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Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and γ Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex
Open accessAbstract
Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons play a key role in the maturation and synchronization of cortical circuitry and alterations in these inhibitory neurons, especially in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), have been found in different psychiatric disorders. The formation of perineuronal nets (PNNs) around many of these interneurons at the end of the critical periods reduces their plasticity and sets their connectivity. Consequently, the presence of PNNs must have an important impact on the synaptic input and the physiology of PV+ cells. In the present study, we have found that in adult male mice, prefrontocortical PV+ cells surrounded by PNNs show higher density of perisomatic excitatory and inhibitory puncta, longer axonal initial segments (AISs), and higher PV expression when compared with PV+ cells lacking PNNs. In order to better understand the impact of PNNs on the connectivity and physiology of PV+ interneurons in the mPFC, we have digested enzymatically these structures and have found a decrease in the density of inhibitory puncta on their perisomatic region but not on the PV+ perisomatic puncta on pyramidal neurons. Moreover, extracellular recordings show that the digestion of PNNs induces a decrease in γ activity, an oscillation dependent on PV+ cells, in the mPFC of anesthetized mice. Our results suggest that the presence of PNNs enwrapping PV+ cells regulates their inhibitory input and has a potent influence on their activity. These results may be relevant for psychiatric research, given the alterations in PNNs, PV+ interneurons and their physiology described in different mental disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons are surrounded by specializations of the extracellular matrix, the perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs regulate the development and plasticity of PV+ cells and, consequently, their presence must influence their synaptic input and physiology. We have found, in the adult prefrontal cortex (PFC), substantial differences in the structure and connectivity of PV+ interneurons depending on the presence of PNNs. The depletion of PNNs from the PFC has also a potent effect on the connectivity of PV+ cells and on neural oscillations that depend on these cells. These findings are relevant to understand the role of PNNs in the adult brain and in certain psychiatric disorders in which alterations in PNNs and PV+ interneurons have been described.
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TL;DR
In adult male mice, medial prefrontal parvalbumin interneurons wrapped by perineuronal nets differ from those without nets in PV expression, perisomatic synaptic input, and axon initial segment length. Enzymatic removal of perineuronal nets reduces inhibitory perisomatic input onto these interneurons and lowers high- and fast-gamma activity in prelimbic cortex.
Key findings
- PV1 cells with PNNs had higher PV immunofluorescence (p = 0.0310), a positive PV–WFA intensity correlation (r = 0.5585, p < 0.0001), greater densities of VGAT+ (p = 0.046) and VGAT/PV+ (p = 0.008) perisomatic puncta, greater VGLUT1+ puncta (p = 0.031), and longer AISs (p = 0.021) than PV1 cells without PNNs; CB1r+ (p = 0.980), VGLUT2+ (p = 0.887), and VGLUT1/VGAT ratio (p = 0.142) did not differ.
- ChABC eliminated WFA labeling across the mPFC at 2 and 4 days, with slight recovery by 6 days; analyses were performed 4 days after injection.
- After ChABC, PV1 cells showed decreased SYN+ (p = 0.008), VGAT+ (p = 0.0162), and VGAT/PV+ (p = 0.0083) perisomatic puncta, increased AIS length (p = 0.026), and a shifted VGLUT1/VGAT ratio (p = 0.0181), while VGLUT1+ puncta (p = 0.7700), PV intensity (p = 0.694), PV+ puncta on pyramidal neurons (p = 0.3023), CamkII intensity (p = 0.7269), and neuropil puncta densities were unchanged.
- ChABC reduced FosB expression in PV1 and pyramidal cells (both p < 0.0001) and reduced high-gamma (p = 0.003) and fast-gamma (p = 6 × 10⁻⁵) power without changing low-gamma (p = 0.65), theta–gamma modulation index (p = 0.109 high, p = 0.6754 fast), or c-Fos in PV1 (p = 0.1152) and pyramidal cells (p = 0.0812).
Methods
- Thirty three-month-old male PV-TdT mice were used: 4 for descriptive PNN/PV1 analysis and 26 for ChABC experiments, with 14 for histology and 12 for electrophysiology.
