The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 26 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Sex differences in the effects of testosterone and its metabolites on vasopressin messenger RNA levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of rats
Open accessAbstract
Male rats have about two times as many steroid-responsive vasopressin- immunoreactive (AVP-ir) neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) as female rats. This sex difference does not depend on differences in circulating hormone levels, since it persists in males and females that are treated with similar levels of testosterone. To analyze the cellular basis of this sex difference, we compared the effects of testosterone and its metabolites on AVP mRNA expression in the BST of males and females that were gonadectomized at 3 months of age. When rats received implants of Silastic tubing filled with testosterone, males had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females. When, in a second experiment, rats received implants of either empty tubing, or tubing with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E), or E plus DHT, hardly any labeled cells were found in rats with empty implants. E treatment significantly stimulated AVP mRNA expression in both sexes, but significantly more so in males, which had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females. DHT treatment by itself did not stimulate AVP mRNA expression, but when given in combination with E, it significantly increased the number of cells over that of animals treated with E alone. This increase was seen in males only. However, in both sexes, it increased the labeling per cell over that of animals treated with E only, but more so in males than in females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In gonadectomized adult rats given similar testosterone implants, males had more vasopressin (AVP) mRNA-labeled cells and more labeling per cell in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) than females. Estradiol stimulated AVP mRNA in both sexes but more in males, and adding dihydrotestosterone increased labeled-cell number only in males, suggesting sex differences in estrogen and androgen responsiveness of individual AVP-producing BST cells.
Key findings
- With similar testosterone implants, males had more BST cells labeled for AVP mRNA than females (ANOVA, F = 12.43, df = 1/11, p < 0.01) and more grains per labeled cell (ANOVA, F = 6.63, df = 1/11, p < 0.05).
- In the metabolite experiment, overall males had more AVP mRNA-labeled cells than females (F = 16.98, df = 1/45, p < 0.0005), treatment affected labeled-cell number (F = 114.32, df = 3/45, p < 0.0001), and treatment effects differed by sex (F = 8.43, df = 3/45, p < 0.0001).
- Estradiol (E) significantly stimulated AVP mRNA expression in both sexes, but E-treated males had significantly more labeled cells than E-treated females. DHT alone did not stimulate AVP mRNA expression; E+DHT increased labeled-cell number over E alone in males only.
- Among E- and E+DHT-treated animals, males had more grains per labeled cell than females (F = 14.93, df = 1/23, p < 0.001), and E+DHT-treated rats had more grains per cell than E-treated rats (F = 6.46, df = 1/23, p < 0.05); the sex × treatment interaction for grains per cell did not reach significance (F = 3.82, df = 1/23, p = 0.063).
Methods
- Adult male and female Long-Evans rats (80–90 d old) were gonadectomized and implanted with Silastic tubing. Experiment 1: 7 males and 6 females received testosterone implants. Experiment 2: rats received empty implants (7 males, 7 females), DHT (6 males, 6 females), estradiol (6 males, 8 females), or E+DHT (6 males, 7 females).
- Animals were decapitated 4 weeks after implantation; brains were sectioned and processed for in situ hybridization for AVP mRNA in the BST, with labeled cells and grains counted under dark-field illumination by experimenters blind to specimen identity.
- Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (experiment 1) or three-way ANOVA (experiment 2) with sex and treatment as between-subject variables and side of brain as a repeated measure, followed by Newman-Keuls post hoc tests for significant interactions.
Limitations
- The paper does not state a formal limitations section.
- Stated in the text: in the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and paraventricular nuclei, labeled cells and grain density could not be determined accurately; and the sex × treatment interaction for grains per labeled cell in E- versus E+DHT-treated animals failed to reach significance (p = 0.063).
- Evident from the text: group sizes were small (6–8 animals per group), hormone levels were not measured in this study but cited from prior implant characterizations, and grain analysis was restricted to E- and E+DHT-treated groups because empty- and DHT-treated animals had virtually no labeled cells.
