The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 26 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Sex differences in the effects of testosterone and its metabolites on vasopressin messenger RNA levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of rats
Open accessAbstract
Male rats have about two times as many steroid-responsive vasopressin- immunoreactive (AVP-ir) neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) as female rats. This sex difference does not depend on differences in circulating hormone levels, since it persists in males and females that are treated with similar levels of testosterone. To analyze the cellular basis of this sex difference, we compared the effects of testosterone and its metabolites on AVP mRNA expression in the BST of males and females that were gonadectomized at 3 months of age. When rats received implants of Silastic tubing filled with testosterone, males had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females. When, in a second experiment, rats received implants of either empty tubing, or tubing with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E), or E plus DHT, hardly any labeled cells were found in rats with empty implants. E treatment significantly stimulated AVP mRNA expression in both sexes, but significantly more so in males, which had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females. DHT treatment by itself did not stimulate AVP mRNA expression, but when given in combination with E, it significantly increased the number of cells over that of animals treated with E alone. This increase was seen in males only. However, in both sexes, it increased the labeling per cell over that of animals treated with E only, but more so in males than in females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In gonadectomized adult rats given similar testosterone implants, males had more vasopressin (AVP) mRNA-labeled cells and more labeling per cell in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) than females. Estradiol stimulated AVP mRNA in both sexes but more in males, and adding dihydrotestosterone increased labeled-cell number only in males, suggesting sex differences in estrogen and androgen responsiveness of individual AVP-producing BST cells.
Key findings
- With similar testosterone implants, males had more BST cells labeled for AVP mRNA than females (ANOVA, F = 12.43, df = 1/11, p < 0.01) and more grains per labeled cell (ANOVA, F = 6.63, df = 1/11, p < 0.05).
- In the metabolite experiment, overall males had more AVP mRNA-labeled cells than females (F = 16.98, df = 1/45, p < 0.0005), treatment affected labeled-cell number (F = 114.32, df = 3/45, p < 0.0001), and treatment effects differed by sex (F = 8.43, df = 3/45, p < 0.0001).
- Estradiol (E) significantly stimulated AVP mRNA expression in both sexes, but E-treated males had significantly more labeled cells than E-treated females. DHT alone did not stimulate AVP mRNA expression; E+DHT increased labeled-cell number over E alone in males only.
- Among E- and E+DHT-treated animals, males had more grains per labeled cell than females (F = 14.93, df = 1/23, p < 0.001), and E+DHT-treated rats had more grains per cell than E-treated rats (F = 6.46, df = 1/23, p < 0.05); the sex × treatment interaction for grains per cell did not reach significance (F = 3.82, df = 1/23, p = 0.063).
Methods
- Adult male and female Long-Evans rats (80–90 d old) were gonadectomized and implanted with Silastic tubing. Experiment 1: 7 males and 6 females received testosterone implants. Experiment 2: rats received empty implants (7 males, 7 females), DHT (6 males, 6 females), estradiol (6 males, 8 females), or E+DHT (6 males, 7 females).
- Animals were decapitated 4 weeks after implantation; brains were sectioned and processed for in situ hybridization for AVP mRNA in the BST, with labeled cells and grains counted under dark-field illumination by experimenters blind to specimen identity.
- Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (experiment 1) or three-way ANOVA (experiment 2) with sex and treatment as between-subject variables and side of brain as a repeated measure, followed by Newman-Keuls post hoc tests for significant interactions.
Limitations
- The paper does not state a formal limitations section.
- Stated in the text: in the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and paraventricular nuclei, labeled cells and grain density could not be determined accurately; and the sex × treatment interaction for grains per labeled cell in E- versus E+DHT-treated animals failed to reach significance (p = 0.063).
- Evident from the text: group sizes were small (6–8 animals per group), hormone levels were not measured in this study but cited from prior implant characterizations, and grain analysis was restricted to E- and E+DHT-treated groups because empty- and DHT-treated animals had virtually no labeled cells.