- Mice received bilateral stereotaxic injections of ChABC or control penicillinase into the mPFC; tissue was analyzed by fluorescence immunohistochemistry, confocal imaging, and quantification of perisomatic puncta, AIS length, PV, FosB, and c-Fos.
- Under urethane anesthesia, local field potentials were recorded from prelimbic cortex during a tail-pinch protocol; spectral power and theta–gamma modulation index were analyzed.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section.
- Evident from the text: only male mice were studied, recordings were performed under anesthesia, and the main ChABC analyses used a single 4-day post-injection time point.
- The authors note that their neuropil findings differ from another study, which they attribute possibly to cortical region, survival time, or presynaptic versus postsynaptic markers analyzed.
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46 Own result · 14 Own interpretation · 8 Partly supported · 7 No full text of the sources · 4 Supported · 3 Supported so far · 2 Sources not found · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Not checked yet · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“a deficit in the number of PNNs has been described in the PFC of schizophrenic (Mauney et al., 2013) and bipolar patients (Alcaide et al., 2019)”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Mauney et al., 2013 source
The Introduction reports a 70–76% decrease in PNN density in PFC layers 3 and 5 in subjects with schizophrenia. Mauney et al. is cited for the schizophrenia portion of the sentence; the bipolar portion has a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Alcaide et al., 2019 source
The Results section ('Bipolar individuals show a lower PNN density in the DLPFC') reports significantly lower PNN density in bipolar disorder patients than in controls. Alcaide et al. is cited for the bipolar portion of the sentence; the schizophrenia portion has a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.94)
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In the paper
“a rhythm inextricably tied to perisomatic inhibition (Buzsáki and Wang, 2012)”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Buzsáki and Wang, 2012 source
The section “Perisomatic Inhibition Is Critical for Gamma Oscillations” says that fast-spiking basket neurons have a critical role in gamma oscillations and links gamma waves to inhibitory potentials generated by these neurons. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
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In the paper
“Supporting this idea, different studies have found an increased cortical plasticity after the induction of a decrease in inhibitory activity, in some cases involving the depletion of PNNs (Harauzov et al., 2010;Toyoizumi et al., 2013;Lensjø et al., 2017b).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Harauzov et al., 2010 source
The Discussion reports that reducing intracortical inhibition reactivated ocular-dominance plasticity in adult visual cortex. It also reports reduced PNN density after seven days of monocular deprivation in treated animals, while noting that this reduction was partial and appeared downstream of the initial plasticity changes. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites Toyoizumi et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Experimental Tests; page unavailable) lists perineuronal-net removal among paradigms that reactivate adult critical-period plasticity. But the paper does not report finding increased plasticity after experimentally decreasing inhibitory activity; for the developmental critical period it studies, the Introduction instead says that maturation or enhancement of inhibition initiates plasticity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites Lensjø et al., 2017b
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In the paper
“The power spectra of stimulated epochs revealed a decrease in g oscillations (Fig. 7C,D), both in the high (p = 0.003) and fast (p = 6 Â 10 À5 ) ranges (Fig. 7E), without significant changes in low g waves (p = 0.65).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > ChABC alters c oscillations induced by tail-pinch
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In the paper
“PV1PNN1 cells more intense than PV1PNN-cells (p = 0.0310; Fig. 1B).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
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In the paper
“The power spectra of stimulated epochs revealed a decrease in g oscillations (Fig. 7C,D), both in the high (p = 0.003) and fast (p = 6 Â 10 À5 ) ranges (Fig. 7E), without significant changes in low g waves (p = 0.65).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > ChABC alters c oscillations induced by tail-pinch
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In the paper
“We found a significantly lower density of VGAT1 puncta (p = 0.046) and of puncta co-expressing VGAT/PV (p = 0.008; Fig. 1E) but not of CB1r1 puncta (p = 0.980; Fig. 2B) in PV1PNNÀ cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
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“No differences were found in control and experimental conditions (Fig. 7F), indicating the presence of a decreased pattern between u and g oscillations (p = 0.109 for highg and p = 0.6754 for fast-g ).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > ChABC alters c oscillations induced by tail-pinch
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In the paper
“Nevertheless, after 6 d, we found a slight recovery of WFA labeling in the perisomatic region of some cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
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In the paper
