Insular cortex projections to nucleus accumbens core mediate social approach to stressed juvenile rats

May combine two claims.

Bilateral pharmacological inhibition of the NAc with tetrodotoxin abolishes the preference for stressed PN30 conspecifics but does not alter interactions with PN50 conspecifics.

“Bilateral pharmacological inhibition of the NAc with tetrodotoxin (1 M; 0.5 l/side) abolished the preference for stressed PN30, but did not alter interactions with PN50 conspecifics.”

• Also stated in: § Pharmacological inactivation of NAc abolished preference for stressed PN30, but not PN50, conspecifics · boosted

  “These analyses demonstrate that the NAc is necessary for experimental rats' preference to explore stressed PN30 but did not influence interactions with either stressed or naive PN50, conspecifics.”

• Also stated in: § Pharmacological inactivation of NAc abolished preference for stressed PN30, but not PN50, conspecifics · plain

  “After vehicle treatment, rats tested with PN30 conspecifics showed a preference to explore the stressed conspecific over the naive ( p ϭ 0.006), which was abolished after bilateral pharmacological inactivation of NAc ( p ϭ 0.203; Fig. 1D).”

May combine two claims.

Chemogenetic stimulation of IC terminals in the NAc increased social exploration with juvenile, but not adult, conspecifics.

“Chemogenetic stimulation of IC terminals in the NAc increased social exploration with juvenile, but not adult, conspecifics”

May combine two claims.

In PN50 tests, rats preferred the naive conspecific over the stressed conspecific after vehicle treatment, and this preference was maintained after TTX treatment.

“For rats tested with PN50 conspecifics, a two-way ANOVA found a main effect of conspecific affect (F (1,6) ϭ 5.45, p ϭ 0.058, ␩ P 2 ϭ 0.30), which confirmed replication our previous findings (Rogers-Carter et al., 2018a,b) that experimental rats prefer to explore the naive conspecific over the stressed after vehicle treatment ( p ϭ 0.031), which was also maintained after TTX treatment ( p ϭ 0.020;”

• cites Rogers-Carter et al., 2018a,bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Bath application of 10 M CNO reliably hyperpolarized and reduced excitability of IC neurons visually identified as mCherry-positive at the time of recording.

“bath application of 10 M CNO reliably hyperpolarized and reduced excitability of IC neurons visually identified as mCherry-positive at the time of recording.”

May combine two claims.

Administration of CNO alone, or vehicle or CNO to rats with sham mCherry virus, did not disrupt baseline preference to explore stressed PN30 conspecific.

“In no instance did administration of CNO alone (F (7,14) ϭ 0.343, p ϭ 0.956, ␩ 2 Ͻ 0.01), or vehicle or CNO administration to rats with the sham mCherry virus (t (8) ϭ 0.010, p ϭ 0.992, h 2 Ͻ 0.01) disrupt the baseline preference to explore the stressed PN30 conspecific.”

May combine two claims.

Percentage preference scores reflected more time spent with the stressed conspecific after vehicle injections, which was reduced by CNO.

“experimental rats showed scores that reflected more time spent with the stressed conspecific after vehicle injections, which was reduced by CNO (t (9) ϭ 2.089, p ϭ 0.033, ␩ P 2 ϭ 0.33).”

May combine two claims.

There was a main effect of CNO and significantly fewer spikes under CNO compared with aCSF in slice recordings.

“A one-way repeatedmeasures ANOVA revealed a main effect of CNO (F (2,6) ϭ 6.038, p ϭ 0.040, ␩ 2 ϭ 0.66) and significantly fewer spikes under CNO compared with aCSF ( p ϭ 0.029).”

May combine two claims.

The preference for stressed PN30 conspecifics was abolished after inhibition of IC neurons; CNO-treated rats did not show a preference for naive or stressed PN30 conspecific.

“This preference was abolished after inhibition of IC neurons as experimental rats tested with CNO did not show a preference for the naive or stressed PN30 conspecific ( p ϭ 0.517; Fig. 3F ).”

