Temporal and probabilistic discounting of rewards in children and adolescents: Effects of age and ADHD symptoms
Abstract
This study investigated whether age and ADHD symptoms affected choice preferences in children and adolescents when they chose between (1) small immediate rewards and larger delayed rewards and (2) small certain rewards and larger probabilistic uncertain rewards. A temporal discounting (TD) task and a probabilistic discounting (PD) task were used to measure the degree to which the subjective value of a large reward decreased as one had to wait longer for it (TD), and as the probability of obtaining it decreased (PD). Rewards used were small amounts of money. In the TD task, the large reward (10 cents) was delayed by between 0 and 30s, and the immediate reward varied in magnitude (0-10 cents). In the PD task, receipt of the large reward (10 cents) varied in likelihood, with probabilities of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 used, and the certain reward varied in magnitude (0-10 cents). Age and diagnostic group did not affect the degree of PD of rewards: All participants made choices so that total gains were maximized. As predicted, young children, aged 6-11 years (n = 25) demonstrated steeper TD of rewards than adolescents, aged 12-17 years (n = 21). This effect remained significant even when choosing the immediate reward did not shorten overall task duration. This, together with the lack of interaction between TD task version and age, suggests that steeper discounting in young children is driven by reward immediacy and not by delay aversion. Contrary to our predictions, participants with ADHD (n = 22) did not demonstrate steeper TD of rewards than controls (n = 24). These results raise the possibility that strong preferences for small immediate rewards in ADHD, as found in previous research, depend on factors such as total maximum gain and the use of fixed versus varied delay durations. The decrease in TD as observed in adolescents compared to children may be related to developmental changes in the (dorsolateral) prefrontal cortex. Future research needs to investigate these possibilities.
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ADHD children show a preference for smaller sooner over larger later rewards.
“This is often characterized as a preference for smaller sooner (SS) over larger later rewards (LL) (see Willcutt et al., 2008 for a meta-analysis; but see also Scheres et al., 2006 andBidwell et al., 2007; for a counter case).”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Scheres et al., 2006
Although the effect of smaller sooner over larger later choice in ADHD appears generally robust, there is variability across studies with a number reporting negative results.
“Although the effect appears generally robust there is a degree of variability across studies with a number reporting negative results (Bidwell et al., 2007;Scheres et al., 2006;Wåhlstedt, et al., 2009).”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Scheres et al., 2006
ADHD children discount future hypothetical rewards.
“discount future hypothetical rewards (Barkley et al., 2001; but see Scheres et al., 2006 for counter case)”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Scheres et al., 2006
On the PD, there was neither an age effect nor an interaction effect of age and diagnosis, and all groups made choices that maximized total gain.
“Also, there was neither an age effect nor an interaction effect of age and diagnosis, and all groups made choices that maximized the total gain.”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [41]
On the PD, no differences between children and adolescents with ADHD and NCs were found in the area under the curve of the probabilistic discounting function (Cohen's d = 0.27).
“No differences between children and adolescents with ADHD and NCs were found in the area under the curve (AUC) of the probabilistic discounting function (see Methods section for an explanation of this outcome measure), indicating that both groups ran similar risks in this task (Cohen’s d = 0.27).”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [41]
Of the 13 studies using tangible rewards, 7 had null findings.
“and seven studies had null findings [41], [50], [52], [59], [61], [65], [68]”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [41]
The reviewed studies with mixed ADHD subtype samples included studies examining participants of all three ADHD subtypes (4/15 = 27% of studies with null findings).
“mixed samples included studies examining participants of all three ADHD subtypes [41], [48], [50], [60] (4/15 = 27% of studies with null findings)”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [41]
Null findings were reported in 10/15 (67%) of studies with null findings in which MPH treatment was discontinued.
“null findings were reported in a comparable proportion of studies (discontinuation of MPH treatment: 10/15 = 67% of studies with null findings [41], [48], [50]–[52], [57], [59], [61], [65], [67] (reference 67 refers to study 2”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [41]
Delay discounting paradigms have been used in few studies with ADHD patients, yielding somewhat inconsistent findings.
“Delay discounting paradigms overcome many of these problems, but have been used in few studies with ADHD patients, yielding somewhat inconsistent findings.”
From DAT1 and COMT effects on delay discounting and trait impulsivity in male adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls (2010) · cites this paper as Scheres et al, 2006
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- Authors
- Scheres, A., Dijkstra, M., Ainslie, E., Balkan, J., Reynolds, B., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Castellanos, F. X.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Scheres, Anouk
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2092-2103
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2168724065
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 8.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH0660393)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- delay discounting, probabilistic discounting, delayed rewards, reward magnitude, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, adolescents, age differences, impulsivity, prefrontal cortex development, decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aging, Analysis of Variance, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Choice Behavior, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Reward, Models, Statistical
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