Screening and case-finding instruments for depression: a meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Screening and case-finding has been proposed as a simple, quick and cheap method to improve the quality of care for depression. We sought to establish the effectiveness of screening in improving the recognition of depression, the management of depression and the outcomes of patients with depression. METHODS: We performed a Cochrane systematic review of randomized controlled trials conducted in nonmental health settings that included case-finding or screening instruments for depression. We conducted a meta-analysis and explored heterogeneity using meta-regression techniques. RESULTS: Sixteen studies with 7576 patients met our inclusion criteria. We found that the use of screening or case-finding instruments were associated with a modest increase in the recognition of depression by clinicians (relative risk [RR] 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 1.59). Questionnaires, when administered to all patients and the results given to clinicians irrespective of baseline score, had no impact on recognition (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.24). Screening or case finding increased the use of any intervention by a relative risk of 1.30 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.76). There was no evidence of influence on the prescription of antidepressant medications (RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.66). Seven studies provided data on outcomes of depression, and no evidence of an effect was found (standardized mean difference -0.02, 95% CI -0.25 to 0.20). INTERPRETATION: If used alone, case-finding or screening questionnaires for depression appear to have little or no impact on the detection and management of depression by clinicians. Recommendations to adopt screening strategies using standardized questionnaires without organizational enhancements are not justified.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Standardised depression screening alone is insufficient to alter disease burden.
“Standardised depression screening alone, however, appears to be insufficient to alter disease burden (Gilbody et al., 2008; Thombs et al., 2014).”
From The efficacy of automated feedback after internet-based depression screening: Study protocol of the German, three-armed, randomised controlled trial DISCOVER (2021) · cites this paper as Gilbody et al., 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · see citing works
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048 · see citing works
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions
Higgins, J. P. T., Green, S., & Ben Van Den, A. (2020) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2020.15.2.123 · Cited by 5,670 · see citing works
Schulz (1995) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 · Cited by 5,634 · see citing works
(1988) · NFER-Nelson eBooks · Cited by 5,560 · see citing works
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence
(2001) · Nursing Management · doi:10.7748/nm.8.2.39.s15 · Cited by 3,868 · see citing works
Competing interests: none declared.
Hirsch, L. (2006) · Cited by 1,396 · see citing works
Collaborative Care for Depression: A Cumulative Meta-analysis and Review of Longer-term Outcomes
Gilbody, S. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.21.2314 · Cited by 1,340 · see citing works
Controlling the risk of spurious findings from meta-regression
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2004) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1752 · Cited by 1,267 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For studies with substantial heterogeneity, we explored the causes using meta-regression.(21) The amount of heterogeneity explained by these a priori causes was examined by reductions in the I(2) inconsistency statistic.”
MethodResultPignone, M. P., Gaynes, B. N., Rushton, J. L., Burchell, C. M., Orleans, C. T., Mulrow, C. D., & Lohr, K. N. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-10-200205210-00013 · Cited by 1,086 · see citing works
Wells, K. B., Sherbourne, C., Schoenbaum, M., Duan, N., Meredith, L., Unützer, J., Miranda, J., Carney, M. F., & Rubenstein, L. V. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.2.212 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Kroenke, K., Hornyak, R., & McMurray, J. (2000) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2000.106580 · Cited by 847 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders]).(20) For studies with substantial heterogeneity, we explored the causes using meta-regression.”