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Claims the paper makes
14 Own result · 9 No full text of the sources · 8 Own interpretation · 5 Own method · 4 Not checked yet · 2 Sources not found · 1 Partly supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“since virtually all them are immunoreactive for androgen and estrogen receptors (Axelson and Van Leeuwen, 1990;Zhou et al., 1993).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Axelson and Van Leeuwen, 1990 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Double-staining of ER and VP-NP section (page unavailable) reports estrogen-receptor staining in parvocellular VP cells of the BST and says no VP-NP-positive cells without that staining were seen there. The paper does not report androgen-receptor immunoreactivity in those cells, so it supports only the estrogen-receptor part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not matchedcites Zhou et al., 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of these nuclei, however, showed any notable differences among the different hormonal conditions.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHT treatment by itself did not stimulate AVP mRNA expression”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“while DHT when given by itself did not influence either.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, females treated with E+DHT did not show more cells than females treated with E only.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“This increase was seen in males only.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After receiving similar implants of testosterone, male rats had more AVP mRNA-labeled cells in the BST (Figs. 1,2; ANOVA, F = 12.43, df = l/l 1, p < 0.01)”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“When rats received implants of Silastic tubing filled with testosterone, males had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The testosterone implants produced similar circulating testosterone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, E+DHT-treated rats had more grains per cell than E-treated rats (Figs. 5, 6; ANOVA, F = 6.46, df = l/23, p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“However, in both sexes, it increased the labeling per cell over that of animals treated with E only”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the E+DHT treatment seemed to elevate the grain density specifically in males, the interaction of sex and treatment failed to reach significance (ANOVA, F = 3.82, df = l/23, p = 0.063).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and more grains per labeled cell (Fig. 3; ANOVA, F = 6.63, df = l/l 1, p < 0.05) than female rats.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“males had more cells that were labeled for AVP mRNA and more labeling per cell than females.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The testosterone implants produced similar circulating testosterone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but more so in males than in females.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hardly any labeled cells were found in rats with empty implants.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Since treatment with empty tubing or with DHT resulted in a loss of virtually all labeled cells in males as well as females, analysis of the number of grains over cells was done only in E-treated and E+DHT-treated animals.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant differences were found in the labeling between the left and right side of the brain.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the latter study indicated that the decision as to how many cells will express AVP depends largely on hormonal differences in the second week after birth, whereas the decision as to how dense the AVP-ir fiber plexus will bewhich may reflect absolute number as well as AVP content of individual fibers-depends on hormonal differences in the first as well as second week after birth.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al., 1993 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of pixels was converted into number of grains using a linear regression curve that was obtained by correlating number of pixels with number of grains that were counted individually in 46 cells with grain counts ranging from 2 to 141.This gave a correlation coefficient of r = 0.99.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Materials and Methods
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The in situ hybridization and the analysis of the sections were done by experimenters that were blind to the identity of the specimens.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Labeled cells were identified in dark-field illuminated slides, and only counted if bright-field illumination revealed a Nissl-stained cell and if the number of grains was at least four times higher than background.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“After gonadectomy, BST cells lose their AVP immunoreactivity and can no longer be labeled for AVP mRNA unless the rats were treated with testosterone (De Vries et al., 1984, 1985;Van Leeuwen et al., 1985;Miller et al., 1989aMiller et al., , 1992)).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites De Vries et al., 1984, 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Leeuwen et al., 1985 source
- Not matchedcites Miller et al., 1989a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The light intensity and camera setting were kept constant across the sections in order to standardize measurements.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are, for example, sex differences in the substance P and cholecystokinin innervation of the BST, both of which are responsive to testosterone and E (Malsbury and McKay, 1987;Simerly and Swanson, 1987;Micevych et al., 1988;Oro et al., 1988).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that in addition to a sex difference in the number of cells that produce AVP there is also a sex difference in estrogen as well as androgen responsiveness in individual AVP-producing cells in the BST.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Furthermore, they show that there are sex differences in the responsiveness of individual BST cells to testosterone metabolites, in particular to DHT, which if given in combination with E increased the number of AVP mRNA-labeled cells in males but not in females.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
In the paper
“Since male rats have higher levels ofaromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the aromatization of testosterone into E, as well as higher numbers of androgen receptors in the BST than female rats (Roselli,199 l)”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Roselli,199 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sex differences found in the present study suggest that sexual differentiation of AVP projections of the BST entails a number of developmental decisions, among which a decision as to how many BST cells will express AVP and a decision on the efficacy of the mechanisms that mediate gonadal hormone effects on AVP gene expression in individual cells.”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study suggests that these decisions depend on differences in the levels of gonadal hormones in the first weeks after birth (Wang et al., 1993).”
§ Sex Differences in the Effects of Testosterone and Its Metabolites on Vasopressin Messenger RNA Levels in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Rats > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al., 1993 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The testosterone implants produced similar circulating testosterone levels in male and female rats.
