Fish oil supplementation suppresses resistance exercise and feeding-induced increases in anabolic signaling without affecting myofibrillar protein synthesis in young men
Open accessAbstract
Fish oil (FO) supplementation potentiates muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in response to a hyperaminoacidemic-hyperinsulinemic infusion. Whether FO supplementation potentiates MPS in response to protein ingestion or when protein ingestion is combined with resistance exercise (RE) remains unknown. In a randomized, parallel group design, 20 healthy males were randomized to receive 5 g/day of either FO or coconut oil control (CO) for 8 weeks. After supplementation, participants performed a bout of unilateral RE followed by ingestion of 30 g of whey protein. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained before and after supplementation for assessment of muscle lipid composition and relevant protein kinase activities. Infusion of L-[ring-(13)C6] phenylalanine was used to measure basal myofibrillar MP Sat rest (REST), in a nonexercised leg following protein ingestion (FED) and following RE and protein ingestion (FEDEX).MPS was significantly elevated above REST during FEDEX in both the FO and CO groups, but there was no effect of supplementation. There was a significant increase in MPS in both groups above REST during FED but no effect of supplementation. Supplementation significantly decreased pan PKB activity at RESTin the FO group but not the CO group. There was a significant increase from REST at post-RE for PKB and AMPKα2 activity in the CO group but not in the FO group. In FEDEX, there was a significant increase in p70S6K1 activity from REST at 3 h in the CO group only. These data highlight that 8 weeks of FO supplementation alters kinase signaling activity in response to RE plus protein ingestion without influencing MPS.
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Such data have not translated yet to increased MPS responses or augmented hypertrophy in younger, more trained, and/or exercising populations, especially when sufficient protein is also provided.
“However, such data have not translated yet to increased MPS responses or augmented hypertrophy in younger, more trained, and/or exercising populations, especially when sufficient protein is also provided [145].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [145]
Eight weeks of fish oil supplementation (4.5 g/day omega-3 PUFAs) in young, healthy males had no effect on muscle protein synthesis measured after resistance-based exercise and ingestion of 30 g whey protein.
“Mcglory et al. [34] demonstrated that eight weeks of fish oil supplementation (4.5 g/day omega-3 PUFAs) in young, healthy males had no effect on MPS measured after resistance-based exercise and the ingestion of 30 g of whey protein.”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
Apart from McGlory and Pahor, who reported no effects, other studies have identified changes after omega-3 PUFA supplementation.
“Few studies have been carried out regarding the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on muscle cells and, apart from McGlory [34] and Pahor [35] who reported no effects, the other studies have identified changes after omega 3-PUFAs supplementation.”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
n-3 PUFAs alter skeletal muscle function.
“and more recently alter skeletal muscle function”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
n-3 PUFAs may stimulate rates of muscle protein synthesis by increasing intracellular activities of signalling molecules involved in maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and possibly satellite cell activity.
“Accumulating evidence now indicates that n-3 PUFAs may additionally stimulate rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) by increasing both the intracellular activities of signalling molecules that are involved in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass [46,47] and possibly satellite cell activity [48].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
A major limitation of McGlory et al. is that they did not measure total protein content of Akt and p70S6K1 nor specific post-translational modifications of these proteins.
“While it is possible that changes to protein signalling efficiency occur, a major limitation of the study conducted by McGlory et al. [46] is that they did not measure any changes in the total protein content of Akt and p70S6K1 nor did they measure any specific post-translational modifications of these proteins (i.e., altered phosphorylation at numerous sites).”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
The activity of Akt and p70S6K1 is attenuated following resistance exercise and n-3 PUFA supplementation.
“Interestingly, the activity of Akt and p70S6K1, signalling kinases involved in translation initiation in muscle, is attenuated following resistance exercise and n-3 PUFA supplementation.”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
When acute resistance exercise, protein ingestion, and n-3 PUFA supplementation (5 g/day for eight weeks) are combined under physiological conditions, rates of muscle protein synthesis are not further enhanced compared to placebo in younger adults.
“When acute resistance exercise, protein ingestion and n-3 PUFA supplementation (5 g/day for eight weeks) are combined under physiological conditions; rates of MPS are not further enhanced compared to a placebo group in younger adults [46].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
The supplementation protocol (dose and duration) used by McGlory et al. should have been sufficient to induce changes in muscle.
“Lastly, the supplementation protocol (dose and duration) used by McGlory et al. [46] should have been sufficient to induce changes in the muscle.”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
Changes to p70S6K1 activity and phosphorylation can occur without prior changes to Akt, suggesting n-3 PUFAs are capable of modulating differentiation and MPS independently of canonical mTOR signalling.
“The fact that changes to p70S6K1 activity [46] and phosphorylation [79] can occur without prior changes to Akt, suggests that n-3 PUFAs are capable of modulating differentiation and MPS independently of canonical mTOR signalling.”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
n-3 PUFAs are capable of reducing systemic inflammation by inhibiting release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune cells and improving signalling efficiency of proteins involved in growth and hypertrophy.
“n-3 PUFAs are also capable of reducing systemic inflammation by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune cells [151,152,153] and improving the signalling efficiency of proteins that are involved in growth and hypertrophy [46,72,79].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- McGlory, C., Wardle, S. L., Macnaughton, L. S., Witard, O. C., Scott, F., Dick, J., Bell, J. G., Phillips, S. M., Galloway, S. D. R., Hamilton, D. L., & Tipton, K. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Stirling (GB)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- McGlory, Chris
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physiological Reports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e12715
- ISSN
- 2051-817X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4814892
- OpenAlex
- W2305618864
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Physiological Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Sporting Chance Initiative
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- fish oil supplementation, resistance training, muscle protein synthesis, myofibrillar protein synthesis, anabolic signaling, protein kinase activity, Akt, AMPK, p70S6K1, coconut oil, young men
- MeSH terms
- Biopsy, Dietary Proteins, Fish Oils, Humans, Male, Muscle Proteins, Myofibrils, Phospholipids, Phosphorylation, Scotland, Time Factors, Protein Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Treatment Outcome, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa, Anabolic Agents, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Resistance Training, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases, Young Adult
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