The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 9 of the 19 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Identification of Dynamically Regulated MicroRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes
Open accessAbstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in modulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. In postnatal oligodendrocyte lineage cells, the miRNA expression profile (“microRNAome”) contains 43 miRNAs whose expression dynamically changes during the transition from A2B5 + oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to premyelinating GalC + cells. The combination of microRNAome profiling with analyses of the oligodendrocyte transcriptome reveals a target bias for a class of miRNAs which includes miR-9. We show that miR-9 is downregulated during oligodendrocyte differentiation. In addition, miR-9 expression level inversely correlates with the expression of its predicted targets, among which is the peripheral myelin protein PMP22. We found that PMP22 mRNA but not protein is detectable in oligodendrocytes, whereas Schwann cells producing PMP22 protein lack miR-9. We demonstrate that miR-9 interacts with the 3′ untranslated region of PMP22 and downregulates its expression. Our results support models in which miRNAs can act as guardians of the transcriptome.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study profiles microRNAs in postnatal rat oligodendrocyte lineage cells and identifies dynamically regulated miRNA–mRNA networks, including a functional interaction between miR-9 and PMP22. It shows that PMP22 mRNA is present in oligodendrocytes but not translated, and that miR-9 down-regulates PMP22 via its 3′UTR.
Key findings
- 98 miRNAs were reproducibly detected in A2B5+ GalC− oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and A2B5− GalC+ premyelinating oligodendrocytes; 43 miRNAs changed dynamically during differentiation, with 23 down-regulated >2-fold (including miR-9 and miR-124a) and 20 up-regulated >2-fold (including miR-21, miR-152, miR-142-5p/-3p, miR-338, miR-339, and miR-378).
- Target bias analysis found 37 of 98 miRNAs with target bias in the top or bottom tenth percentile windows; 35 of 37 signatures were negative, while only miR-9 and miR-124a showed positive correlation signatures in oligodendrocytes.
- PMP22 mRNA was detected in oligodendrocytes and increased ~2-fold during differentiation, but PMP22 protein was not detected in CC1+ oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells lacked mature miR-9 but contained the miR-9 precursor.
- miR-9 interacted with the PMP22 3′UTR and down-regulated expression: luciferase reporter assays showed ~50% repression (p<0.01), deletion of the AACCAAA repeat blocked miR-9-mediated down-regulation, and miR-9 transfection in Schwann cells reduced PMP22 mRNA by ~30% (p<0.05) with comparable protein reduction (p<0.05).
Methods
- A2B5+ GalC− OPCs and A2B5− GalC+ oligodendrocytes were FACS-sorted from P7 Sprague-Dawley rat brains; purity was assessed by real-time PCR for neural markers and by CD11b/CD45 FACS analysis.
- miRNA microarrays and Affymetrix Rat Expression 230 2.0 microarrays were used with four biological replicates; miRNA data were validated by real-time PCR, and target bias was analyzed using TargetScan 4.0 with Fisher’s Exact Test.
- Functional assays included luciferase reporters containing full-length or fragmented/deleted PMP22 3′UTR in HeLa cells, gelshift assays, and Northern blot, Western blot, and immunofluorescence in rat Schwann cells and postnatal rat brain sections.
Limitations
- The paper states that its comparison with cortical neuronal cells is preliminary because other neural cells such as neuronal precursors and astrocytes should be included for a more accurate picture.
- The paper states that 19 additional miRNAs detected by microarray could not be conclusively validated because adequate primers and probes were absent from the multiplex PCR mix.
- The paper notes that only a few animal miRNA targets are known and that target searches mainly rely on bioinformatic predictions; evident from the text, the miR-9–PMP22 functional validation was performed largely in HeLa and Schwann cells rather than oligodendrocytes, and the target-bias analyses are correlative.