May combine two claims.

Chemogenetic stimulation of IC terminals in NAc increased exploration with PN30, but not PN50, conspecifics.

“Accordingly, chemogenetic stimulation of IC terminals in NAc increased exploration with PN30, but not PN50, conspecifics.”

May combine two claims.

Mean social exploration was greater with PN30 conspecifics after CNO treatment than vehicle, whereas mean social exploration with PN50 conspecifics did not differ between CNO and vehicle treatment.

“Post hoc comparisons show mean social exploration was greater with PN30 conspecifics after CNO treatment than vehicle ( p ϭ 0.030), whereas mean social exploration with PN50 conspecifics did not differ between CNO and vehicle treatment ( p ϭ 0.998) (Fig. 5H ).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There was a small but significant effect of CNO on overall interaction levels in adult SAP tests.

“As in the CNO only experiment, there was a small but significant effect of CNO on overall interaction levels evinced by a main effect of drug (F (1,8) ϭ 5.45, p ϭ 0.047, ␩ P 2 ϭ 0.12).”

May combine two claims.

In SAP tests, chemogenetic inhibition of this circuit blocked the preference for the stressed PN30 conspecific but had no apparent effect on avoidance of stressed PN50 conspecifics.

“In SAP tests, chemogenetic inhibition of this circuit blocked the preference for the stressed PN30 conspecific but had no apparent effect on avoidance of stressed PN50 conspecifics.”

May combine two claims.

Pharmacological inactivation of NAc prevented the expected preference for test rats to explore stressed PN30 conspecifics, but did not alter avoidance of stressed PN50 conspecifics.

“First, pharmacological inactivation of the NAc prevented the expected preference for test rats to explore stressed PN30 conspecifics, but did not alter the avoidance of stressed PN50 conspecifics.”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “when NAc was pharmacologically inactivated with TTX, rats did not show a social preference for the stressed PN30 conspecific and thus behaved as if each conspecific was equal in valence.”

May combine two claims.

Sham experimental rats without hM4D(Gi) transduction preferred to explore the stressed PN30 conspecifics under vehicle treatment, which was maintained after microinfusion of 1 μM CNO to the NAc 45 min before testing.

“Under vehicle treatment, rats preferred to explore the stressed PN30 conspecifics ( p ϭ 0.003), which was maintained after microinfusion of 1 M CNO to the NAc 45 min before testing (0.031).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The conspecifics designated as stressed were indeed stressed.

May combine two claims.

Adult test rats prefer to interact with stressed juvenile (PN30) conspecifics but avoid stressed adult (PN50) conspecifics.

“Adult test rats prefer to interact with stressed juvenile (postnatal day 30, PN30) conspecifics but avoid stressed adult (PN50) conspecifics.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “Specifically, in the SAP test, experimental rats exhibit approach toward stressed juvenile rats, but avoid exploring stressed adult rats.”

• cites Rogers-Carter et al., 2018bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The initial sample sizes were determined by a priori power analysis using effect sizes from prior observations.

“The initial sample sizes for these experiments were determined by a priori power analysis (G*Power ver.3.1) using the effect sizes from our prior observations using repeated-measures designs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Four animals, two from each stress group, did not exhibit CTb488 in the NAc and were excluded from all subsequent analysis.

“Four animals, two from each stress group, did not exhibit CTb 488 in the NAc and so were excluded from all subsequent analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Experimental treatments were counterbalanced in order and repeated-measures designs were used except when noted.

“Experimental treatments were counterbalanced in order and repeated-measures designs were used except when noted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Before analysis, all data were visually inspected for normality and order effects.

“Before analysis, all data were visually inspected for normality and order effects.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Fos-immunoreactive cells were manually counted in ImageJ by an observer blind to treatment.

“Fos-immunoreactive cells were manually counted in ImageJ by an observer blind to treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In all cases, the data were deemed suitable for parametric analysis.

“In all cases, the data were deemed suitable for parametric analysis and all data are depicted in the figures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Insula projections to the NAc are most dense in the anterior IC compared with the posterior IC.