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Claims the paper makes
14 Own result · 9 No full text of the sources · 8 Own interpretation · 5 Own method · 4 Not checked yet · 2 Sources not found · 1 Partly supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“since virtually all them are immunoreactive for androgen and estrogen receptors (Axelson and Van Leeuwen, 1990;Zhou et al., 1993).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Axelson and Van Leeuwen, 1990 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Double-staining of ER and VP-NP section (page unavailable) reports estrogen-receptor staining in parvocellular VP cells of the BST and says no VP-NP-positive cells without that staining were seen there. The paper does not report androgen-receptor immunoreactivity in those cells, so it supports only the estrogen-receptor part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not matchedcites Zhou et al., 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of these nuclei, however, showed any notable differences among the different hormonal conditions.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHT treatment by itself did not stimulate AVP mRNA expression”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“while DHT when given by itself did not influence either.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, females treated with E+DHT did not show more cells than females treated with E only.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“This increase was seen in males only.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After receiving similar implants of testosterone, male rats had more AVP mRNA-labeled cells in the BST (Figs. 1,2; ANOVA, F = 12.43, df = l/l 1, p < 0.01)”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“When rats received implants of Silastic tubing filled with testosterone, males had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The testosterone implants produced similar circulating testosterone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, E+DHT-treated rats had more grains per cell than E-treated rats (Figs. 5, 6; ANOVA, F = 6.46, df = l/23, p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“However, in both sexes, it increased the labeling per cell over that of animals treated with E only”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the E+DHT treatment seemed to elevate the grain density specifically in males, the interaction of sex and treatment failed to reach significance (ANOVA, F = 3.82, df = l/23, p = 0.063).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and more grains per labeled cell (Fig. 3; ANOVA, F = 6.63, df = l/l 1, p < 0.05) than female rats.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“males had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The testosterone implants produced similar circulating testosterone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but more so in males than in females.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hardly any labeled cells were found in rats with empty implants.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Since treatment with empty tubing or with DHT resulted in a loss of virtually all labeled cells in males as well as females, analysis of the number of grains over cells was done only in E-treated and E+DHT-treated animals.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“E treatment significantly stimulated AVP mRNA expression in both sexes”
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
“The post hoc Newman Keuls test indicated that E-treated males and females had significantly more AVP mRNAlabeled cells than males and females given empty tubing or tubing with DHT.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Results · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these two groups, male rats showed more grains per labeled cell in the BST than females (Fig. 5; ANOVA, F = 14.93, df = l/23, p < 0.001).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, if males were treated with E+DHT, they showed significantly more cells than males treated with E only.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“but when given in combination with E, it significantly increased the number of cells over that of animals treated with E alone.This increase was seen in males only.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“E-treated males, however, showed significantly more labeled cells than E-treated females.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“but significantly more so in males, which had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Male rats have about two times as many steroid-responsive vasopressin-immunoreactive (AVP-ir) neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) as female rats.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“the BST in males contains about two times as many AVP-ir cells, or cells that can be labeled for AVP mRNA as the BST in females (Van Leeuwen et al., 1985;Miller et al., 1989b).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Leeuwen et al., 1985 source
- Not matchedcites Miller et al., 1989b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites De Vries et al., 198 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
In the paper
“This sex difference does not depend on differences in circulating hormone levels, since it persists in males and females that are treated with similar levels of testosterone.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“The sex differences in AVP immunostaining of the BST projections remain present even when males and females are treated equally with testosterone (De Vries and Al-Shamma, 1990).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Vries and Al-Shamma, 1990 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
In the paper
“However, if DHT is given in combination with E, it enhances AVP immunostaining (De Vries et al., 1986).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Vries et al., 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, since males had still more AVP mRNA-labeled cells and more grains per labeled cell than females after receiving similar E treatment, the sex differences in AVP mRNA labeling cannot be explained merely by sex differences in the conversion of testosterone into E.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
In the paper
“Estradiol (E)-which is an estrogenic metabolite of testosterone generated by aromatization (Naftolin et al., 1975)-partially restores AVP immunostaining in castrated male rats”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Vries et al., 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although no sex differences have been found in the number of estrogen receptors in the BST (Brown et al., 1988(Brown et al., , 1992) )”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study, however, shows that sex differences in AVP mRNA labeling of BST cells remain present even if males and females are treated with similar amounts of testosterone, suggesting that sex differences in AVP mRNA labeling in intact animals cannot be explained merely by differences in circulating hormones.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The testosterone implants produced similar circulating testosterone levels in male and female rats.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Since there are no clearly recognizable androgen-and estrogen-responsive elements on the promoter region ofthe AVP gene (Adan and Burbach, 1992;Young, 1992)”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The slightly higher proportion of labeling per cell in E-treated males than in E-treated females suggests that there are also sex differences in estrogen responsiveness of individual AVP-producing cells.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
