CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 80Neural dynamics and brain functionSleep and Wakefulness ResearchAnesthesia and Sedative Agents

Level of Consciousness Is Dissociable from Electroencephalographic Measures of Cortical Connectivity, Slow Oscillations, and Complexity

Open access
Pal, Dinesh, Li, Duan, Dean, Jon G., Brito, Michael A., Liu, Tiecheng, Fryzel, Anna M., Hudetz, Anthony G., Mashour, George A.·2020·The Journal of Neuroscience
DOI 10.1523/jneurosci.1910-19.2019PMC PMC6961988
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Leading neuroscientific theories posit a central role for the functional integration of cortical areas in conscious states. Considerable evidence supporting this hypothesis is based on network changes during anesthesia, but it is unclear whether these changes represent state-related (conscious vs unconscious) or drug-related (anesthetic vs no anesthetic) effects. We recently demonstrated that carbachol delivery to prefrontal cortex (PFC) restored wakefulness despite continuous administration of the general anesthetic sevoflurane. By contrast, carbachol delivery to parietal cortex, or noradrenaline delivery to either prefrontal or parietal cortices, failed to restore wakefulness. Thus, carbachol-induced reversal of sevoflurane anesthesia represents a unique state that combines wakefulness with clinically relevant anesthetic concentrations in the brain. To differentiate the state-related and drug-related associations of cortical connectivity and dynamics, we analyzed the electroencephalographic data gathered from adult male Sprague Dawley rats during the aforementioned experiments for changes in functional cortical gamma connectivity (25–155 Hz), slow oscillations (0.5–1 Hz), and complexity (<175 Hz). We show that higher gamma (85–155 Hz) connectivity is decreased ( p ≤ 0.02) during sevoflurane anesthesia, an expected finding, but was not restored during wakefulness induced by carbachol delivery to PFC. Conversely, for rats in which wakefulness was not restored, the functional gamma connectivity remained reduced, but there was a significant decrease ( p < 0.001) in the power of slow oscillations and increase ( p < 0.001) in cortical complexity, which was similar to that observed during wakefulness induced after carbachol delivery to PFC. We conclude that the level of consciousness can be dissociated from cortical connectivity, oscillations, and dynamics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Numerous theories of consciousness suggest that functional connectivity across the cortex is characteristic of the conscious state and is reduced during anesthesia. However, it is unknown whether the observed changes are state-related (conscious vs unconscious) or drug-related (drug vs no drug). We used a novel rat model in which cholinergic stimulation of PFC produced wakefulness despite continuous exposure to a general anesthetic. We demonstrate that, as expected, general anesthesia reduces connectivity. Surprisingly, the connectivity remains suppressed despite pharmacologically induced wakefulness in the presence of anesthetic, with restoration occurring only after the anesthetic is discontinued. Thus, whether an animal exhibits wakefulness or not can be dissociated from cortical connectivity, prompting a reevaluation of the role of connectivity in level of consciousness.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1523/jneurosci.1910-19.2019

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Reversal of anesthesia by pharmacological cortical stimulation does not restore electroencephalographic measures of functional connectivity.

    “Of note, reversal of anesthesia by pharmacological stimulation of the cortex does not restore electroencephalographic measures of functional connectivity (Pal et al., 2019), which may relate to site of stimulation or technique of neural recording.”

