Cited by 222Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

Intracellular Mechanisms of Amyloid Accumulation and Pathogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease

Glabe, Charles·2001·Journal of Molecular Neuroscience

Abstract

Cell-culture studies have revealed some of the fundamental features of the interaction of amyloid Abeta with cells and the mechanism of amyloid accumulation and pathogenesis in vitro. A(beta)1-42, the longer isoform of amyloid that is preferentially concentrated in senile plaque (SP) amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is resistant to degradation and accumulates as insoluble aggregates in late endosomes or lysosomes. Once these aggregates have nucleated inside the cell, they grow by the addition of aberrantly folded APP and amyloidgenic fragments of APP, that would otherwise be degraded, onto the amyloid lattice in a fashion analogous to prion replication. This accumulation of heterogeneous aggregated APP fragments and Abeta appears to mimic the pathophysiologyof dystrophic neurites, where the same spectrum of components has been identified by immunohistochemistry. In the brain, this residue appears to be released into the extracellular space, possibly by a partially apoptotic mechanism that is restricted to the distal compartments of the neuron. Ultimately, this insoluble residue may be further digested to the protease-resistant A(beta)n-42 core, perhaps by microglia, where it accumulates as senile plaques. Thus, the dystrophic neurites are likely to be the source of the immediate precursors of amyloid in the senile plaques. This is the opposite of the commonly held view that extracellular accumulation of amyloid induces dystrophic neurites. Many of the key pathological events of AD may also be directly related to the intracellular accumulation of this insoluble amyloid. The aggregated, intracellular amyloid induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation products and ultimately results in the leakage of the lysosomal membrane. The breakdown of the lysosomal membrane may be a key pathogenic event, leading to the release of heparan sulfate and lysosomal hydrolases into the cytosol. Together, these observations provide the novel view that amyloid deposits and some of the early events of amyloid pathogenesis initiate randomly within single cells in AD. This pathogenic mechanism can explain some of the more enigmatic features of Alzheimer's pathogenesis, like the focal nature of amyloid plaques, the relationship between amyloid, dystrophic neurites and neurofibrillary-tangle pathology, and the miscompartmentalization of extracellular and cytosolic components observed in AD brain.

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Crossref · 10.1385/jmn:17:2:137

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  • Aβ42 appears to have a prion-like ability of transferring an altered aggregation state from outside to inside of cells.

    “Although it is thought that only a small amount of extracellular can be internalized into neurons [156, 211], Aβ42 appears to a have a prion-like ability of transferring an altered aggregation state from the outside to the inside of cells [51].”
  • Extracellular Aβ1-42 leads to marked up-regulation of endogenously generated Aβ42, which also occurs in neurons.

    “Work in the 1990s had shown that extracellular Aβ1-42 led to marked up-regulation of endogenously generated Aβ42 [51, 211], which also occurs in neurons [190].”

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Authors
Glabe, C.
Affiliations
University of California, Irvine (US)
Corresponding author
Glabe, Charles
Venue
Journal of Molecular Neuroscience
Published
2001
Volume
17
Issue
2
Pages
137-145
ISSN
0895-8696 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2006548069
Cited by
222
References
93
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 20
FWCI
5.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Molecular Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta, amyloid-beta 42, amyloid plaques, dystrophic neurites, APP processing, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, lysosomal enzymes, microglia, neurofibrillary tangles
MeSH terms
Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Humans, Intracellular Fluid, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Neurites, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Plaque, Amyloid

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