“We found a significantly lower density of VGAT1 puncta (p = 0.046) and of puncta co-expressing VGAT/PV (p = 0.008; Fig. 1E) but not of CB1r1 puncta (p = 0.980; Fig. 2B) in PV1PNNÀ cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
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In the paper
“We then calculated the ratio between excitatory and inhibitory puncta (VGLUT1/VGAT) and we did not find differences in PV1PNN-cells when compared with PV1PNN1 cells (p = 0.142; Fig. 1I).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
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“We analyzed the ratio of VGLUT1/VGAT puncta and found an imbalance toward VGLUT1 in the perisomatic region of PV1 interneurons after ChABC injection (p = 0.0181; Fig. 4L).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
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In the paper
“We did not find significant differences due to ChABC injection in the PrL (p = 0.1152 for PV1 interneurons and p = 0.0812 for pyramidal neurons; Fig. 7H).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > ChABC alters c oscillations induced by tail-pinch
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“Likewise, the densities of VGLUT11 and VGAT1 puncta were not altered by ChABC (p = 0.482 and p = 0.221, respectively; Figs.5D,E).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
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In the paper
“We also found a positive correlation between PV intensity and the density of VGAT1 inhibitory perisomatic puncta (r = 0.3864, p = 0.0073; Fig. 1F).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
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In the paper
“This depletion was still complete 4 d after the ChABC injection.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
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In the paper
“Likewise, the densities of VGLUT11 and VGAT1 puncta were not altered by ChABC (p = 0.482 and p = 0.221, respectively; Figs.5D,E).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
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In the paper
“We found that ChABC produced a significant decrease in the density of VGAT1 puncta (p = 0.0162) but not in that of VGLUT11 puncta (p = 0.7700; Fig. 4I).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
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In the paper
“We quantified the intensity of PV fluorescence (Fig. 4B) and did not find differences in the ChABC-treated animals when compared with controls (p = 0.694; Fig. 4C).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
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In the paper
“We also found that this decreased density of inhibitory puncta most likely corresponded to those coming from PV1 cells, since the density of perisomatic puncta coexpressing PV and VGAT was also decreased (p = 0.0083; Fig. 4K).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
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In the paper
“We also analyzed the intensity of WFA fluorescence in the PV1PNN1 cells and found a significant positive correlation between PV and WFA intensities (r = 0.5585, p , 0.0001; Fig. 1C).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
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In the paper
“First, we studied the density of puncta expressing the general presynaptic marker synaptophysin (SYN; Fig. 4D) and we found a significant decrease in ChABC-treated animals (p = 0.008; Fig. 4E).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
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“The ChABC injection produced a significant decrease of FosB expression in both PV1 cells (p , 0.0001) and pyramidal cells (p , 0.0001) when compared with penicillinase (Fig. 6B,C).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > ChABC affects the expression of the basal activity molecule FosB
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In the paper
“We did not find significant differences due to ChABC injection in the PrL (p = 0.1152 for PV1 interneurons and p = 0.0812 for pyramidal neurons; Fig. 7H).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > ChABC alters c oscillations induced by tail-pinch
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In the paper
“We found that ChABC produced a significant decrease in the density of VGAT1 puncta (p = 0.0162) but not in that of VGLUT11 puncta (p = 0.7700; Fig. 4I).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
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“we found a significant decrease in the density of puncta from cortical origin (VGLUT11; p = 0.031; Fig. 1H), but not in that of puncta from extracortical origin (VGLUT21; p = 0.887; Fig. 2C,D) in PV1PNN-cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
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In the paper
“Our results show a positive correlation of PV expression and the density of perisomatic inhibitory puncta onto PV1 cells.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Distribution graph showing the positive correlation of PV fluorescence intensity and density of inhibitory perisomatic puncta.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
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In the paper
“The power spectra of stimulated epochs revealed a decrease in g oscillations (Fig. 7C,D), both in the high (p = 0.003) and fast (p = 6 Â 10 À5 ) ranges (Fig. 7E), without significant changes in low g waves (p = 0.65).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > ChABC alters c oscillations induced by tail-pinch