MethodThe unit of analysis error in studies about physicians' patient care behavior
Divine, G. W., Brown, J. T., & Frazier, L. M. (1992) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02599201 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Gilbody, S., Whitty, P., Grimshaw, J., & Thomas, R. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3145 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Self-citationIssues in the meta-analysis of cluster randomized trials
Donner, A., & Klar, N. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1301 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
A Simple Method for the Analysis of Clustered Binary Data
Rao, J. N. K., & Scott, A. J. (1992) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532311 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Patterns of intra-cluster correlation from primary care research to inform study design and analysis
Adams, G., Gulliford, M. C., Ukoumunne, O. C., Eldridge, S., Chinn, S., & Campbell, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.12.013 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Impact of major depression on chronic medical illness
Katon, W., & Ciechanowski, P. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00313-6 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Hunkeler, E. M. (2000) · Archives of Family Medicine · doi:10.1001/archfami.9.8.700 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Randomized Trial of a Depression Management Program in High Utilizers of Medical Care
Katzelnick, D. J. (2000) · Archives of Family Medicine · doi:10.1001/archfami.9.4.345 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Routinely administered questionnaires for depression and anxiety: systematic review
Gilbody, S. M., House, A. O., & Sheldon, T. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7283.406 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationDietrich, A. J., Oxman, T. E., Williams, J. W., Schulberg, H. C., Bruce, M. L., Lee, P. W., Barry, S., Raue, P. J., Lefever, J. J., Heo, M., et al. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38219.481250.55 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
PSYCHIATRIC SCREENING IN GENERAL PRACTICE
Johnstone, A., & Goldberg, D. P. (1976) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90415-3 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Improving depression outcomes in community primary care practice
ROST, K. M., Nutting, P., Smith, J. L., Werner, J. J., & Duan, N. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2001.00537.x · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Why clinicians are natural bayesians
Gill, C. J., Sabin, L., & Schmid, C. H. (2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7499.1080 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Case-finding for depression in primary care: a randomized trial∗
Williams, J. W., Mulrow, C. D., Kroenke, K., Dhanda, R., Badgett, R. G., Omori, D., & Lee, S. (1999) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00371-4 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Recognition and treatment of depression in a family medicine practice.
Zung, W. W. K., Magill, M., Moore, J., & George, D. T. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Predictors of Adequacy of Depression Management in the Primary Care Setting
Joo, J. H., Solano, F. X., Mulsant, B. H., Reynolds, C. F., & Lenze, E. J. (2005) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.12.1524 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Dowrick, C. F., & Buchan, I. E. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7015.1274 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Screening and case finding instruments for depression
Gilbody, S., House, A., & Sheldon, T. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002792.pub2 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationShould we screen for depression?
Gilbody, S. M., Sheldon, T., & Wessely, S. C. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7548.1027 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationDetection and Management of Mental Health Problems of Older Patients by Primary Care Providers
German, P. S. (1987) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03390040105026 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Magruder-Habib, K., Zung, W. W. K., & Feussner, J. R. (1990) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199003000-00004 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Randomized trial of case-finding for depression in elderly primary care patients
Whooley, M. A., Stone, B., & Soghikian, K. (2000) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.04319.x · Cited by 142 · see citing works
THE USEFULNESS OF SCREENING FOR MENTAL ILLNESS
Hoeper, E. W., Kessler, L. G., Gr, N., Burke, J., & Pierce, W. M. (1984) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90192-2 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
MacMillan, H. L. (2005) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.1030823 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The effect of screening, sensitization, and feedback on notation of depression
Linn, L. S., & Yager, J. (1980) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-198011000-00007 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Primary care physicians’ medical decision making for late-life depression
Callahan, C. M., Dittus, R. S., & Tierney, W. M. (1996) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02642478 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Recognition of depression by family medicine residents: the impact of screening.
Moore, J. T., Silimperi, D. R., & Bobula, J. A. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Schriger, D. L., Gibbons, P. S., Langone, C. A., Lee, S. D., & Altshuler, L. L. (2001) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1067/mem.2001.112255 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Recognition and Management of Depression in Primary Care
Barkin, R. L., Schwer, W. A., & Barkin, S. J. (2000) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/00045391-200007030-00008 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Computerized assessment of common mental disorders in primary care: effect on clinical outcome
Lewis, G., Sharp, D., Bartholomew, J., & Pelosi, A. J. (1996) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/13.2.120 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The pilot study of a telephone disease management program for depression
Datto, C. J., Thompson, R., Horowitz, D., Disbot, M., & Oslin, D. W. (2003) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(03)00019-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Reifler, D. R. (1996) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1996.00440210121012 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Screening for depression in general practice and related medical settings
Hickie, I. B., Davenport, T. A., & Ricci, C. S. (2002) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04869.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The FIP study: a randomised, controlled trial of screening and recognition of psychiatric disorders.
