Humans: Still Vital After All These Years of Automation
Abstract
Objective: The authors discuss empirical studies of human-automation interaction and their implications for automation design. Background: Automation is prevalent in safety-critical systems and increasingly in everyday life. Many studies of human performance in automated systems have been conducted over the past 30 years. Methods: Developments in three areas are examined: levels and stages of automation, reliance on and compliance with automation, and adaptive automation. Results: Automation applied to information analysis or decision-making functions leads to differential system performance benefits and costs that must be considered in choosing appropriate levels and stages of automation. Human user dependence on automated alerts and advisories reflects two components of operator trust, reliance and compliance, which are in turn determined by the threshold designers use to balance automation misses and false alarms. Finally, adaptive automation can provide additional benefits in balancing workload and maintaining the user's situation awareness, although more research is required to identify when adaptation should be user controlled or system driven. Conclusions: The past three decades of empirical research on humans and automation has provided a strong science base that can be used to guide the design of automated systems. Application: This research can be applied to most current and future automated systems.
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Work tasks can be sub-divided into specific stages.
“First, when considering tasks for AI-enabled automation organizational decision makers need to recognize that work tasks can be sub-divided into specific stages.”
From Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy (2021) · cites this paper as Parasuraman and Wickens, 2008
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- Authors
- Parasuraman, R., & Wickens, C. D.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- Alion Science and Technology (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 511-520
- ISSN
- 0018-7208 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-8181
- OpenAlex
- W2043515850
- Cited by
- 401
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 25.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Keywords
- human-automation interaction, levels of automation, reliance on automation, adaptive automation, operator trust, false alarms, situational awareness, workload, safety-critical systems, automation design
- MeSH terms
- Automation, Humans, Ergonomics, Man-Machine Systems, Research
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