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Claims the paper makes
58 Own result · 19 Own interpretation · 6 No full text of the sources · 5 Own method · 3 Supported · 3 Partly supported · 2 Couldn’t confirm · 2 No basis given · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the CNP-EGFP+ mouse cells showed variable levels of PMP22 mRNA between P2 and P30 (Sohn et al., 2006).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Sohn et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The mRNA expression profiling section reports analysis of CNP-EGFP-positive cells at P2, P8, P15, and P30, and the developmental gene expression section describes changes in several myelin-related mRNAs. Neither passage reports PMP22 mRNA levels; searches for “PMP22” and “peripheral myelin protein 22” found no passage addressing them. Our copy therefore does not verify the claimed variation in PMP22 mRNA. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“More globally, the restricted expression of PMP22 protein in comparison to the broad distribution of its message further supports a posttranscriptional control (Amici et al., 2006).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Amici et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Phenotype of PMP22-deficient LacZ mice section and Discussion report broad PMP22 mRNA-associated reporter expression across neural and non-neural tissues (page unavailable). Our copy does not establish that PMP22 protein has a narrower distribution than its message or draw the claimed inference of posttranscriptional control. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“During oligodendrocyte differentiation, miR-335 was down-regulated while miR-21 was strongly up-regulated, in line with the antagonistic action of miR-335 on miR-21.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Sathyan et al., 2007 source
The paper’s ‘Evidence for functional antagonism between miR-335 and miR-21’ section reports that suppressing miR-335 prevented the cell death caused by suppressing miR-21. Its discussion explicitly calls miR-335 a functional antagonist to miR-21. The cited finding concerns neural progenitor cells; the citing sentence’s oligodendrocyte expression changes are its own context. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Notably, miR-219 shows strong expression in OLs, consistent with its tight association with glial cells in the zebrafish brain (Kapsimali et al., 2007).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > Characterization of miRNAs expressed by oligodendrocyte lineage cells
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Kapsimali et al., 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Results (‘miRNA expression can change between larval and adult stages’), the paper reports miR-219 in a few adult zebrafish brain cells associated with major tracts and describes those cells as ‘possibly glia.’ This supports a possible glial association, but not a tight, established association or strong expression specifically in oligodendrocytes. The sentence presents strong oligodendrocyte expression as the citing authors’ observation, rather than a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Of note, three recent studies also support the active transcription of PMP22 in oligodendrocytes (Dugas et al., 2006; Nielsen et al., 2006; Sohn et al., 2006).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dugas et al., 2006 source
- Could not verifycites Nielsen et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion report transcriptional profiling of oligodendrocytes, but the passages do not identify PMP22 among the expressed transcripts. Searches for “PMP22,” “peripheral myelin protein 22,” and PMP22 expression in O4 cells found no passage addressing its transcription. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Could not verifycites Sohn et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on developmental gene-expression profiles describes myelin-related transcripts in purified oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, but does not identify PMP22. Searches of our copy for “PMP22” and “peripheral myelin protein 22 expression in oligodendrocytes” found no passage addressing its transcription, so this paper’s support for the cited claim cannot be verified. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A closer examination of the 3’UTR reveals that a repeat of the (AACCAAA) sequence is also located in fragment 1 between positions 73 and 134.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > miR-9 down-regulates PMP22 protein expression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, only miR-9 and miR-124a predicted targets show a positive correlation signature (Fig. 2B and Supplemental Table 4).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > Target bias analysis of miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“among which is the peripheral myelin protein PMP22”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, we found that the predicted targets of miR-218, miR-449 and miR-487b reverse their correlation signatures from the top A2B5+ GalC− window to the bottom A2B5− GalC+ window.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > Target bias analysis of miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the quantification revealed an increase of ~2 fold during differentiation (Fig. 3B).”
