Increased spontaneous MEG signal diversity for psychoactive doses of ketamine, LSD and psilocybin
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What is the level of consciousness of the psychedelic state? Empirically, measures of neural signal diversity such as entropy and Lempel-Ziv (LZ) complexity score higher for wakeful rest than for states with lower conscious level like propofol-induced anesthesia. Here we compute these measures for spontaneous magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals from humans during altered states of consciousness induced by three psychedelic substances: psilocybin, ketamine and LSD. For all three, we find reliably higher spontaneous signal diversity, even when controlling for spectral changes. This increase is most pronounced for the single-channel LZ complexity measure, and hence for temporal, as opposed to spatial, signal diversity. We also uncover selective correlations between changes in signal diversity and phenomenological reports of the intensity of psychedelic experience. This is the first time that these measures have been applied to the psychedelic state and, crucially, that they have yielded values exceeding those of normal waking consciousness. These findings suggest that the sustained occurrence of psychedelic phenomenology constitutes an elevated level of consciousness - as measured by neural signal diversity.
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Recent work shows that the use of psychedelics alters variability in neural activity.
“Recent work shows how the use of psychedelics alters variability in neural activity.12”
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Decreased directed functional connectivity in the psychedelic state
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Psychedelics as a treatment for disorders of consciousness
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: A mechanistic model of the neural entropy increase elicited by psychedelic drugs
Herzog, R. A., Mediano, P. A. M., Rosas, F. E., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Perl, Y. S., Tagliazucchi, E., & Cofré, R. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74060-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Ort, A., Smallridge, J. W., Sarasso, S., Casarotto, S., von Rotz, R., Casanova, A., Seifritz, E., Preller, K. H., Tononi, G., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106589 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schartner, M. M., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Barrett, A. B., Seth, A. K., & Muthukumaraswamy, S. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Seth, Anil K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-04-19
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46421-46421
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5396066
- OpenAlex
- W2605399484
- Cited by
- 410
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 13
- FWCI
- 40.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust
- Beckley Foundation
- Royal Society
- University of Sussex
- Royal Society Te Apārangi
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/G007543/1, EP/L005131/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- psychedelic states, altered states of consciousness, Lempel-Ziv complexity, entropy (information theory), ketamine, LSD, psilocybin, level of consciousness
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Consciousness, Hallucinogens, Humans, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Psilocybin, Surveys and Questionnaires, Magnetoencephalography, Healthy Volunteers
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