    From Conscious Processing and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis (2020) · cites this paper as Pal et al., 2019

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 62

  1. Abásolo D, Simons S, Morgado da Silva R, Tononi G, Vyazovskiy VV (2015) Lempel–Ziv complexity of cortical activity during sleep and waking in rats. J Neurophysiol 113: 2742– 2752. 10.1152/jn.00575.2014 25717159 PMC4416627 · DOI
  2. Alkire MT, McReynolds JR, Hahn EL, Trivedi AN (2007) Thalamic microinjection of nicotine reverses sevoflurane-induced loss of righting reflex in the rat. Anesthesiology 107: 264– 272. 10.1097/01.anes.0000270741.33766.24 17667571 · DOI
  3. Alkire MT, Hudetz AG, Tononi G (2008) Consciousness and anesthesia. Science 322: 876– 880. 10.1126/science.1149213 18988836 PMC2743249 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Bodart O, Amico E, Gómez F, Casali AG, Wannez S, Heine L, Thibaut A, Annen J, Boly M, Casarotto S, Rosanova M, Massimini M, Laureys S, Gosseries O (2018) Global structural integrity and effective connectivity in patients with disorders of consciousness. Brain Stimul 11: 358– 365. 10.1016/j.brs.2017.11.006 29162503 · DOI
  5. Boly M, Garrido MI, Gosseries O, Bruno MA, Boveroux P, Schnakers C, Massimini M, Litvak V, Laureys S, Friston K (2011) Preserved feedforward but impaired top-down processes in the vegetative state. Science 332: 858– 862. 10.1126/science.1202043 21566197 · DOI
  6. Boly M, Moran R, Murphy M, Boveroux P, Bruno MA, Noirhomme Q, Ledoux D, Bonhomme V, Brichant JF, Tononi G, Laureys S, Friston K (2012) Connectivity changes underlying spectral EEG changes during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. J Neurosci 32: 7082– 7090. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3769-11.2012 22593076 PMC3366913 · DOI
  7. Bonhomme V, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A, Bruno MA, Jaquet O, Bahri MA, Plenevaux A, Boly M, Boveroux P, Soddu A, Brichant JF, Maquet P, Laureys S (2016) Resting-state network-specific breakdown of functional connectivity during ketamine alteration of consciousness in volunteers: Anesthesiology 125: 873– 888. 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001275 27496657 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Borjigin J, Lee U, Liu T, Pal D, Huff S, Klarr D, Sloboda J, Hernandez J, Wang MM, Mashour GA (2013) Surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity in the dying brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: 14432– 14437. 10.1073/pnas.1308285110 23940340 PMC3761619 · DOI
  9. Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND (2010) General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. N Engl J Med 363: 2638– 2650. 10.1056/NEJMra0808281 21190458 PMC3162622 · DOI
  10. Casali AG, Gosseries O, Rosanova M, Boly M, Sarasso S, Casali KR, Casarotto S, Bruno MA, Laureys S, Tononi G, Massimini M (2013) A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior. Sci Transl Med 5: 198ra105. 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006294 23946194 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Castro S, Falconi A, Chase MH, Torterolo P (2013) Coherent neocortical 40-Hz oscillations are not present during REM sleep. Eur J Neurosci 37: 1330– 1339. 10.1111/ejn.12143 23406153 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Castro S, Cavelli M, Vollono P, Chase MH, Falconi A, Torterolo P (2014) Inter-hemispheric coherence of neocortical gamma oscillations during sleep and wakefulness. Neurosci Lett 578: 197– 202. 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.044 24993304 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Changeux JP (2012) Conscious processing: implications for general anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 25: 397– 404. 10.1097/ACO.0b013e32835561de 22699320 · DOI
  14. Chemali JJ, Van Dort CJ, Brown EN, Solt K (2012) Active emergence from propofol general anesthesia is induced by methylphenidate. Anesthesiology 116: 998– 1005. 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182518bfc 22446983 PMC3339625 · DOI
  15. Cimenser A, Purdon PL, Pierce ET, Walsh JL, Salazar-Gomez AF, Harrell PG, Tavares-Stoeckel C, Habeeb K, Brown EN (2011) Tracking brain states under general anesthesia by using global coherence analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 8832– 8837. 10.1073/pnas.1017041108 21555565 PMC3102391 · DOI
  16. Delorme A, Makeig S (2004) EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J Neurosci Methods 134: 9– 21. 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009 15102499 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Gao S, Proekt A, Renier N, Calderon DP, Pfaff DW (2019) Activating an anterior nucleus gigantocellularis subpopulation triggers emergence from pharmacologically-induced coma in rodents. Nat Commun 10: 2897. 10.1038/s41467-019-10797-7 31263107 PMC6603023 · DOI