In the paper
“Recently, we have found that local application of DHT in the brain of castrated rats can moderately elevate AVP mRNA labeling in the BST, suggesting that central actions of DHT may depend on its concentration (Brot et al., 1993).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brot et al., 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there are indeed sex differences in the number of androgen receptors associated with the cell nuclear fraction of the BST (Roselli,199 1).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Roselli,199 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“while Sa-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)which is an androgenic, nonaromatizable metabolite of testosterone generated by reduction (Lieberburg and McEwen, 1975)does not by itself restore AVP immunostaining.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites De Vries et al., 1986 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even more so than differences in estrogen responsiveness, sex differences in androgen responsiveness appear to contribute to sex differences in AVP-producing cells in the BST.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“since androgen enhances BST aromatase levels in males more than in females (Roselli et al., 1985a,b;Roselli, 1991)”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Roselli et al., 1985a,b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Roselli, 1991 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, more BST cells in males respond to estrogen stimulation than in females.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study shows that, in castrated males, the effects of E and DHT on AVP mRNA expression are similar to their effects on AVP immunoreactivity.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This effect of testosterone appears to depend on androgen as well as estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and paraventricular nuclei, the number of labeled cells and the grain density per cell could not be determined accurately.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant differences were found in the labeling between the left and right side of the brain.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the latter study indicated that the decision as to how many cells will express AVP depends largely on hormonal differences in the second week after birth, whereas the decision as to how dense the AVP-ir fiber plexus will bewhich may reflect absolute number as well as AVP content of individual fibers-depends on hormonal differences in the first as well as second week after birth.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al., 1993 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of pixels was converted into number of grains using a linear regression curve that was obtained by correlating number of pixels with number of grains that were counted individually in 46 cells with grain counts ranging from 2 to 141.This gave a correlation coefficient of r = 0.99.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Materials and Methods
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The in situ hybridization and the analysis of the sections were done by experimenters that were blind to the identity of the specimens.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Labeled cells were identified in dark-field illuminated slides, and only counted if bright-field illumination revealed a Nissl-stained cell and if the number of grains was at least four times higher than background.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“After gonadectomy, BST cells lose their AVP immunoreactivity and can no longer be labeled for AVP mRNA unless the rats were treated with testosterone (De Vries et al., 1984, 1985;Van Leeuwen et al., 1985;Miller et al., 1989aMiller et al., , 1992)).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites De Vries et al., 1984, 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Leeuwen et al., 1985 source
- Not matchedcites Miller et al., 1989a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The light intensity and camera setting were kept constant across the sections in order to standardize measurements.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are, for example, sex differences in the substance P and cholecystokinin innervation of the BST, both of which are responsive to testosterone and E (Malsbury and McKay, 1987;Simerly and Swanson, 1987;Micevych et al., 1988;Oro et al., 1988).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that in addition to a sex difference in the number of cells that produce AVP there is also a sex difference in estrogen as well as androgen responsiveness in individual AVP-producing cells in the BST.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Furthermore, they show that there are sex differences in the responsiveness of individual BST cells to testosterone metabolites, in particular to DHT, which if given in combination with E increased the number of AVP mRNA-labeled cells in males but not in females.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
In the paper
“Since male rats have higher levels ofaromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the aromatization of testosterone into E, as well as higher numbers of androgen receptors in the BST than female rats (Roselli,199 l)”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Roselli,199 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sex differences found in the present study suggest that sexual differentiation of AVP projections of the BST entails a number of developmental decisions, among which a decision as to how many BST cells will express AVP and a decision on the efficacy of the mechanisms that mediate gonadal hormone effects on AVP gene expression in individual cells.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study suggests that these decisions depend on differences in the levels of gonadal hormones in the first weeks after birth (Wang et al., 1993).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al., 1993 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The testosterone implants produced similar circulating testosterone levels in male and female rats.
“implanted with Silastic tubing (2.5 cm long, 1.5 mm id., 2.4 mm o.d.) filled with testosterone, which previously yielded plasma testosterone levels of 2.4-3.6 &ml, which is in the physiological range for males (De Vries et al., 1984).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
“The dimensions of the Silastic tubing for E (1 cm long, 1 mm i.d., 2 mm o.d.) previously yielded plasma levels of 50-90 ne/ml E. which comnletelv suuuressed LH release in males, while the dim&sions used for DHT (3 cm, 1.5 mm and 2.4 mm o.d.) previously yielded plasma levels of 0.9-l .8rig/ml DHT, which fully restored the size of the seminal vesicles in castrated rats (De Vries et al., 1986).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, this sex difference is organized during early postnatal life by steroid hormone actions on ER and AR.[24][25][26]”
From Neonatal MeCP2 is important for the organization of sex differences in vasopressin expression (2012) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
Mesencephalic dopamine neurons regulate the expression of neuropeptide mRNAs in the rat forebrain.
