Reward: empirical contribution. Temporal discounting and conduct disorder in adolescents
Open accessAbstract
The current study examined temporal discounting (the decrease in subjective reward value as a function of increasing delay) in youths with conduct disorder (CD) and the extent to which this was modulated by level of psychopathic traits. In the temporal discounting task, participants were asked to choose between immediate rewards of varying values and a larger reward, held at a constant value ($10), whose receipt was delayed by different time intervals across trials (e.g., 7 days, 360 days). The level of immediate reward necessary for selection over the larger, delayed reward is the measure of temporal discounting. Forty-six youths (21 with CD and 25 healthy youths) participated in this study. Compared with healthy youths, youths with CD chose significantly smaller amounts of immediate reward rather than the larger future rewards. This was the case even in youths with CD without comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, level of psychopathic traits did not modulate temporal discounting in this sample. These results are discussed in terms of neurobiological models of CD and psychopathic traits.
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Initial studies have shown that emotional instability in CD is related to increased temporal discounting unrelated to ADHD.
“In line with this reasoning, initial studies have shown that emotional instability in CD is related to increased temporal discounting unrelated to ADHD (White et al., 2014).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as White et al., 2014
The Abstract reports greater temporal discounting in youths with conduct disorder, including those without comorbid ADHD; Results > Potential Confounds reports a significant group effect after excluding participants with ADHD. The paper does not establish that emotional instability is related to temporal discounting. Results > Symptom Severity and Behavioral Response in CD Youths found no association with the psychopathic-trait measures it tested. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Piehler, T. F., Distefano, R., Ausherbauer, K. L., Bloomquist, M. L., Almy, B., & August, G. J. (2019) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12530 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2014.28.1.19 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Cognitive–Affective Social Processing and Emotion Regulation (CASPER) model
Camacho, M. C., Deshpande, E., & Perino, M. T. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02224-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Common neural dysfunction of economic decision-making across psychiatric conditions
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Emotional Instability Relates to Ventral Striatum Activity During Reward Anticipation in Females
Bayard, F., Abé, C., Wrobel, N., Ingvar, M., Henje, E., & Petrović, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00076 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Parent Training for Childhood Conduct Problems
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Taste uncertainty explains developmental effects on susceptibility to peer influence in adolescencePreprint
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Self-citationNeural Mechanisms of Reward Processing in Antisocial Behavior
Murray, L. (2019) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Staubitz, J. L. (2017) · ProQuest LLC eBooks
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(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108848916.003
- Authors
- White, S. F., Clanton, R., Brislin, S. J., Meffert, H., Hwang, S., Sinclair, S., & Blair, R. J. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality Disorders
- Publisher
- Guilford Publications
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-18
- ISSN
- 0885-579X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4491633
- OpenAlex
- W2025358303
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 6.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Personality Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002860, Z01MH002860)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- delay discounting, conduct disorder, adolescents, psychopathic traits, impulsivity, reward valuation, ADHD comorbidity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Choice Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Reinforcement Schedule, Reward, Severity of Illness Index, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Case-Control Studies, Conduct Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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