  18. Gaskell AL, Hight DF, Winders J, Tran G, Defresne A, Bonhomme V, Raz A, Sleigh JW, Sanders RD (2017) Frontal alpha-δ EEG does not preclude volitional response during anaesthesia: prospective cohort study of the isolated forearm technique. Br J Anaesth 119: 664– 673. 10.1093/bja/aex170 29121278 · DOI
  19. Hemmings HC Jr, Riegelhaupt PM, Kelz MB, Solt K, Eckenhoff RG, Orser BA, Goldstein PA (2019) Towards a comprehensive understanding of anesthetic mechanisms of action: a decade of discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 40: 464– 481. 10.1016/j.tips.2019.05.001 31147199 PMC6830308 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Hobson JA (2009) REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness. Nat Rev Neurosci 10: 803– 813. 10.1038/nrn2716 19794431 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Hudetz AG (2012) General anesthesia and human brain connectivity. Brain Connect 2: 291– 302. 10.1089/brain.2012.0107 23153273 PMC3621592 · DOI
  22. Hudetz AG, Mashour GA (2016) Disconnecting consciousness: is there a common anesthetic end point? Anesth Analg 123: 1228– 1240. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001353 27331780 PMC5073005 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Hudetz AG, Liu X, Pillay S (2015) Dynamic repertoire of intrinsic brain states is reduced in propofol-induced unconsciousness. Brain Connect 5: 10– 22. 10.1089/brain.2014.0230 24702200 PMC4313411 · DOI
  24. Hudetz AG, Liu X, Pillay S, Boly M, Tononi G (2016) Propofol anesthesia reduces Lempel–Ziv complexity of spontaneous brain activity in rats. Neurosci Lett 628: 132– 135. 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.017 27291459 PMC5086801 · DOI
  25. Jordan D, Ilg R, Riedl V, Schorer A, Grimberg S, Neufang S, Omerovic A, Berger S, Untergehrer G, Preibisch C, Schulz E, Schuster T, Schröter M, Spoormaker V, Zimmer C, Hemmer B, Wohlschläger A, Kochs EF, Schneider G (2013) Simultaneous electroencephalographic and functional magnetic resonance imaging indicate impaired cortical top-down processing in association with anesthetic-induced unconsciousness: Anesthesiology 119: 1031– 1042. 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182a7ca92 23969561 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Kenny JD, Taylor NE, Brown EN, Solt K (2015) Dextroamphetamine (but not atomoxetine) induces reanimation from general anesthesia: implications for the roles of dopamine and norepinephrine in active emergence. PLoS One 10: e0131914. 10.1371/journal.pone.0131914 26148114 PMC4492624 · DOI
  27. Ku SW, Lee U, Noh GJ, Jun IG, Mashour GA (2011) Preferential inhibition of frontal-to-parietal feedback connectivity is a neurophysiologic correlate of general anesthesia in surgical patients. PLoS One 6: e25155. 10.1371/journal.pone.0025155 21998638 PMC3187752 · DOI
  28. Laureys S, Goldman S, Phillips C, Van Bogaert P, Aerts J, Luxen A, Franck G, Maquet P (1999) Impaired effective cortical connectivity in vegetative state: preliminary investigation using PET. Neuroimage 9: 377– 382. 10.1006/nimg.1998.0414 10191166 · DOI
  29. Lee U, Kim S, Noh GJ, Choi BM, Hwang E, Mashour GA (2009) The directionality and functional organization of frontoparietal connectivity during consciousness and anesthesia in humans. Conscious Cogn 18: 1069– 1078. 10.1016/j.concog.2009.04.004 19443244 · DOI
  30. Lee U, Ku S, Noh G, Baek S, Choi B, Mashour GA (2013) Disruption of frontal-parietal communication by ketamine, propofol, and sevoflurane. Anesthesiology 118: 1264– 1275. 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31829103f5 23695090 PMC4346246 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Lempel A, Ziv J (1976) On the complexity of finite sequences. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 22: 75– 81. 10.1109/TIT.1976.1055501 · DOI
  32. Lewis LD, Weiner VS, Mukamel EA, Donoghue JA, Eskandar EN, Madsen JR, Anderson WS, Hochberg LR, Cash SS, Brown EN, Purdon PL (2012) Rapid fragmentation of neuronal networks at the onset of propofol-induced unconsciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109: E3377– E3386. 10.1073/pnas.1210907109 23129622 PMC3523833 · DOI
  33. Li D, Mashour GA (2019) Cortical dynamics during psychedelic and anesthetized states induced by ketamine. Neuroimage 196: 32– 40. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.076 30959192 PMC6559852 · DOI
  34. Li D, Hambrecht-Wiedbusch VS, Mashour GA (2017) Accelerated recovery of consciousness after general anesthesia is associated with increased functional brain connectivity in the high-gamma bandwidth. Front Syst Neurosci 11: 16. 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00016 28392760 PMC5364164 · DOI