“It is established that the insula projections to NAc is most dense in the anterior IC, compared with the posterior IC (Parks et al., 2015) and this trend was evident and supported by a significant main effect of ROI (F (2,16) ϭ 19.3, p Ͻ 0.0001).”

• cites Parks et al., 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

All data were included unless cannula implants or virus transduction missed the target site.

“All data were included unless cannula implants or virus transduction missed the target site.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The correlation between observers for the SAP trials was r=0.922, R2=0.849, p<0.0001.

“The correlation between observers for the SAP trials included in the current experiments was r 35 ϭ 0.922, R 2 ϭ 0.849, p Ͻ 0.0001.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Counts were unavailable from one subject from each treatment group at the anterior IC and medial IC regions, resulting in n=3 or 4 observations per group.

“We were unable to obtain counts from one subject from each treatment group at the anterior IC and medial IC regions resulting in n ϭ 3 or 4 observations per group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A trained observer blinded to treatment quantified social exploration, and a second observer blind to experimental conditions re-quantified from video to establish interrater reliability.

“A trained observer blinded to treatment quantified the amount of social exploration initiated by the experimental rat”

• Also stated in: § Subjects. · plain

  “Social exploration was quantified first during live testing and again from digital video recordings by a second observer who was blind to experimental conditions to establish interraterreliability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The correlation between observers for the social interaction tests was r=0.997, R2=0.993, p<0.0001.

“The correlation between observers for the social interaction tests included in the current experiments was r 12 ϭ 0.997, R 2 ϭ 0.993, p Ͻ 0.0001.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pilot studies found no evidence of treatment order effects on SAP behavior when using tetrodotoxin or CNO injections.

“We tested for order effects in pilot studies and did not find evidence of treatment order effects on SAP behavior when using tetrodotoxin or CNO injections (either intraperitoneal or intracranial administration).”

May combine two claims.

The IC-to-NAc tract is necessary and sufficient for approach toward stressed juvenile conspecifics, but not avoidance of stressed adult conspecifics.

“We report that this tract is necessary and sufficient for approach toward stressed juvenile conspecifics, but not avoidance of stressed adult conspecifics.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

CTb488 and Fos-positive colabeled cells were manually counted in ImageJ by a trained observer blinded to treatment.

“CTb 488 and Fos-positive colabeled cells were manually counted in ImageJ by a trained observer blinded to treatment.”

May combine two claims.

The NAc encodes ultrasonic vocalization calls that convey stress and shows enhanced dopaminergic transmission in subjects that observe a conspecific receiving foot shock.

“NAc encodes ultrasonic vocalization calls that convey stress (Willuhn et al., 2014) and shows enhanced dopaminergic transmission in subjects that observe a conspecific receiving foot shock (Wu et al., 1999)”

• cites Willuhn et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Wu et al., 1999Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The nucleus accumbens core (NAc) is implicated in reward.

“The nucleus accumbens core (NAc) is implicated in reward (Wise, 2002)”

• cites Wise, 2002Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rodents demonstrate either prosocial or avoidance behaviors toward distressed others.

“a number of studies report that rodents demonstrate either prosocial or avoidance behaviors toward distressed others (reviewed by (Meyza et al., 2017).”

• cites Meyza et al., 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The insular cortex (IC) is a site of multisensory integration.

“The insular cortex (IC) is a site of multisensory integration (Rodgers et al., 2008;Gogolla et al., 2014;Gogolla, 2017)”

• cites Rodgers et al., 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Gogolla et al., 2014Not checked yet

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• cites Gogolla, 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The NAc mediates social recognition and reward with juvenile and adult conspecifics.

“NAc mediates social recognition (Ploeger et al., 1991) and reward with juvenile (Trezza et al., 2011) and adult conspecifics (Do ¨len et al., 2013).”

• cites Ploeger et al., 1991Not checked yet

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• cites Trezza et al., 2011Not checked yet

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• cites Dölen et al., 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Responses to distressed others are modulated by situational factors, including familiarity, age, social rank, sex and prior experience.