“implanted with Silastic tubing (2.5 cm long, 1.5 mm id., 2.4 mm o.d.) filled with testosterone, which previously yielded plasma testosterone levels of 2.4-3.6 &ml, which is in the physiological range for males (De Vries et al., 1984).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The estradiol and DHT implants produced similar circulating hormone levels in male and female rats.
“The dimensions of the Silastic tubing for E (1 cm long, 1 mm i.d., 2 mm o.d.) previously yielded plasma levels of 50-90 ne/ml E. which comnletelv suuuressed LH release in males, while the dim&sions used for DHT (3 cm, 1.5 mm and 2.4 mm o.d.) previously yielded plasma levels of 0.9-l .8rig/ml DHT, which fully restored the size of the seminal vesicles in castrated rats (De Vries et al., 1986).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, this sex difference is organized during early postnatal life by steroid hormone actions on ER and AR.[24][25][26]”
From Neonatal MeCP2 is important for the organization of sex differences in vasopressin expression (2012) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
Mesencephalic dopamine neurons regulate the expression of neuropeptide mRNAs in the rat forebrain.
Young, W. S., Bonner, T. I., & Brann, M. R. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.24.9827 · Cited by 748
The vasopressinergic innervation of the brain in normal and castrated rats
DeVries, G. J., Buijs, R. M., van Leeuwen, F. W., Caffé, A. R., & Swaab, D. F. (1985) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902330206 · Cited by 522
Distribution and regulation of aromatase activity in the rat hypothalamus and limbic system
ROSELLI, C. E., HORTON, L. E., & RESKO, J. A. (1985) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-117-6-2471 · Cited by 415 · cited 2×
“For example, since androgen enhances BST aromatase levels in males more than in females ( Roselli et al., 1985a, b; Roselli, 1991) testosterone may enhance its own conversion into E and therefore its actions on AVP mRNA expression in males more than in females.”
BackgroundDe Vries, G. J., Buds, R. M., & Swaab, D. F. (1981) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90989-6 · Cited by 319
Sexual dimorphism in the vertebrate nervous system
Breedlove, S. M. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-11-04133.1992 · Cited by 304 · cited 1×
“00/O sex differences have been found in the brain that depend on the sex differences in gonadal steroid levels during development (Yahr, 1988; De Vries, 1990; Breedlove, 1992).”
Backgroundvan Leeuwen, F. W., Caffe, A. R., & Vries, G. J. D. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90348-8 · Cited by 248
Gonadal hormone actions on the morphology of the vasopressinergic innervation of the adult rat brain
De Vries, G. J., Buijs, R. M., & Sluiter, A. A. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)91157-0 · Cited by 224 · cited 3×
“After gonadectomy, BST cells lose their AVP immunoreactivity and can no longer be labeled for AVP mRNA unless the rats were treated with testosterone ( De Vries et al., 1984, 1985; Van Leeuwen et al., 1985; Miller et al., 1989a, 1992).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZhou, L., Blaustein, J. D., & De Vries, G. J. (1994) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.134.6.8194487 · Cited by 189 · cited 2×
“…sex differences in steroid responsiveness of AVP-producing cells in the BST may be based on differences in androgen and estrogen receptors within these cells, since virtually all them are immunoreactive for androgen and estrogen receptors (Axelson and Van Leeuwen, 1990; Zhou et al., 1993).”
BackgroundBamshad, M., Novak, M. A., & De Vries, G. J. (1993) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1993.tb00480.x · Cited by 175
Self-citationLieberburg, I. M., & McEwen, B. S. (1977) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-100-2-588 · Cited by 165 · cited 3×
“Since testosterone has to be aromatized into E before it can influence estrogen receptors (Lieberburg and McEwen, 1975; Naftolin et al., 1975) the higher levels of aromatase found in the BST of males (Roselli, 199 1) suggest that under similar testosterone treatment AVP-producing cells in the BST of males may be expos…”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Simonneaux, V., & Ribelayga, C. (2003) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.55.2.2 · Cited by 740
“…displays gender and seasonal variations, and is dependent on sex hormone concentrations in some brain areas, such that the increase in VP is correlated to an increase in testosterone concentration (see De Vries et al., 1984, 1986, 1994; Hermes et al., 1990; Pévet et al., 1987, for review).”