Christensen, K. S., Toft, T., Frostholm, L., Ørnbøl, E., Fink, P., & Olesen, F. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Limited Effect of Screening for Depressive Symptoms With the PHQ-9 in Rural Family Practices
BERGUS, G. R., Hartz, A. J., Noyes, R., Ward, M. M., James, P. A., Vaughn, T. E., Kelley, P. L., Sinift, S., Bentler, S., & Tilman, E. (2005) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2005.tb00099.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Clinton, J. J. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510020036008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Detection and management of mental health problems of older patients by primary care providers
Ps, G. (1987) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.257.4.489 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Weatherall, M. (2000) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/026921500672596145 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Can care management enhance integration of primary and specialty care?
Korff, M. V. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7466.605 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
PSYCHIATRIC SCREENING IN GENERAL PRACTICE
Cross, H. (1976) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92138-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Why clinicians are natural bayesians
(2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7504.1369-d · Cited by 9 · see citing works
RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT OF DEPRESSION IN PRIMARY CARE.
Schwenk, T. (1995) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/jw199503100000010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis
Chinn, S. (2000) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/1097-0258(20001130)19:22
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [5]5. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Screening for Depression: Systematic Evidence Review Number 6. Rockville (MD): The Agency; 2002.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2010) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006 · Cited by 4,057 · see citing works
Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis
Mitchell, A. J., Vaze, A., & Rao, S. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60879-5 · Cited by 1,251 · see citing works
Wisner, K. L., Sit, D. K. Y., McShea, M. C., Rizzo, D. M., Zoretich, R. A., Hughes, C. L., Eng, H. F., Luther, J. F., Wisniewski, S. R., Costantino, M. L., et al. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.87 · Cited by 1,091 · see citing works
Facebook language predicts depression in medical records
Eichstaedt, J. C., Smith, R. J., Merchant, R. M., Ungar, L. H., Crutchley, P., Preoţiuc-Pietro, D., Asch, D. A., & Schwartz, H. A. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1802331115 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Depression and anxiety in heart failure: a review.
Celano, C. M., Villegas, A. C., Albanese, A. M., Gaggin, H. K., & Huffman, J. C. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000162 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Depression Screening and Patient Outcomes in Cardiovascular Care: A Systematic Review
Thombs, B. D., de Jonge, P., Coyne, J. C., Whooley, M. A., Frasure-Smith, N., Mitchell, A. J., Zuidersma, M., Eze-Nliam, C., Lima, B. B., Smith, C. G., et al. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2008.667 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
The relationship between mobile phone location sensor data and depressive symptom severity
Saeb, S., Lattie, E. G., Schueller, S. M., Kording, K. P., & Mohr, D. C. (2016) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.2537 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Enhancing the clinical utility of depression screening
Kroenke, K. (2012) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.112004 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Chauhan, B. F., Jeyaraman, M., Mann, A. S., Lys, J., Skidmore, B., Sibley, K. M., Abou-Setta, A., & Zarychanksi, R. (2017) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0538-8 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Veltman-Verhulst, S. M., Boivin, J., Eijkemans, M. J. C., & Fauser, B. J. C. M. (2012) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dms029 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Telecare Collaborative Management of Chronic Pain in Primary Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Kroenke, K., Krebs, E. E., Wu, J., Yu, Z., Chumbler, N. R., & Bair, M. J. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.7689 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Which instruments to support diagnosis of depression have sufficient accuracy? A systematic review
Pettersson, A., Boström, K. B., Gustavsson, P., & Ekselius, L. (2015) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2015.1008568 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Carter, G., Page, A., Large, M., Hetrick, S., Milner, A. J., Bendit, N., Walton, C., Draper, B., Hazell, P., Fortune, S., et al. (2016) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867416661039 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Rethinking brief interventions for alcohol in general practice