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The ChABC injection produced a significant decrease of FosB expression in both PV1 cells (p , 0.0001) and pyramidal cells (p , 0.0001) when compared with penicillinase (Fig. 6B,C).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > ChABC affects the expression of the basal activity molecule FosB
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We analyzed the effect of ChABC on the density of PV1 puncta (Fig. 4N) and found that it remained unaltered after the treatment (p = 0.3023; Fig. 4O).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We first studied the density of SYN1 puncta and did not find significant changes (p = 0.7573; Figs.5B,C).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found a significantly lower density of VGAT1 puncta (p = 0.046) and of puncta co-expressing VGAT/PV (p = 0.008; Fig. 1E) but not of CB1r1 puncta (p = 0.980; Fig. 2B) in PV1PNNÀ cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two days after the ChABC injection, we found a complete absence of WFA labeling in a large area covering all the mPFC extension (Fig. 3B).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Graphs showing the lower density of perisomatic puncta expressing inhibitory markers on PNN-PV cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also describe a positive correlation between PNNs and PV expression, in agreement with the described activity-dependent formation of PNNs (Dityatev et al., 2007).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Distribution graph showing the positive correlation of PV fluorescence intensity and WFA fluorescence intensity.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Graph showing the significant decrease induced by ChABC on the density of puncta coexpresssing VGAT and PV in the perisomatic region of PV1 cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have also analyzed the AIS length and have found that PV1PNN1 cells had a longer AIS when compared with PV1PNN-cells.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Graph comparing the length of the AIS in PV1 cells surrounded versus not surrounded byPNNs.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is interesting to note that, unlike Lensjø et al. (2017a), we have not observed changes in the density of puncta expressing synaptic markers in the neuropil of PrL.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, we did not find changes in the density of perisomatic puncta on pyramidal neurons”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence of PNNs does not influence the density of perisomatic puncta coming from CCK 1 basket cells or extracortical origin on PV1 interneurons.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Graphs showing that ChABC treatment induces a decrease in the density of SYN-expressing puncta on the perisomatic region of PV1 cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we did not find changes after PNNs depletion in the expression of PV, we found a strong reduction in the expression of FosB, not only in PV1 interneurons but also in pyramidal neurons.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Graph showing the decrease of the FosB expression in PV cells and CamkII cells in the ChABC animals.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and, consequently, should have a more important impact on the perisomatic innervation of PV1 cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It has to be taken also into account that PNNs exclusively enwrap the soma and most proximal segments of dendrites (Celio et al., 1998;Fawcett et al., 2019)”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The comparison of these results suggests different dynamics in the inhibitory input on PV1 cells regarding their PV expression level.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether our results suggest that the disengaging of a portion of PV1 interneurons from the established connectivity patterns is a key mechanism underlying the plasticity observed after PNN removal.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the formation of PNNs may be the result of a combination of a certain threshold of perisomatic inhibitory activity and OTX2 internalization.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we propose that the establishment of the inhibitory input on the perisomatic region and proximal neurites of PV1 cells constitutes a crucial event for the formation of PNNs.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This, together with the differences between PV-expressing interneurons surrounded by or lacking PNNs, highlights the importance of this specialized extracellular matrix on PFC function.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which suggests that ChABC treatment, despite its impact on the perisomatic input received by PV1 cells, does not induce structural plasticity in the connections that these basket interneurons establish onto pyramidal neurons.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, we propose that only PV1 cells with a certain degree of innervation from the PV circuitry may develop PNNs and fix their perisomatic connectivity.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“PV1 basket interneurons constitute the main source of perisomatic inhibition both onto excitatory and inhibitory neurons (Freund and Katona, 2007;Pfeffer et al., 2013)”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Freund and Katona, 2007 source