“These responses are modulated by situational factors, including familiarity, age, social rank, sex and prior experience (Langford et al., 2006;Guzma ´n et al., 2009;Ishii et al., 2012;Kiyokawa et al., 2014;Li et al., 2014;Burkett et al., 2016;Meyza et al., 2017;Rogers-Carter et al., 2018a,b)”

• cites Langford et al., 2006Not checked yet

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• cites Guzmán et al., 2009Not checked yet

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• cites Ishii et al., 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Two experimental rats were excluded due to lack of virus expression.

“Two experimental rats were excluded due to lack of virus expression.”

May combine two claims.

Exposure to stressed conspecifics led to greater activity in NAc-projecting IC neurons, with the greatest differential activation observed in the posterior subregion of IC.

“In sum, exposure to stressed conspecifics led to greater activity in NAc-projecting IC neurons with the greatest differential activation observed in the posterior subregion of IC.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Rats were only included in the final analysis if there was positive evidence of virus expression in IC, bilateral cannula tip placement in NAc, and mCherry immunoreactivity of putative IC axon terminals in NAc.

“Rats were only included in the final analysis if there was positive evidence of virus expression in IC as in Figure 4A, right; map of virus expression in Figure 4B, bilateral cannula tip placement in NAc (Fig. 4A, right, map in Fig. 4C), and mCherry immunoreactivity of putative IC axon terminals in NAc (Fig. 4A, right inset).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Only rats meeting criteria for IC hM4D(Gi) expression, bilateral NAc cannula placement, mCherry expression in NAc, and avoidance of the stressed conspecific under vehicle conditions were included in analysis.

“Only rats meeting the criteria for IC hM4D(Gi) expression, bilateral NAc cannula placement, mCherry expression in NAc, and avoidance of the stressed conspecific under vehicle conditions were included in analysis.”

May combine two claims.

The IC→NAc track is necessary and sufficient for social approach under conditions with a juvenile conspecific.

“The foregoing results suggest the IC ¡ NAc track is necessary and sufficient for social approach under conditions with a juvenile conspecific.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three rats were excluded due to misplaced cannula or lack of virus expression.

“Three rats were excluded due to misplaced cannula or lack of virus expression.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

For each experimental rat included in the analysis, virus transduction, cannula tip location in NAc, and presence of terminal fibers expressing mCherry in NAc were confirmed.

“For each experimental rat included in the analysis, we confirmed the virus transduction via fluorescent imaging of the mCherry reporter (Fig. 5 A, C, right), the location of the cannula tips in NAc (Fig. 5 B, C), and the presence of terminal fibers expressing mCherry in NAc (Fig. 5B, inset).”

May combine two claims.

Excitation of IC terminals in NAc via CNO was sufficient to increase exploration with PN30, but not PN50, conspecifics.

“These results indicate that excitation of IC terminals in NAc via CNO was sufficient to increase exploration with PN30, but not PN50 conspecifics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The involvement of NAc in social affective behavior is consistent with evidence implicating NAc in myriad social processes.

“The involvement of NAc in social affective behavior is consistent with evidence implicating NAc in myriad social processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three rats were removed from analysis because of undetectable virus expression, or failure to show novelty preference under vehicle conditions.

“Three rats were removed from analysis because of undetect-able virus expression, or failure to show novelty preference under vehicle conditions; virus expression for the included rats is shown in Figure 6D.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

NAc is a common node of the social decision-making network which integrates dopaminergic reward circuitry with neuroendocrine centers known to mediate social behavior.

“O'Connell and Hofmann (2011) placed the NAc as a common node of the social decision-making network which integrates the dopaminergic reward circuitry with the neuroendocrine centers known to mediate social behavior.”

• cites O'Connell and Hofmann (2011)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

NAc appears to decipher aversive from appetitive stimuli and modulate activity patterns in other social decision-making structures based on the valence of sensory information.