- Also stated in: § miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression · plain
“Similarly, we observed a ~2 fold increase of PMP22 mRNA level during differentiation, supporting a dynamic regulation of PMP22.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > PMP22 mRNA is not translated into protein in oligodendrocytes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The absence of PMP22 protein in oligodendrocytes is consistent with a previous proteomic study that extensively characterized proteins of CNS myelin and did not reveal PMP22 (Taylor et al., 2004).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Taylor et al., 2004 source
The Results describe an extensive proteomic map of CNS myelin, and Table 1 (labeled Discussion in our copy) lists the identified proteins without PMP22. This supports the claim that the study did not reveal PMP22; it does not establish that PMP22 is biologically absent from CNS myelin. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In human and rodents, there are three copies of mir-9 and only two are functional (Krichevsky et al., 2003).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Krichevsky et al., 2003 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Figure 3 describes multicopy miR-9 precursors in humans and rodents and tests three loci; its caption says the chromosome 5 precursor was undetectable in the developing-brain samples. The miRNA expression during corticogenesis section also refers to all three loci. Neither passage establishes that the undetectable copy is nonfunctional, or that exactly two copies are functional in both humans and rodents. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A similar post-transcriptional event may also explain the expression pattern of other brain-enriched miRNAs such as miR-138 (Obernosterer et al., 2006).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Obernosterer et al., 2006 source
The Results and Discussion report that mature miR-138 was detected in brain tissue while its precursor was present in all tissues analyzed, suggesting tissue-specific processing. The authors conclude that pre-miR-138-2 processing is spatially and temporally regulated, supporting the proposed post-transcriptional explanation. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Venn diagram confirms the preferential expression of miR-128 in mature neurons and reveals two additional neuronal markers: miR-129 and miR-298.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > Profiling miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During oligodendrocyte differentiation, miR-335 was down-regulated while miR-21 was strongly up-regulated, in line with the antagonistic action of miR-335 on miR-21.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the real-time PCR analysis of purified A2B5+ GalC− cells shows the low abundance of neuronal and astrocyte markers and the FACS analysis reveals the weak presence of contaminating microglial cells (less than 2%, based on CD11b expression, Supplemental Fig. 1B).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > Characterization of miRNAs expressed by oligodendrocyte lineage cells
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second class is defined by a reversal from negative to positive correlations and only contains miR-9 and miR-124a (Fig. 2C).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > Target bias analysis of miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, 10 miRNAs are down-regulated more than 2 fold and only the predicted targets of miR-9 and miR-124a are associated with a reversal of the correlation signatures from the bottom A2B5+ GalC− window to the top A2B5− GalC+ window.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > Target bias analysis of miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, these six miRNAs have negative target bias in the oligodendrocyte lineage but possess significant positive correlation signatures in neuronal cells.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > Profiling miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The postnatal oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum of rat brains are labeled with the CC1 antibody and not with the PMP22 antibody (Fig. 3C).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > PMP22 mRNA is not translated into protein in oligodendrocytes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The FACS analysis reveals that ~5% of the A2B5− GalC+ cells are CD11b positive and ~7% are CD45 positive (Supplemental Fig. 1B).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > Characterization of miRNAs expressed by oligodendrocyte lineage cells
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only fragment 1 (positions 1-157 relative to the stop codon) and fragment 2 (positions 158–498) support the down-regulation (p<0.01 for fragments 1 and 2, Student’s t-test), while fragment 3 (positions 499–1127) does not.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > miR-9 down-regulates PMP22 protein expression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As positive control, the PMP22 antibody clearly stains neuroepithelial junctions in adjacent sections (Fig. 3D) (Roux et al., 2004).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > PMP22 mRNA is not translated into protein in oligodendrocytes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Roux et al., 2004 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In oligodendroglioma, miR-9 expression is increased when compared to normal adult brain, suggesting a potential role in neoplasia.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nelson et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the comparison is preliminary since other neural cells such as neuronal precursors and astrocytes should be included to obtain a more accurate picture.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > Profiling miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The predicted binding site (BS) of miR-9 is located in fragment 2 (positions 421–443) and may explain the response obtained with this fragment.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > miR-9 down-regulates PMP22 protein expression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether, the in vivo experiments show that PMP22 is transcribed in oligodendrocytes, however no protein is synthesized.”
- Also stated in: § miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression · plain
“Notably, we found that PMP22 mRNA is detected in oligodendrocytes and that the protein is not expressed.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > PMP22 mRNA is not translated into protein in oligodendrocytes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the maturation of neuroblasts is associated with a decrease in the expression level of miR-9, and its down-regulation during the course of oligodendrocyte development is consistent with a role in the proliferating neural cells of the brain.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The expression of miR-9 is very high in neuroblasts and glioblasts of fetal brain.