- Partly supportedcites Pfeffer et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Functional implications; page not provided) says Pvalb cells mainly inhibit perisomatic compartments of pyramidal neurons. The Results (Interneurons targeted by Pvalb cells; page not provided) show strong inhibition of Pvalb interneurons but little or none of other interneuron classes. The claim overgeneralizes this to inhibitory neurons as a group, and the passages do not establish that their inhibition is perisomatic. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The axonal initial segment (AIS) is also a dynamic structure, the length of which is related to neuronal maturation (Gutzmann et al., 2014;Bolós et al., 2019) and also to some pathologic conditions (Kuba et al., 2010;Baalman et al., 2013;Harty et al., 2013).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gutzmann et al., 2014 source
Gutzmann et al. is cited for the neuronal-maturation part of the sentence; separate citations accompany the pathology part. The Results section (‘AIS undergoes dynamic length maturation during the postnatal period’; page not supplied) reports that AIS length changes across development in mouse visual cortex and stabilizes in adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bolós et al., 2019 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kuba et al., 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The PNNs have an important role in the maturation and stabilization of the connectivity of PV1 interneurons in critical periods such as those of the visual and auditory systems (Pizzorusso et al., 2002;Cisneros-Franco and de Villers-Sidani, 2019).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pizzorusso et al., 2002 source
- Partly supportedcites Cisneros-Franco and de Villers-Sidani, 2019 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion describe PNNs as preferentially surrounding PV+ cells and helping regulate plasticity; they also report changes in PNN expression when PV+ cells are silenced in auditory cortex. The paper does not establish that PNNs mature or stabilize PV+ interneuron connectivity during critical periods, nor does it examine that role in the visual system. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Images were processed using previously validated macros (Guirado et al., 2018).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Confocal microscopy and image analysis
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Guirado et al., 2018 source
The Results (Neuropil analysis; page not specified) explicitly describe assessing the macros’ validity by comparing their analysis with ELISA and manual counting. The paper also describes and shares the image-processing macros, supporting the citation as an identification of previously validated macros. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This treatment promotes neuronal plasticity in different neocortical regions, such as the visual (Pizzorusso et al., 2002) and auditory cortices (Happel et al., 2014).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pizzorusso et al., 2002 source
- Partly supportedcites Happel et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper supports enhanced plasticity following extracellular-matrix removal in the auditory cortex, but its auditory-cortex experiments used hyaluronidase (HYase), not ChABC (Enhanced Reversal Learning of FM Discrimination After ECM Removal; Local Removal of the ECM in Adult ACx and Its Temporal Reappearance). The visual-cortex portion of the citing sentence is attributed to a different citation and is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.89)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Since FosB has been linked to long-term activity levels (Nestler, 2015)”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Nestler, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3 (page unavailable) links sustained neural activity to full-length FosB levels, but only as a possibility following repeated fluoxetine treatment in the nucleus accumbens; it says further work is needed to test that explanation. The unqualified claim that FosB is linked to long-term activity levels is broader than this tentative account. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, an experience-dependent accumulation of exogenous OTX2, a homeoprotein commonly bound to PNNs and PV1 cells in the mPFC (Lee et al., 2017), is necessary for the formation of PNNs and critical period closure in the visual cortex (Sugiyama et al., 2008).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sugiyama et al., 2008 source
- Supportedcites Lee et al., 2017 source
Lee et al. is cited for the description of OTX2 in PNNs and PV+ cells of the mPFC; the visual-cortex claim is separately cited to Sugiyama et al. The Introduction describes PNN-mediated localization of Otx2 to PV+ cells, and the Discussion reports Otx2 accumulation in PV+ cells of the mPFC. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“in which alterations of prefrontocortical PV1 interneurons and PNNs have been described (Mauney et al., 2013;Enwright et al., 2016;Alcaide et al., 2019).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Mauney et al., 2013 source
The Introduction reports reduced PNN density in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. The Discussion section ‘PNN Deficit in the PFC in Schizophrenia’ describes PV-neuron dysfunction in schizophrenia and discusses its relationship to the PNN deficit. The paper does not find a comparable PNN deficit in bipolar disorder, but the claim says ‘schizophrenia or bipolar disorder,’ so the schizophrenia finding supports it. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Supportedcites Enwright et al., 2016 source
The paper’s Abstract (page not provided) reports lower PV labeling in neurons and lower labeling of PNN components in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. This supports the cited claim’s schizophrenia alternative; the paper does not need to establish the bipolar-disorder alternative. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites Alcaide et al., 2019 source