  35. Li D, Vlisides PE, Kelz MB, Avidan MS, Mashour GA (2019) Dynamic cortical connectivity during general anesthesia in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 130: 870– 884. 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002656 30946055 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA (2005) Sleep, anesthesiology, and the neurobiology of arousal state control. Anesthesiology 103: 1268– 1295. 10.1097/00000542-200512000-00024 16306742 · DOI
  37. Maksimow A, Särkelä M, Långsjö JW, Salmi E, Kaisti KK, Yli-Hankala A, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Scheinin H, Jääskeläinen SK (2006) Increase in high frequency EEG activity explains the poor performance of EEG spectral entropy monitor during S-ketamine anesthesia. Clin Neurophysiol 117: 1660– 1668. 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.05.011 16807101 · DOI
  38. Muindi F, Kenny JD, Taylor NE, Solt K, Wilson MA, Brown EN, Van Dort CJ (2016) Electrical stimulation of the parabrachial nucleus induces reanimation from isoflurane general anesthesia. Behav Brain Res 306: 20– 25. 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.021 26971629 · DOI
  39. Ní Mhuircheartaigh R, Warnaby C, Rogers R, Jbabdi S, Tracey I (2013) Slow-wave activity saturation and thalamocortical isolation during propofol anesthesia in humans. Sci Transl Med 5: 208ra148. 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006007 24154602 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Pal D, Hambrecht-Wiedbusch VS, Silverstein BH, Mashour GA (2015) Electroencephalographic coherence and cortical acetylcholine during ketamine-induced unconsciousness. Br J Anaesth 114: 979– 989. 10.1093/bja/aev095 25951831 PMC4436930 · DOI
  41. Pal D, Silverstein BH, Lee H, Mashour GA (2016) Neural correlates of wakefulness, sleep, and general anesthesia: an experimental study in rat. Anesthesiology 125: 929– 942. 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001342 27617688 PMC5069172 · DOI
  42. Pillay S, Vizuete J, Liu X, Juhasz G, Hudetz AG (2014) Brainstem stimulation augments information integration in the cerebral cortex of desflurane-anesthetized rats. Front Integr Neurosci 8: 8. 10.3389/fnint.2014.00008 24605091 PMC3932553 · DOI
  43. Purdon PL, Pierce ET, Mukamel EA, Prerau MJ, Walsh JL, Wong KF, Salazar-Gomez AF, Harrell PG, Sampson AL, Cimenser A, Ching S, Kopell NJ, Tavares-Stoeckel C, Habeeb K, Merhar R, Brown EN (2013) Electroencephalogram signatures of loss and recovery of consciousness from propofol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: E1142– E1151. 10.1073/pnas.1221180110 23487781 PMC3607036 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Qiu MH, Chen MC, Lu J (2015) Cortical neuronal activity does not regulate sleep homeostasis. Neuroscience 297: 211– 218. 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.070 25864961 PMC4428917 · DOI
  45. Ranft A, Golkowski D, Kiel T, Riedl V, Kohl P, Rohrer G, Pientka J, Berger S, Thul A, Maurer M, Preibisch C, Zimmer C, Mashour GA, Kochs EF, Jordan D, Ilg R (2016) Neural correlates of sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness identified by simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography: Anesthesiology 125: 861– 872. 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001322 27617689 PMC5069173 · DOI · Paper page
  46. Rosanova M, Gosseries O, Casarotto S, Boly M, Casali AG, Bruno MA, Mariotti M, Boveroux P, Tononi G, Laureys S, Massimini M (2012) Recovery of cortical effective connectivity and recovery of consciousness in vegetative patients. Brain 135: 1308– 1320. 10.1093/brain/awr340 22226806 PMC3326248 · DOI · Paper page
  47. Sanders RD, Banks MI, Darracq M, Moran R, Sleigh J, Gosseries O, Bonhomme V, Brichant JF, Rosanova M, Raz A, Tononi G, Massimini M, Laureys S, Boly M (2018a) Propofol-induced unresponsiveness is associated with impaired feedforward connectivity in cortical hierarchy. Br J Anaesth 121: 1084– 1096. 10.1016/j.bja.2018.07.006 30336853 PMC6208295 · DOI
  48. Sanders RD, Mostert N, Lindroth H, Tononi G, Sleigh J (2018b) Is consciousness frontal? Two perioperative case reports that challenge that concept. Br J Anaesth 121: 330– 332. 10.1016/j.bja.2018.01.010 29935590 PMC6617961 · DOI
  49. Sarasso S, Boly M, Napolitani M, Gosseries O, Charland-Verville V, Casarotto S, Rosanova M, Casali AG, Brichant JF, Boveroux P, Rex S, Tononi G, Laureys S, Massimini M (2015) Consciousness and complexity during unresponsiveness induced by propofol, xenon, and ketamine. Curr Biol 25: 3099– 3105. 10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.014 26752078 · DOI · Paper page
  50. Schartner MM, Pigorini A, Gibbs SA, Arnulfo G, Sarasso S, Barnett L, Nobili L, Massimini M, Seth AK, Barrett AB (2017b) Global and local complexity of intracranial EEG decreases during NREM sleep. Neurosci Conscious 2017: niw022. 10.1093/nc/niw022 30042832 PMC6007155 · DOI