McCambridge, J., & Saitz, R. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j116 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Leaune, E., Samuel, M., Oh, H., Poulet, E., & Brunelin, J. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106264 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Haddad, M., Walters, P., Phillips, R., Tsakok, J., Williams, P., Mann, A., & Tylee, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078493 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Mitchell, A. J., Meader, N., Davies, E., Clover, K., Carter, G. L., Loscalzo, M. J., Linden, W., Grassi, L., Johansen, C., Carlson, L. E., et al. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.043 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Thombs, B. D., Ziegelstein, R. C., Roseman, M., Kloda, L. A., & Ioannidis, J. P. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-12-13 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cassiani-Miranda, C. A., Cuadros-Cruz, A. K., Torres-Pinzón, H., Scoppetta, O., Pinzón-Tarrazona, J. H., López-Fuentes, W. Y., Paez, A., Cabanzo-Arenas, D. F., Ribero-Marulanda, S., & Llanes-Amaya, E. R. (2021) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2019.09.001 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Kim, E.-H., Coumar, A., Lober, W. B., & Kim, Y. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/titb.2011.2107561 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Kroenke, K., Krebs, E., Wu, J., Bair, M. J., Damush, T., Chumbler, N., York, T., Weitlauf, S., McCalley, S., Evans, E., et al. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2012.11.008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Randomized trial of a computer-tailored intervention for patients with depression
Levesque, D. A., Van Marter, D. F., Schneider, R. J., Bauer, M. R., Goldberg, D. N., Prochaska, J. O., & Prochaska, J. M. (2011) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.090123-quan-27 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Comparative responsiveness of pain measures in cancer patients
Kroenke, K., Theobald, D., Wu, J., Tu, W., & Krebs, E. E. (2012) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.05.004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
McLintock, K., Russell, A. M., Alderson, S. L., West, R., House, A., Westerman, K., & Foy, R. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005178 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationDetecting emotional disorder in young people in primary care
Sanci, L., Lewis, D., & Patton, G. (2010) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32833aac38 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., Sunderland, M., Carragher, N., & Brewer, J. L. (2016) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.001552 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Galea, M., Park, T., & Hegadoren, K. (2022) · Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jnn.2021.10.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pols, A. D., Adriaanse, M. C., van Tulder, M. W., Heymans, M. W., Bosmans, J. E., van Dijk, S. E., & van Marwijk, H. W. J. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020412 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Duff, A. J. A. (2015) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2015.07.006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sikorski, F., König, H.-H., Wegscheider, K., Zapf, A., Löwe, B., & Kohlmann, S. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100435 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Standardised depression screening alone, however, appears to be insufficient to alter disease burden (Gilbody et al., 2008; Thombs et al., 2014).”
BackgroundTsigebrhan, R., Fekadu, A., Medhin, G., Newton, C. R., Prince, M. J., & Hanlon, C. (2021) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-021-01551-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Psychiatric diagnosis in primary care patients with increased depressive symptoms
Kotiaho, S., Korniloff, K., Vanhala, M., Kautiainen, H., Koponen, H., Ahonen, T., & Mäntyselkä, P. (2019) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2019.1584240 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Donker, T., Cuijpers, P., Stanley, D., & Danaher, B. (2015) · Identifying Perinatal Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/9781118509722.ch15 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gilbody, S., Sheldon, T., & House, A.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Venue
- Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Publisher
- CMA Impact Inc.
- Published
- 2008-04-08
- Volume
- 178
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 997-1003
- ISSN
- 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2329
- PMC
- PMC2276549
- OpenAlex
- W2139057022
- Semantic Scholar
- 26a7328b2d6cd3bbfb269fa4a8d076623a8bf146
- Cited by
- 443
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 4.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression screening, case finding, depression detection, depression treatment, antidepressant prescribing, screening questionnaire, primary care, quality of care
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Hospitals, General, Humans, Mass Screening, Primary Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