The Background reports altered PV-related expression in the prefrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The Results report lower PNN density in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of bipolar patients and a tendency toward lower density in schizophrenia. The paper found no difference in PV+ interneuron density, but the claim does not specify a density change. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We used a sensory paradigm to induce a synchronous activated state in the prefrontal neuronal circuitry and, thus, elicit u oscillations with a nested g activity (Sohal et al., 2009)”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Sohal et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports that rhythmic light stimulation induced theta- or gamma-frequency firing in pyramidal neurons, and it also tested prefrontal pyramidal neurons (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable). It does not show that a sensory paradigm induced a synchronous activated prefrontal state or theta oscillations with gamma activity nested within them; theta and gamma were applied as separate stimulation patterns. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, in the cortex, dendritic inhibition on PV1 cells is mainly provided by somatostatin1 interneurons, whereas the main source for perisomatic inhibition comes from other PV1 cells (Pfeffer et al., 2013).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Pfeffer et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (“Comparing inhibition mediated by distinct interneurons”; page unavailable) says Pvalb cells are the main source of inhibition onto other Pvalb cells, while Sst cells also inhibit them. The Discussion (“Functional implications”; page unavailable) describes Sst dendritic and Pvalb perisomatic targeting on pyramidal cells, not on Pvalb cells. The claimed locations of those inputs on Pvalb cells are therefore unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Based on these results, we hypothesize that u waves are maintained, probably by an external input (Siapas et al., 2005;Sirota et al., 2008), while the local g oscillations reduce their presence by a putative imbalance of the excitatory-inhibitory activity as a consequence of the loss of perisomatic synapses on PV cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Siapas et al., 2005 source
- Supportedcites Sirota et al., 2008 source
The citation is attached to the hypothesis that theta waves may be maintained by an external input, not to the citing authors’ subsequent explanation for reduced gamma oscillations. The Discussion (Hippocampal theta phase-locking of neocortical neurons; page unavailable) says neocortical theta may phase-synchronize with the hippocampus, supporting an external contribution without establishing that it maintains the waves. (LLM, conf=0.83)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“a characteristic functional pattern depending on synaptic inhibition onto PV-expressing cells (Buzsáki and Wang, 2012).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Buzsáki and Wang, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Brain-Wide Synchronization of Gamma Oscillations by Slower Rhythms” (page unavailable), the paper documents theta–gamma coupling and proposes that basket cells contribute because other interneurons, entrained by slower rhythms, inhibit them. It presents this mechanism as a hypothesis, not an established dependency on synaptic inhibition onto PV-expressing cells. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Since the increase in AIS length has been previously related to the maturation of other neuronal types (Sammons et al., 2018;Bolós et al., 2019)”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Sammons et al., 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Results discuss axonal bouton size and dynamics in adult mice, not axon initial segment (AIS) length. Searches for AIS length and neuronal maturation returned no passage linking an increase in AIS length to maturation of other neuronal types. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bolós et al., 2019 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we split the PV1 cells into”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a structural characteristic of the maturational stage, we studied the length of the AIS using AnkG immunohistochemistry (Fig. 1J) and found that it was significantly shorter in the PV1PNN-cells (p = 0.021; Fig. 1K).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found a significant decrease in the density of puncta from cortical origin (VGLUT11; p = 0.031; Fig. 1H), but not in that of puncta from extracortical origin (VGLUT21; p = 0.887; Fig. 2C,D) in PV1PNN-cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also studied the effects of PNNs depletion on the AIS length (Fig. 4F) and found a significant increase as a consequence of ChABC injection (p = 0.026; Fig. 4G).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Effects of ChABC on PV expression and on the density of perisomatic puncta on PV1 cells and pyramidal neurons