  51. Schrouff J, Perlbarg V, Boly M, Marrelec G, Boveroux P, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bruno MA, Laureys S, Phillips C, Pélégrini-Issac M, Maquet P, Benali H (2011) Brain functional integration decreases during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. Neuroimage 57: 198– 205. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.04.020 21524704 · DOI
  52. Sidorov MS, Deck GM, Dolatshahi M, Thibert RL, Bird LM, Chu CJ, Philpot BD (2017) Delta rhythmicity is a reliable EEG biomarker in Angelman syndrome: a parallel mouse and human analysis. J Neurodev Disord 9: 17. 10.1186/s11689-017-9195-8 28503211 PMC5422949 · DOI
  53. Solt K, Cotten JF, Cimenser A, Wong KF, Chemali JJ, Brown EN (2011) Methylphenidate actively induces emergence from general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 115: 791– 803. 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31822e92e5 21934407 PMC3178041 · DOI
  54. Solt K, Van Dort CJ, Chemali JJ, Taylor NE, Kenny JD, Brown EN (2014) Electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area induces reanimation from general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 121: 311– 319. 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000117 24398816 PMC4112744 · DOI · Paper page
  55. Tagliazucchi E, Carhart-Harris R, Leech R, Nutt D, Chialvo DR (2014) Enhanced repertoire of brain dynamical states during the psychedelic experience: enhanced repertoire of brain dynamical states. Hum Brain Mapp 35: 5442– 5456. 10.1002/hbm.22562 24989126 PMC6869695 · DOI
  56. Taylor NE, Van Dort CJ, Kenny JD, Pei J, Guidera JA, Vlasov KY, Lee JT, Boyden ES, Brown EN, Solt K (2016) Optogenetic activation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area induces reanimation from general anesthesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113: 12826– 12831. 10.1073/pnas.1614340113 27791160 PMC5111696 · DOI · Paper page
  57. Tononi G, Boly M, Massimini M, Koch C (2016) Integrated information theory: from consciousness to its physical substrate. Nat Rev Neurosci 17: 450– 461. 10.1038/nrn.2016.44 27225071 · DOI · Paper page
  58. Uhrig L, Sitt JD, Jacob A, Tasserie J, Barttfeld P, Dupont M, Dehaene S, Jarraya B (2018) Resting-state dynamics as a cortical signature of anesthesia in monkeys. Anesthesiology 129: 942– 958. 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002336 30028727 · DOI · Paper page
  59. Vlisides PE, Li D, Zierau M, Lapointe AP, Ip KI, McKinney AM, Mashour GA (2019) Dynamic cortical connectivity during general anesthesia in surgical patients. Anesthesiology 130: 885– 897. 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002677 30946057 PMC6520139 · DOI · Paper page
  60. Warnaby CE, Sleigh JW, Hight D, Jbabdi S, Tracey I (2017) Investigation of slow-wave activity saturation during surgical anesthesia reveals a signature of neural inertia in humans. Anesthesiology 127: 645– 657. 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001759 28665814 PMC7116592 · DOI
  61. Ziv J, Lempel A (1977) A universal algorithm for sequential data compression. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 23: 337– 343. 10.1109/TIT.1977.1055714 · DOI · Paper page
  62. Ziv J, Lempel A (1978) Compression of individual sequences via variable-rate coding. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 24: 530– 536. 10.1109/TIT.1978.1055934 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pal, D., Li, D., Dean, J. G., Brito, M. A., Liu, T., Fryzel, A. M., Hudetz, A. G., & Mashour, G. A.
Affiliations
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author
Pal, Dinesh
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Neuroscience
Publisher
Society for Neuroscience
Published
2019-11-27
Volume
40
Issue
3
Pages
605-618
ISSN
  • 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
  • 1529-2401
DOI
10.1523/jneurosci.1910-19.2019
PMC
PMC6961988
OpenAlex
W2991217205
Cited by
80
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 11
FWCI
7.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (GM111293)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM111293)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
Keywords
level of consciousness, general anesthesia, sevoflurane, carbachol, prefrontal cortex, slow oscillations, cortical complexity, functional connectivity, wakefulness, cholinergic stimulation, norepinephrine, theory of consciousness, EEG, cortical oscillations, parietal cortex
MeSH terms
Sevoflurane, Anesthesia, Animals, Carbachol, Cerebral Cortex, Consciousness Disorders, Electroencephalography, Male, Norepinephrine, Parietal Lobe, Wakefulness, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Prefrontal Cortex, Anesthetics, Inhalation, Muscarinic Agonists, Rats, Gamma Rhythm

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review