Lin, L. (2025) · Future · doi:10.3390/future3020006 · Cited by 2
Frei, E., Filiz, T. T., Frei, O., Loughnan, R. J., Jaholkowski, P. P., Parker, N., Bakken, N. R., Birkenæs, V., Shadrin, A. A., Ask, H., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-17450-y · Cited by 5
Tempo excessivo de tela e suas consequências no desenvolvimento psicomotor infantil
Damasceno, N. R. A. D., Hermes, A. P. D., Bona, L. S., Neves, P. G. P. D. V., Matos, P. S., Siqueira, R. M. E. B., & Mundim, R. R. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv7n3-242 · Cited by 1
Screentime and Identity Formation as a Digital Dilemma
Bajwa, R. S., & Yunus, A. (2024) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3350-1.ch004 · Cited by 1
Levenberg, A., & Mansour, T.-V. (2024) · RMLE Online · doi:10.1080/19404476.2024.2432860 · Cited by 1
“Such behavioral patterns can be especially prevalent among those diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs), including oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) (Paulich et al., 2021).”
Eales, L., Wiglesworth, A., Cullen, K. R., & Klimes‐Dougan, B. (2025) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579425100655 · Cited by 4
González-Pérez, D., Huertas-Moreno, D. S., Granados-Pinilla, M., Hernandez-Rojas, S., González-Rincon, L., Hurtado-Garcia, G., Grisales-Calle, S., González-Mariño, M. J., Gutiérrez-Castañeda, L. D., & Camacho, J. H. (2025) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/cep.2025.00178 · Cited by 3
Imai, S., Close, A., Jones, T., & Jones, K. T. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13222833 · Cited by 1
Maternal sleep during the first ten years of the child's life
Schwarzkopf, N., Rivas, M., Peña, F., Devera, A., Torterolo, P., Hernández, A., & Benedetto, L. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.108677 · Cited by 1
Rich-Degeneve, S., & Reiss, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.2025.2605035 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Paulich, K. N., Ross, J. M., Lessem, J. M., & Hewitt, J. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Paulich, Katie N.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2021-09-08
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e0256591
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8425530
- OpenAlex
- W3198152199
- Semantic Scholar
- 16ef4634bfa301e7ab71f47ffcceab416633aba8
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 36.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (U01DA041022, U01DA041028, U01DA041048, U01DA041089, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041120, U01DA041134, U01DA041148, U01DA041156, U01DA041174, U24DA041123, U24DA041147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- screen time, early adolescents, child mental health, behavioral problems, academic performance, sleep habits, peer relationships, socioeconomic status, Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, electronic media use, children aged 9-10
- MeSH terms
- Problem Behavior, Child Health, Adolescent Health, Academic Performance, Screen Time, Adolescent, Anxiety, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Depression, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Mental Health, Sleep, United States, Young Adult, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