“Importantly, NAc appears to decipher aversive from appetitive stimuli (Xiu et al., 2014) and modulate activity patterns in other social decision-making structures based on the valence of sensory information (Johnson et al., 2017).”

• cites Xiu et al., 2014Not checked yet

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• cites Johnson et al., 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Recent reports show excitation of IC projections to central amygdala promote relapse of methamphetamine use and IC projections to bed nucleus of the stria terminalis mediate negative affect during alcohol abstinence.

“Recent reports in drug administration models show excitation of IC projections to central amygdala promote relapse of methamphetamine use (Venniro et al., 2017) and IC projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis mediate negative affect during alcohol abstinence (Centanni et al., 2019).”

• cites Venniro et al., 2017Not checked yet

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• cites Centanni et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

IC is a site of multisensory integration and is reciprocally connected to the extended amygdala, which may underlie its known role in human emotional recognition.

“IC is a site of multisensory integration (Rodgers et al., 2008;Gogolla et al., 2014;Gogolla, 2017) and is reciprocally connected to the extended amygdala (Shi and Cassell, 1998), which may underlie its known role in human emotional recognition (Adolphs et al., 2003;Gu et al., 2013;Terasawa et al., 2015).”

• cites Rodgers et al., 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Gogolla et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Gogolla, 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Although we cannot be sure that approach to stressed juveniles is a prosocial response, increased NAc activity is associated with many prosocial behaviors.

“Although we cannot be sure that approach to stressed juveniles is a prosocial response, increased NAc activity is associated with many prosocial behaviors.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Approach to stressed juveniles is a prosocial response.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Rats require parental support to develop and survive, and the same mechanisms that evolved to enable parental care may also underlie more complex social abilities.

“Rats require parental support to develop and survive (Lamers et al., 1986), and the same mechanisms that evolved to enable parental care may also underlie more complex social abilities (Scheiber et al., 2017;Marsh, 2019).”

• cites Lamers et al., 1986Not checked yet

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• cites Scheiber et al., 2017Not checked yet

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• cites Marsh, 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is now substantial evidence that IC encodes and distributes negative affective states to subcortical networks to modulate behavior.

“There is now substantial evidence that IC encodes and distributes negative affective states to to subcortical networks to modulate behavior (Berret et al., 2019;Gehrlach et al., 2019).”

• cites Berret et al., 2019Not checked yet

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• cites Gehrlach et al., 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the SAP test, there are changes to several overt conspecific behaviors and to the pattern of ultrasonic vocalizations, which together could convey important features of conspecific stress and age.

“in the SAP test, we reported that there are changes to several overt conspecific behaviors (e.g., selfgrooming) and to the pattern of ultrasonic vocalizations, which together could convey important features of conspecific stress and age (Rogers-Carter et al., 2018b).”

• cites Rogers-Carter et al., 2018bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Our findings that chemogenetic manipulation of IC terminals in NAc relates to adult-to-juvenile behaviors adds to these NAc-dependent prosocial behaviors and suggest an anatomical tract for socioemotional information to be integrated in social decision-making.

“Our findings that chemogenetic manipulation of IC terminals in NAc relates to adult-tojuvenile behaviors adds to these NAc-dependent prosocial behaviors and suggest an anatomical tract for socioemotional information to be integrated in social decision-making.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Optogenetic excitation of ventral tegmental neurons that project to NAc promoted mating behavior and microinfusion of a dopamine reuptake inhibitor increased social play in rats.

“Optogenetic excitation of ventral tegmental neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens promoted mating behavior (Beny-Shefer et al., 2017) and microinfusion of a dopamine reuptake inhibitor increased social play in rats (Manduca et al., 2016).”

• cites Beny-Shefer et al., 2017Not checked yet

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• cites Manduca et al., 2016Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Because these social actions are necessary for species survival, they are likely reinforced by the reward system to promote their occurrence.

“Because these social actions are necessary for species survival, they are likely reinforced by the reward system to promote their occurrence (O'Connell and Hofmann, 2011).”

• cites O'Connell and Hofmann, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Oxytocin in NAc increases social approach and is important for forming pair bonds.