- Rests on an assumption: The maturation of neuroblasts is associated with a decrease in the expression level of miR-9.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, this analysis shows that 9 of 16 miRNAs, including miR-9, may affect the expression level of their predicted targets and thus would be excellent candidates to consider when searching for functional targets using DNA microarray techniques.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > Target bias analysis of miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The miRNAs in the second class may serve as buffers to silence the genetic noise of unwanted transcripts arising from “leaky” transcription (Hornstein and Shomron, 2006) and such a role has been attributed to miR-9 (Li et al., 2006).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > Target bias analysis of miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hornstein and Shomron, 2006 source
- Not matchedcites Li et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although 19 additional miRNAs were unambiguously detected by miRNA microarrays (Supplemental Table 2), their validation essentially remained inconclusive due to the absence of adequate primers and probes in the multiplex PCR mix.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > Characterization of miRNAs expressed by oligodendrocyte lineage cells
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, this work provides an important step toward the functional identification of miRNAs and how they interact with their targets to control the oligodendrocyte identity.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“The miRNAs in the first class are in line with studies showing that the expression level of the predicted targets is generally higher before differentiation, and that some miRNAs dampen the output of the transcriptionally down-regulated mRNAs to facilitate a faster transition in gene expression (Stark et al., 2005).”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Results > Target bias analysis of miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stark et al., 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The comparison also supports the main expression of miR-124a in proliferating neural cells since miR-124a is shut-down during oligodendrocyte lineage progression, mirroring its down-regulation when neuronal cells differentiate.”
§ Identification of Dynamically Regulated microRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes > Discussion > Profiling miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
In vivo miRNA expression profiles of defined neural populations have not been reported yet.
“In vivo miRNA expression profiles of defined neural populations have not been reported yet.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The miRNA expression profiles of specific neural populations (neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) have not been fully addressed.
“the miRNA expression profiles of specific neural populations (neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) have not been fully addressed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
NDRG1 has been previously reported to be expressed in oligodendrocytes and not PMP22.
“NDRG1 has been previously reported to be expressed in oligodendrocytes and not PMP22, thus making PMP22 an attractive candidate target of miR-9.”
The paper relies on this without support.
miR-9 is enriched in the brain and is conserved during evolution.
“miR-9 is enriched in the brain and is conserved during evolution, suggesting some important functions in neural cells.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The expression of miR-9 is very high in neuroblasts and glioblasts of fetal brain.
“The expression of miR-9 is very high in neuroblasts and glioblasts of fetal brain.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The maturation of neuroblasts is associated with a decrease in the expression level of miR-9.
“Furthermore, the maturation of neuroblasts is associated with a decrease in the expression level of miR-9”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In summary, we provide the first evidence that miR-338 cluster is expressed in human OLs, as previously demonstrated in rodents (Lau et al., 2008; Dugas et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2010).”
From Regulation of miRNA 219 and miRNA Clusters 338 and 17-92 in Oligodendrocytes (2012) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In these studies, over-expression of miR-219-5p, miR-338-5p, and miR-338-3p was shown to promote rodent OPC differentiation, indicating that these miRs play important roles during myelination (Lau et al., 2008; Budde et al., 2010; Dugas et al., 2010).”
From Regulation of miRNA 219 and miRNA Clusters 338 and 17-92 in Oligodendrocytes (2012) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In these studies, over-expression of miR-219-5p, miR-338-5p, and miR-338-3p was shown to promote rodent OPC differentiation, indicating that these miRs play important roles during myelination (Lau et al., 2008; Budde et al., 2010; Dugas et al., 2010).”
From Regulation of miRNA 219 and miRNA Clusters 338 and 17-92 in Oligodendrocytes (2012) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Among them, miR-219 and miR-338 are preferentially and abundantly expressed in mature OLs (Dugas et al., 2010; Lau et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2010).”
From miR-219 Cooperates with miR-338 in Myelination and Promotes Myelin Repair in the CNS (2017) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Expression profiling studies with rodent OLs have reported that several miR species are dramatically regulated during OPC differentiation (Lau et al., 2008; Budde et al., 2010; Dugas et al., 2010).”