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that ChABC treatment induces specifically a reduction in the density of inhibitory perisomatic puncta from PV1 cells onto PV1 cells, rendering a VGLUT1/VGAT ratio similar to that found in the PV1PNN-cells in control animals.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Graphs showing the ChABC induced decrease in the density of inhibitory but not excitatory puncta on the perisomatic region of PV1 cells.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After ChABC treatment in the PFC, our results showed a decrease of g oscillations, maintaining the u -g coupling.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PV1 basket cells show a fast and non-adapting firing pattern, providing a synchronized modulation of cortical activity through the regulation of g oscillations (Kubota, 2014).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kubota, 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The acquiring conditions were maintained throughout all the imaging sessions to compare the fluorescence intensity between samples.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Confocal microscopy and image analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PNNs are formed during development (Brückner et al., 2000) in an activity-dependent manner (Dityatev et al., 2007).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brückner et al., 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dityatev et al., 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results suggest that the presence of PNNs enwrapping PV1 cells regulates their inhibitory input and has a potent influence on their activity.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study in the visual cortex (Lensjø et al., 2017b) has linked the removal of PNNs to a decreased inhibition, suggesting that ChABC treatment may reset the connectivity to a juvenile-like state.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lensjø et al., 2017b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the expression level of PV can be used to classify them in different subpopulations regarding their activity and connectivity patterns”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A previous report, focused on hippocampal PV1 cells, described that high PV expression cells receive less inhibition and more excitation inputs than low PV expression cells, but in their dendritic compartment (Donato et al., 2013).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Donato et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The appearance of PNNs surrounding PV1 cells marks an abrupt reduction of neuronal plasticity at the end of the critical periods, temporal windows of enhanced neuronal plasticity that occur during the latest stages of development (Hensch, 2005).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hensch, 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these data support our electrophysiology results, indicating that the basal activity, not only of PV1 cells but also of pyramidal neurons is reduced.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although critical periods are specific for different systems and have a different time lines, the appearance of PNNs coincides with the maturation of PV1 cells and the decrease of plasticity levels, not only in neocortical regions (Pizzorusso et al., 2002;Ueno et al., 2018), but also in the hippocampus (Bukalo et al., 2001) and the amygdala (Gogolla et al., 2009).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By contrast, dendritic inhibition may be decreased in these cells and may be more sensitive to stimuli, such as environmental enrichment (Donato et al., 2013).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Donato et al., 2013 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, we hypothesize that high PV expression cells may receive higher perisomatic inhibition, stabilized by PNNs.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent report has also found a decrease in puncta expressing inhibitory markers after ChABC treatment in the primary visual cortex (Lensjø et al., 2017a).”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lensjø et al., 2017a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results may be relevant for our understanding of the etiopathology of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, our results suggest the existence of two subpopulations of PV1 cells in the mPFC, defined by the presence of PNNs, with differential PV expression and perisomatic connectivity.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our data support the hypothesis of the presence of PNNs as a feature of mature PV1 cells, which may have a different role in the PV circuitry from those without PNNs.”
§ Perineuronal Nets Regulate the Inhibitory Perisomatic Input onto Parvalbumin Interneurons and c Activity in the Prefrontal Cortex > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The effects of ChABC on PNNs and neuronal connectivity remain unexplored in the medial prefrontal cortex.
“The effects of ChABC have been extensively studied in sensory systems but remain unexplored in high-order areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), whose dysfunction underlies different psychiatric disorders.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The impact of the presence of PNNs on the AIS of PV1 cells remains to be explored.
“Nevertheless, this parameter has only been studied on excitatory neurons and the impact of the presence of PNNs on the AIS of PV1 cells still remains to be explored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
ChABC treatment specifically digests PNNs without affecting other extracellular matrix components or cellular processes.
“After ChABC treatment in the PFC, our results showed a decrease of g oscillations, maintaining the u -g coupling.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The density of perisomatic puncta expressing inhibitory markers reflects the strength or number of functional inhibitory synapses onto PV1 cells.
“Our results show a positive correlation of PV expression and the density of perisomatic inhibitory puncta onto PV1 cells.”
The paper relies on this without support.
PV fluorescence intensity is a valid measure of PV expression level in PV1 cells.
“We also describe a positive correlation between PNNs and PV expression”
The paper relies on this without support.
WFA labeling specifically identifies PNNs.