BackgroundGoodson, J. L., & Bass, A. H. (2001) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00043-1 · Cited by 646
Physiological substrates of mammalian monogamy: The prairie vole model
Sue Carter, C., Courtney Devries, A., & Getz, L. L. (1995) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(94)00070-h · Cited by 615
The genetics of sex differences in brain and behavior
Ngun, T. C., Ghahramani, N., Sánchez, F. J., Bocklandt, S., & Vilain, E. J. N. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.10.001 · Cited by 450
“Autism There is a high male to female ratio in the prevalence of autism [165] Gonadal hormones affecting oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors [166; 167] Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the OT receptor in the Chinese Han [168] and American Caucasian population [169], SNPs in the vasopressin recepto…”
BackgroundLust, attraction, and attachment in mammalian reproduction
Fisher, H. E. (1998) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-998-1010-5 · Cited by 429
De Vries, G. J., & Panzica, G. C. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.050 · Cited by 346
“In both species, testosterone activates AVP/AVT expression mainly by acting via estrogenic metabolites (De Vries et al., 1986, 1994; Viglietti-Panzica et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSteroid hormones and neurosteroids in normal and pathological aging of the nervous system
Schumacher, M., Weill‐Engerer, S., Lière, P., Robert, F., Franklin, R. J. M., García‐Segura, L. M., Lambert, J. J., Mayo, W., Melcangi, R. C., Párducz, Á., et al. (2003) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2003.09.004 · Cited by 299
“Testosterone influences neuroplastic changes in different nuclei of the limbic system (Johnson et al., 1989; Malsbury and McKay, 1994; De Vries et al., 1994) and also exerts neuroprotective effects, which can be mediated either directly or indirectly via its aromatization to estradiol (Balthazart…”
BackgroundEffects of early life stress on adult male aggression and hypothalamic vasopressin and serotonin.
Veenema, A. H., Blume, A., Niederle, D., Buwalda, B., & Neumann, I. D. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05045.x · Cited by 271
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Interplay of oxytocin, vasopressin, and sex hormones in the regulation of social recognition
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Anatomy, Development, and Function of Sexually Dimorphic Neural Circuits in the Mammalian Brain
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Oxytocin and social motivation
Gordon, I., Martin, C., Feldman, R., & Leckman, J. F. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.007 · Cited by 211
“The effects of AVP on sexual behavior and partner preference formation seem to be more important in males, especially considering the fact that AVP has been found to be more abundant in males (De Vries et al., 1994; Insel and Hulihan, 1995).”
CUSHING, B., & KRAMER, K. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.001 · Cited by 209
Neuroendocrinology of social information processing in rats and mice
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“The AVP enhancing effects of testosterone may be, at least in part, mediated by its aromatization to estrogens, since administration of estradiol, but not dihydrotestosterone (but see [115]), reversed castration-induced reduction of AVP in male rats [31,66].”
Albers, H. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.07.001 · Cited by 200
“…of AVT/AVP in select groups of AVT/AVP neurons in adults (Mayes et al., 1988; De Vries, 1990; Dubois-Dauphin et al., 1994), and these activational effects account for some but not all of the sex differences observed in the AVT/AVP system (De Vries and al Shamma, 1990; De Vries et al., 1994).”
BackgroundChapter 1.1 Anatomy and function of extrahypothalamic vasopressin systems in the brain
Vries, G. J. D., & MILLER, M. A. (1999) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61558-7 · Cited by 189
Veenema, A. H., Beiderbeck, D. I., Lukas, M., & Neumann, I. D. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.03.006 · Cited by 180
“…system of the BST-LS circuit is sexually dimorphic in rats, with males having more AVP cells in the BST and denser AVP projections to the LS than females (De Vries et al., 1981; van Leeuwen et al., 1985), and these variables are strongly regulated by gonadal steroids (De Vries et al., 1983, 1994).”
BackgroundLonstein, & Vries, G. J. D. (1999) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00361.x · Cited by 171
Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin innervation of the brain
DEVRIES, G. (2008) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00402-0 · Cited by 169
“However, in combination with estradiol, it enhances AVP expression to control male levels (De Vries et al., 1986, 1994; Wang and De Vries, 1995).”