Young, W. S., Bonner, T. I., & Brann, M. R. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.24.9827 · Cited by 748
The vasopressinergic innervation of the brain in normal and castrated rats
DeVries, G. J., Buijs, R. M., van Leeuwen, F. W., Caffé, A. R., & Swaab, D. F. (1985) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902330206 · Cited by 522
Distribution and regulation of aromatase activity in the rat hypothalamus and limbic system
ROSELLI, C. E., HORTON, L. E., & RESKO, J. A. (1985) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-117-6-2471 · Cited by 415 · cited 2×
“For example, since androgen enhances BST aromatase levels in males more than in females ( Roselli et al., 1985a, b; Roselli, 1991) testosterone may enhance its own conversion into E and therefore its actions on AVP mRNA expression in males more than in females.”
BackgroundDe Vries, G. J., Buds, R. M., & Swaab, D. F. (1981) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90989-6 · Cited by 319
Sexual dimorphism in the vertebrate nervous system
Breedlove, S. M. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-11-04133.1992 · Cited by 304 · cited 1×
“00/O sex differences have been found in the brain that depend on the sex differences in gonadal steroid levels during development (Yahr, 1988; De Vries, 1990; Breedlove, 1992).”
Backgroundvan Leeuwen, F. W., Caffe, A. R., & Vries, G. J. D. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90348-8 · Cited by 248
Gonadal hormone actions on the morphology of the vasopressinergic innervation of the adult rat brain
De Vries, G. J., Buijs, R. M., & Sluiter, A. A. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)91157-0 · Cited by 224 · cited 3×
“After gonadectomy, BST cells lose their AVP immunoreactivity and can no longer be labeled for AVP mRNA unless the rats were treated with testosterone ( De Vries et al., 1984, 1985; Van Leeuwen et al., 1985; Miller et al., 1989a, 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZhou, L., Blaustein, J. D., & De Vries, G. J. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.134.6.8194487 · Cited by 189 · cited 2×
“…sex differences in steroid responsiveness of AVP-producing cells in the BST may be based on differences in androgen and estrogen receptors within these cells, since virtually all them are immunoreactive for androgen and estrogen receptors (Axelson and Van Leeuwen, 1990; Zhou et al., 1993).”
BackgroundBamshad, M., Novak, M. A., & De Vries, G. J. (1993) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1993.tb00480.x · Cited by 175
Self-citationLieberburg, I. M., & McEwen, B. S. (1977) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-100-2-588 · Cited by 165 · cited 3×
“Since testosterone has to be aromatized into E before it can influence estrogen receptors (Lieberburg and McEwen, 1975; Naftolin et al., 1975) the higher levels of aromatase found in the BST of males (Roselli, 199 1) suggest that under similar testosterone treatment AVP-producing cells in the BST of males may be expos…”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Simonneaux, V., & Ribelayga, C. (2003) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.55.2.2 · Cited by 740
“…displays gender and seasonal variations, and is dependent on sex hormone concentrations in some brain areas, such that the increase in VP is correlated to an increase in testosterone concentration (see De Vries et al., 1984, 1986, 1994; Hermes et al., 1990; Pévet et al., 1987, for review).”
BackgroundGoodson, J. L., & Bass, A. H. (2001) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00043-1 · Cited by 646
Physiological substrates of mammalian monogamy: The prairie vole model
Sue Carter, C., Courtney Devries, A., & Getz, L. L. (1995) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(94)00070-h · Cited by 615
The genetics of sex differences in brain and behavior
Ngun, T. C., Ghahramani, N., Sánchez, F. J., Bocklandt, S., & Vilain, E. J. N. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.10.001 · Cited by 450
“Autism There is a high male to female ratio in the prevalence of autism [165] Gonadal hormones affecting oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors [166; 167] Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the OT receptor in the Chinese Han [168] and American Caucasian population [169], SNPs in the vasopressin recepto…”
BackgroundLust, attraction, and attachment in mammalian reproduction
Fisher, H. E. (1998) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-998-1010-5 · Cited by 429
Metadata
- Authors
- De Vries, G., Wang, Z., Bullock, N., & Numan, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1994-03-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1789-1794
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6577591
- OpenAlex
- W2101036608
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 10.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Digital Archive @ GSU (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Counseling And Psychological Services Dissertations (Georgia State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH RO1 MH47538)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- sex differences, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, vasopressin, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, gonadectomy, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arginine Vasopressin, Castration, Drug Combinations, Estradiol, Female, Male, Rats, Inbred Strains, RNA, Messenger, Sex Characteristics, Dihydrotestosterone, Testosterone, Thalamus, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-12, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-12 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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