“representative immunostaining of the expression of PV and WFA in PrL”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The dense perineuronal net (proteoglycan network structure on the cell surface), characteristic of PV interneurons (Carceller et al. 2020; Härtig et al. 1999), is required to stabilise NPTX2 in the synaptic cleft at these synapses (Chang et al. 2010).”
From Neuronal pentraxins as biomarkers of synaptic activity: from physiological functions to pathological changes in neurodegeneration (2022) · cites this paper as Carceller et al. 2020
Citations
Cites
Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis
Schindelin, J., Arganda-Carreras, I., Frise, E., Kaynig, V., Longair, M., Pietzsch, T., Preibisch, S., Rueden, C., Saalfeld, S., Schmid, B., et al. (2012) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019 · Cited by 66,890
Mechanisms of Gamma Oscillations
Buzsáki, G., & Wang, X.-J. (2012) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150444 · Cited by 2,796
Parvalbumin neurons and gamma rhythms enhance cortical circuit performance
Sohal, V. S., Zhang, F., Yizhar, O., & Deisseroth, K. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07991 · Cited by 2,606
Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits
Hensch, T. K. (2005) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1787 · Cited by 2,323
GABAergic Interneurons in the Neocortex: From Cellular Properties to Circuits
Tremblay, R., Lee, S., & Rudy, B. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.033 · Cited by 2,033
Reactivation of Ocular Dominance Plasticity in the Adult Visual Cortex
Pizzorusso, T., Medini, P., Berardi, N., Chierzi, S., Fawcett, J. W., & Maffei, L. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072699 · Cited by 1,679
Measuring Phase-Amplitude Coupling Between Neuronal Oscillations of Different Frequencies
Tort, A. B. L., Komorowski, R. W., Eichenbaum, H., & Kopell, N. (2010) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00106.2010 · Cited by 1,454
Pfeffer, C. K., Xue, M., He, M., Huang, Z. J., & Scanziani, M. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3446 · Cited by 1,353
Mechanisms of CaMKII action in long-term potentiation
Lisman, J., Yasuda, R., & Raghavachari, S. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3192 · Cited by 1,134
Entrainment of Neocortical Neurons and Gamma Oscillations by the Hippocampal Theta Rhythm
Sirota, A., Montgomery, S., Fujisawa, S., Isomura, Y., Zugaro, M., & Buzsáki, G. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.014 · Cited by 1,015
Cited by
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Wingert, J. C., & Sorg, B. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsyn.2021.673210 · Cited by 129
Gómez de San José, N., Massa, F., Halbgebauer, S., Oeckl, P., Steinacker, P., & Otto, M. (2022) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02411-2 · Cited by 112
Tewari, B. P., Chaunsali, L., Prim, C. E., & Sontheimer, H. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.1022754 · Cited by 115
Lupori, L., Totaro, V., Cornuti, S., Ciampi, L., Carrara, F., Grilli, E., Viglione, A., Tozzi, F., Putignano, E., Mazziotti, R. M., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112788 · Cited by 113
Guadagno, A., Belliveau, C., Mechawar, N., & Walker, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.669120 · Cited by 98
Metadata
- Authors
- Carceller, H., Guirado, R., Ripolles-Campos, E., Teruel-Marti, V., & Nacher, J.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2020-05-26
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 26
- Pages
- 5008-5018
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC7314408
- OpenAlex
- W3031913802
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19
- FWCI
- 6.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository of Digital Objects for Teaching Research and Culture (University of Valencia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (BFU2016-77691-C2, RTI2018‐098269‐B‐I00, IJCI-2016-27758, FPU15, RTI2018, SAF2015-68436-R)
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SAF2015-68436-R, C2-2-P)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- perineuronal nets, parvalbumin interneurons, medial prefrontal cortex, perisomatic inhibition, gamma oscillations, axon initial segment, extracellular matrix, interneuron connectivity, mental illness, cortical circuits, adult brain plasticity, critical period, pyramidal neurons, extracellular recording, mice
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Extracellular Matrix, Interneurons, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neuronal Plasticity, Parvalbumins, Prefrontal Cortex, Mice, Gamma Rhythm
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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