BackgroundNomura, M., McKenna, E., Korach, K. S., Pfaff, D. W., & Ogawa, S. (2002) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00525-9 · Cited by 167
Patisaul, H. B., Whitten, P. L., & Young, L. J. (1999) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00058-3 · Cited by 164
Bester‐Meredith, J. K., & Marler, C. A. (2001) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1666 · Cited by 163
“In addition, our study found no correlation between hormone concentrations and AVP-ir staining even though adult concentrations of T (van Leeuwen et al., 1985; De Vries, Duetz, Bujis, Van Heerikhuize, and Vreeburg, 1986; De Vries and Al-Shamma, 1990; Wang and De Vries, 1993; De Vries, Wang, Bullock, and Numan, 1994; W…”
BackgroundBosch, O. J., Müsch, W., Bredewold, R., Slattery, D. A., & Neumann, I. D. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.012 · Cited by 155
“In situ hybridization was performed using an established protocol (De Vries et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1994).”
MethodCell death and sexual differentiation of the nervous system
Forger, N. G. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.006 · Cited by 159
Godwin, J., Sawby, R., Warner, R. R., Crews, D. P., & Grober, M. S. (2000) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000006643 · Cited by 153
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The effect of gonadal hormones and gender on anxiety and emotional learning
Toufexis, D. J., Myers, K. M., & Davis, M. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.020 · Cited by 147
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Self-citationVasopressin released within the central amygdala promotes maternal aggression
Bosch, O. J., & Neumann, I. D. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07115.x · Cited by 139
“In situ hybridization was performed using an established protocol (De Vries et al., 1994; Bosch et al., 2007).”
MethodForlano, P. M., Deitcher, D. L., & Bass, A. H. (2005) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20397 · Cited by 142
Bosch, O. J., Pförtsch, J., Beiderbeck, D. I., Landgraf, R., & Neumann, I. D. (2010) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.01984.x · Cited by 130
Chronic intracerebral prolactin attenuates neuronal stress circuitries in virgin rats
Donner, N. C., Bredewold, R., Maloumby, R., & Neumann, I. D. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05416.x · Cited by 127
Rood, B. D., Stott, R. T., You, S., Smith, C. J. W., Woodbury, M. E., & De Vries, G. J. (2013) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23288 · Cited by 120
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“Although testosterone reinstates AVP expression in the BST following castration (10), it is essentially estradiol, a metabolite of testosterone, that is the major factor regulating AVP expression.”
BackgroundScordalakes, E. M., & Rissman, E. F. (2004) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2004.00036.x · Cited by 118
“Indeed, E2 treatments in castrated rats are unable to elevate AVP mRNA to the same level as combined E2 and DHT treatment (Brot et al. 1993; De Vries et al. 1994).”
BackgroundHan, T. M., & De Vries, G. J. (2003) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.10157 · Cited by 116
“These implants are sufficient for initiating and maintaining AVP mRNA expression in the BST of adult rats (De Vries et al., 1994).”
InfluentialBosch, O. J., Krömer, S. A., & Neumann, I. D. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04576.x · Cited by 116
“In situ hybridization was performed using an established protocol (De Vries et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1994).”
MethodGoodson, J. L., Lindberg, L., & Johnson, P. (2004) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.08.006 · Cited by 115
“effects ( De Vries et al., 1994; Panzica et al., 1998, 1999a,b), and recent data in mice indicate that the dimorphism is also partially produced as a direct function of chromosomal sex (De Vries et al., 2002).”
BackgroundOxytocin and vasopressin: genetics and behavioral implications
Caldwell, H. K., & Young, W. S. (2006) · Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30381-9_25 · Cited by 113
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Preoptic AVT Immunoreactive Neurons of a Teleost Fish with Alternative Reproductive Tactics
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Double duty for sex differences in the brain
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Differential Lateral Septal Vasopressin in Wild-type Rats: Correlation with Aggression
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Sex and species differences in plasma oxytocin using an enzyme immunoassay
Kramer, K. M., Cushing, B. S., Carter, C. S., Wu, J., & Ottinger, M. A. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z04-098 · Cited by 99
“Centrally adminis- © 2004 NRC Canada tered AVP resulted in a significant increase in social behavior in prairie voles (Cho et al. 1999; Young et al. 1999); in both rats and voles, males produce more AVP than females (De Vries et al. 1994; De Vries and Villalba 1997).”
BackgroundViau, V., Soriano, L., & Dallman, M. F. (2001) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00653.x · Cited by 97
“With respect to androgen-dependent influences on AVP mRNA expression in the MeA and BNST, these findings are in agreement with previous studies ( 16 , 27).”