From Regulation of miRNA 219 and miRNA Clusters 338 and 17-92 in Oligodendrocytes (2012) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, we confirmed the glial expression of miR-219 and miR-338, which have been implicated previously in the differentiation of oligodendrocytes”
From Comprehensive expression analyses of neural cell-type-specific miRNAs identify new determinants of the specification and maintenance of neuronal phenotypes (2013) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“In previous microarray studies, regulation of miR-17-92 cluster expression during the OPC/OL transition was not reported (Lau et al., 2008).”
From Regulation of miRNA 219 and miRNA Clusters 338 and 17-92 in Oligodendrocytes (2012) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14
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The functions of animal microRNAs
Ambros, V. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02871 · Cited by 10,728
MicroRNA Targeting Specificity in Mammals: Determinants beyond Seed Pairing
Grimson, A., Farh, K. K.-H., Johnston, W. K., Garrett-Engele, P., Lim, L. P., & Bartel, D. P. (2007) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.017 · Cited by 3,766
A Mammalian microRNA Expression Atlas Based on Small RNA Library Sequencing
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MicroRNA-21 Is an Antiapoptotic Factor in Human Glioblastoma Cells
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Control of translation and mRNA degradation by miRNAs and siRNAs: Table 1.
Valencia-Sanchez, M. A., Liu, J., Hannon, G. J., & Parker, R. (2006) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1399806 · Cited by 2,060
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Sempere, L. F., Freemantle, S., Pitha-Rowe, I., Moss, E., Dmitrovsky, E., & Ambros, V. (2004) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-3-r13 · Cited by 1,578
The Widespread Impact of Mammalian MicroRNAs on mRNA Repression and Evolution
Farh, K. K.-H., Grimson, A., Jan, C., Lewis, B. P., Johnston, W. K., Lim, L. P., Burge, C. B., & Bartel, D. P. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1121158 · Cited by 1,484
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Sloan, S. A., Bennett, M. L., Scholze, A. R., O'Keeffe, S., Phatnani, H. P., Guarnieri, P., Caneda, C., Ruderisch, N., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1860-14.2014 · Cited by 4,875
“…one or more purified cell types in the brain (Dugas et al., 2006; Rossner et al., 2006; Lovatt et al., 2007; Cahoy et al., 2008; Doyle et al., 2008; Lau et al., 2008; Daneman et al., 2010; Wylie et al., 2010; Bracko et al., 2012; Friedrich et al., 2012; Lerch et al., 2012; Bandyopadhyay et al.,…”
BackgroundMechanisms of miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation in animal cells
Chekulaeva, M., & Filipowicz, W. (2009) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.04.009 · Cited by 685
Dicer1 and miR-219 Are Required for Normal Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination
Dugas, J. C., Cuellar, T. L., Scholze, A., Ason, B., Ibrahim, A., Emery, B., Zamanian, J. L., Foo, L. C., McManus, M. T., & Barres, B. A. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.027 · Cited by 577
Babenko, O., Kovalchuk, I., & Metz, G. A. S. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.013 · Cited by 513
MicroRNA-Mediated Control of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation
Zhao, X., He, X., Han, X., Yu, Y., Ye, F., Chen, Y., Hoang, T., Xu, X., Mi, Q.-S., Xin, M., et al. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.018 · Cited by 508
Metadata
- Authors
- Lau, P., Verrier, J. D., Nielsen, J. A., Johnson, K. R., Notterpek, L., & Hudson, L. D.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hudson, Lynn D.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-11-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 11720-11730
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2646797
- OpenAlex
- W2047606645
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 7.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Muscular Dystrophy Association
- McKnight Foundation
- Johns Hopkins University
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS041012, Z01NS002528)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › MicroRNA in disease regulation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- microRNA, miR-9, oligodendrocyte differentiation, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, PMP22, 3' untranslated region, post-transcriptional regulation, miRNAome, transcriptome, Schwann cells, microRNA target regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Brain, Cells, Cultured, Galactosylceramides, Gangliosides, Myelin Proteins, Oligodendroglia, RNA, Messenger, Sciatic Nerve, Transfection, Antigens, CD, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Nonlinear Dynamics, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Computational Biology, MicroRNAs, Microarray Analysis, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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