“Similarly, oxytocin in NAc increases social approach (Steinman et al., 2019) and is important for forming pair bonds (Insel and Shapiro, 1992;Walum et al., 2012;Walum and Young, 2018).”

• cites Steinman et al., 2019Not checked yet

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• cites Insel and Shapiro, 1992Not checked yet

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• cites Walum et al., 2012Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Using both inhibitory and excitatory tract-specific chemogenetic manipulations of IC→NAc terminals, this tract is both necessary for the preference for the stressed juvenile and sufficient to increase overall social exploration directed toward juvenile conspecifics.

“Further, using both inhibitory and excitatory tract-specific chemogenetic manipulations of IC ¡ NAc terminals, we find that this tract is both necessary for the preference for the stressed juvenile and sufficient to increase overall social exploration directed toward juvenile conspecifics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Silencing of IC projection to NAc decreased alcohol self-administration and increased sensitivity to alcohol, and IC projections to central amygdala drive avoidance of an aversive tastant and fear.

“Similarly, silencing of the IC projection to NAc decreased alcohol self-administration (Jaramillo et al., 2018b) and increased sensitivity to alcohol (Jaramillo et al., 2018a), and IC projections to the central amygdala drive avoidance of an aversive tastant (Schiff et al., 2018) and fear (Berret et al., 2019;Gehrlach et al., 2019).”

• cites Jaramillo et al., 2018bNot checked yet

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• cites Jaramillo et al., 2018aNot checked yet

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• cites Schiff et al., 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

An emergent theme is that IC mediates both appetitive and aversive behavioral responses to external stimuli via different projections.

“Although more work will add clarification, an emergent theme is that IC mediates both appetitive and aversive behavioral responses to external stimuli via different projections.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

IC contributes to both social approach and avoidance, the latter of which may be mediated by IC projections to central amygdala, which is necessary for social avoidance of stressed conspecifics.

“IC contributes to both social approach and avoidance (Rogers-Carter et al., 2018b), the latter of which may be mediated IC projections to the central amygdala, which is necessary for social avoidance of stressed conspecifics (Ferretti et al., 2019).”

• cites Rogers-Carter et al., 2018bNot checked yet

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• cites Ferretti et al., 2019Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Bilateral cannula tip placements in NAc were confirmed for experimental rats tested with PN30 (n=9) and PN50 (n=7) conspecifics.

“Map of bilateral cannula tip placements in NAc from experimental rats tested with PN30 (green; n ϭ 9) and PN50 (blue; n ϭ 7) conspecifics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In an appetitive consummatory task, optogenetic stimulation of IC to NAc projections reduced consumption.

“Interestingly, in an appetitive consummatory task (sucrose preference) optogenetic stimulation of IC to NAc projections reduced consumption (Gehrlach et al., 2019).”

• cites Gehrlach et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These results parallel several features of human social behavior, namely that social stress cues modulate rodent social interactions in ways that mirror adult preference to lend help to juveniles while showing less empathy toward other adults.

“These results parallel several features of human social behavior, namely that social stress cues modulate rodent social interactions in ways that mirror adult preference to lend help to juveniles while showing less empathy toward other adults (Batson and Powell, 2003).”

• cites Batson and Powell, 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Treatment order on days 3 and 4 was counterbalanced.

“treatment order on days 3 and 4 was counterbalanced.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cannula tip placements in NAc were summarized.

“Summary map of cannula tip placements in NAc.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bilateral IC sham pAAV5-hSyn-mCherry expression was confirmed in control rats (n=8).

“Map of bilateral IC sham pAAV5-hSyn-mCherry expression, n ϭ 8.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

mCherry expression in IC was summarized for n=10.

“Summary of mCherry expression in IC (n ϭ 10)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

hM4D(Gi) expression spread in the IC was summarized.

“Summary of mCherry expression indicating spread of hM4D(Gi) in the IC.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cannula tip placements in NAc were mapped.

“Map of cannula tip placements in NAc (left)”