InfluentialNovel cellular phenotypes and subcellular sites for androgen action in the forebrain
DonCarlos, L. L., Sarkey, S., Lorenz, B., Azcoitia, Í., García‐Ovejero, D., Huppenbauer, C. B., & García‐Segura, L. M. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.020 · Cited by 96
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“It is not clearwhether this is an example of androgen receptor-dependent modulation of the brain epigenome, however, because testosterone can be aromatized to estrogenic metabolites, which are actually more potent than androgens in maintaining BNST vasopressin expression (De Vries et al., 1994).”
Zuloaga, D. G., Heck, A., Guzman, R. M. D., & Handa, R. J. (2020) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00319-2 · Cited by 99
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Self-citationTaylor, P. V., Veenema, A. H., Paul, M. J., Bredewold, R., Isaacs, S., & de Vries, G. J. (2012) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/2042-6410-3-15 · Cited by 86
“In situ hybridization was performed as published previously [16,17] using a mixture of two oligodeoxyribose antisense probes.”
MethodVasopressin selectively impairs emotion recognition in men
Uzefovsky, F., Shalev, I., Israel, S., Knafo‐Noam, A., & Ebstein, R. P. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.018 · Cited by 79
“AVP’s role as the initiator of male social behavior is further supported by the finding that androgens control AVP synthesis in several brain areas (De Vries et al., 1994).”
BackgroundFunctional compensation in Hedgehog signaling during mouse prostate development
Doles, J. D., Cook, C. H., Shi, X., et al. (2006) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.12.002 · Cited by 79
Newly proliferated cells in the adult male amygdala are affected by gonadal steroid hormones
Fowler, C. D., Freeman, M. E., & Wang, Z. (2003) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.10273 · Cited by 79
“Because androgen receptor immunoreactivity in the MeA of castrated male rats can be increased by estrogen treatment (Lynch and Story, 2000), the effects of DHT on the central nervous system may rely on the presence of estrogen (DeVries et al., 1994).”
Self-citationHisasue, S.-I., Seney, M. L., Immerman, E., & Forger, N. G. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01669.x · Cited by 78
Cushing, B. S., Razzoli, M., Murphy, A. Z., Epperson, P. M., Le, W.-W., & Hoffman, G. E. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.010 · Cited by 77
“Finally, E regulates the effects of the neuropeptides oxytocin and arginine vasopressin [ 10 ,16,22,47] .R egulating the response to oxytocin and vasopressin may be critical to the ‘‘proper’’ or species-specific expression of social behavior as these neuropeptides facilitate social interactions, such as pair bond form…”
BackgroundWang, Z., & De Vries, G. J. (1995) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00722.x · Cited by 77
Self-citationSladek, C. D., & Somponpun, S. J. (2007) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.08.005 · Cited by 75
“magnocellular vs the sexually dimorphic neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis that express both ERα and ERβ [14,32,41,65]).”
BackgroundDiBenedictis, B. T., Nussbaum, E. R., Cheung, H. K., & Veenema, A. H. (2017) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24216 · Cited by 74
“…shown that removing circulating gonadal steroid hormones in adult males and females via gonadectomy leads to a near complete depletion of AVPir cell bodies and fibers in the MeP and pBNST, as well as AVP-ir fibers in the LS (De Vries et al., 1984, 1994; Rood et al., 2013; Wang & De Vries, 1995).”
BackgroundPaternal Behavior and Aggression: Endocrine Mechanisms and Nongenomic Transmission of Behavior
Marler, C. A., Bester‐Meredith, J. K., & Trainor, B. C. (2003) · Advances in the study of behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(03)01006-4 · Cited by 74
Pierman, S., Sica, M., Allieri, F., Viglietti‐Panzica, C., Panzica, G., & Bakker, J. (2008) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.02.001 · Cited by 74
“…hormone levels in adulthood, since they persist in males and females which are treated with similar levels of testosterone (De Vries and Al Shamma, 1990; De Vries et al., 1994a,b) or estradiol (Bakker et al., 2006), but are primarily due to differences in hormone levels during development.”
InfluentialNeurobehavioral actions of coumestrol and related isoflavonoids in rodents
Whitten, P. L., Patisaul, H. B., & Young, L. J. (2002) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/s0892-0362(01)00192-1 · Cited by 71
“Implants were chosen over injections because they release a steady dose of estrogen over the entire course of treatment, and similar-sized tubing has previously been shown to deliver physiological levels of 17b estradiol in rats [8].”
BackgroundSolomon, N. G., Richmond, A. R., Harding, P. A., FRIES, A., Jacquemin, S., Schaefer, R. L., Lucia, K. E., & Keane, B. (2009) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04361.x · Cited by 70
“In addition, oestrogen regulates the effects of the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin (De Vries et al. 1994; Szot & Dorsa 1994), and ERa appears to have a role in prosocial behaviour (Cushing & Wynne-Edwards (2006).”
BackgroundPak, T. R., Chung, W. C. J., Hinds, L. R., & Handa, R. J. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-0086 · Cited by 69
“Interestingly, both E2 and DHT are required to restore AVP immunoreactivity to the level seen in intact male rats, with E2 restoring approximately 90% and DHT restoring about 10% of AVP-expressing cells (11).”
BackgroundContributions of estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β to the regulation of behavior
Tetel, M. J., & Pfaff, D. W. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.01.008 · Cited by 68
“Testosterone, and to a lesser extent estradiol, up-regulates AVP expression in brain regions involved in aggression [62,63].”
BackgroundPlumari, L., Viglietti‐Panzica, C., Allieri, F., Honda, S., Harada, N., Absil, P., Balthazart, J., & Panzica, G. C. (2002) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00866.x · Cited by 66
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“It must be noted that estrogen is implicated in the regulation of AVP expression in the BNST [37] and most animals in the present study were estrogen primed.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe role of oxytocin and vasopressin in emotional and social behaviors
Bachner‐Melman, R., & Ebstein, R. P. (2014) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59602-4.00004-6 · Cited by 65
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Modulation of social behavior by distinct vasopressin sources
Rigney, N., Vries, G. J. D., & Petrulis, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1127792 · Cited by 64
“Steroidal effects on AVP peptide and AVP mRNA expression occur during early development as well as in adulthood, reflecting organizational and activational effects of steroid hormones, respectively (67, 68).”
BackgroundEstradiol abolishes autologous down regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in brain
Ferrini, M. G., Lima, A. E., & Nicola, A. F. D. (1995) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)02236-3 · Cited by 55
Oxytocin and excitation/inhibition balance in social recognition
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Galanin – 25 years with a multitalented neuropeptide
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The control of preoptic aromatase activity by afferent inputs in Japanese quail
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“De Vries et al. (1994a) demonstrated that estrogen replacement resulted in an increase of AVP message within the BNST in both castrated males and a significant but smaller increase in OVX females.”
BackgroundRisold, P. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012547638-6/50021-3 · Cited by 56
Estradiol Mediates Effects of Testosterone on Vasotocin Immunoreactivity in the Adult Quail Brain
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Neonatal MeCP2 is important for the organization of sex differences in vasopressin expression
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The Septal Region and Social Behavior
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Neuroendocrine underpinning of social recognition in males and females
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Copeptin in obese children and adolescents: relationships to body mass index, cortisol and gender
Rothermel, J., Kulle, A. E., Holterhus, P., Toschke, C., Lass, N., & Reinehr, T. (2016) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13235 · Cited by 44
Lakhdar‐Ghazal, N., Dubois‐Dauphin, M., Hermes, M. L. H. J., Buijs, R. M., Bengelloun, W. A., & Pévet, P. (1995) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903580404 · Cited by 42
Otero‐García, M., Martín‐Sánchez, A., Fortes-Marco, L., Martínez‐Ricós, J., Agustín‐Pavón, C., Lanuza, E., & Martínez‐Garciá, F. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0553-3 · Cited by 42
“In fact, female and male gonadectomized adult rats treated with equal amounts of testosterone still show a marked difference in the levels of AVP mRNA expression in the BST (De Vries et al. 1994), thus suggesting that organizational effects underlie the activational effects in adult life.”
BackgroundBurke, K. A., Widows, M. R., & Sengelaub, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199707)33:1 · Cited by 44
Metadata
- Authors
- De Vries, G., Wang, Z., Bullock, N., & Numan, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1994-03-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1789-1794
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6577591
- OpenAlex
- W2101036608
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 10.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Digital Archive @ GSU (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Counseling And Psychological Services Dissertations (Georgia State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH RO1 MH47538)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- sex differences, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, vasopressin, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, gonadectomy, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arginine Vasopressin, Castration, Drug Combinations, Estradiol, Female, Male, Rats, Inbred Strains, RNA, Messenger, Sex Characteristics, Dihydrotestosterone, Testosterone, Thalamus, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-12, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-12 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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