Identification of Dynamically Regulated MicroRNA and mRNA Networks in Developing Oligodendrocytes
Open accessAbstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in modulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. In postnatal oligodendrocyte lineage cells, the miRNA expression profile (“microRNAome”) contains 43 miRNAs whose expression dynamically changes during the transition from A2B5 + oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to premyelinating GalC + cells. The combination of microRNAome profiling with analyses of the oligodendrocyte transcriptome reveals a target bias for a class of miRNAs which includes miR-9. We show that miR-9 is downregulated during oligodendrocyte differentiation. In addition, miR-9 expression level inversely correlates with the expression of its predicted targets, among which is the peripheral myelin protein PMP22. We found that PMP22 mRNA but not protein is detectable in oligodendrocytes, whereas Schwann cells producing PMP22 protein lack miR-9. We demonstrate that miR-9 interacts with the 3′ untranslated region of PMP22 and downregulates its expression. Our results support models in which miRNAs can act as guardians of the transcriptome.
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TL;DR
This study profiles microRNAs in postnatal rat oligodendrocyte lineage cells and identifies dynamically regulated miRNA–mRNA networks, including a functional interaction between miR-9 and PMP22. It shows that PMP22 mRNA is present in oligodendrocytes but not translated, and that miR-9 down-regulates PMP22 via its 3′UTR.
Key findings
- 98 miRNAs were reproducibly detected in A2B5+ GalC− oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and A2B5− GalC+ premyelinating oligodendrocytes; 43 miRNAs changed dynamically during differentiation, with 23 down-regulated >2-fold (including miR-9 and miR-124a) and 20 up-regulated >2-fold (including miR-21, miR-152, miR-142-5p/-3p, miR-338, miR-339, and miR-378).
- Target bias analysis found 37 of 98 miRNAs with target bias in the top or bottom tenth percentile windows; 35 of 37 signatures were negative, while only miR-9 and miR-124a showed positive correlation signatures in oligodendrocytes.
- PMP22 mRNA was detected in oligodendrocytes and increased ~2-fold during differentiation, but PMP22 protein was not detected in CC1+ oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells lacked mature miR-9 but contained the miR-9 precursor.
- miR-9 interacted with the PMP22 3′UTR and down-regulated expression: luciferase reporter assays showed ~50% repression (p<0.01), deletion of the AACCAAA repeat blocked miR-9-mediated down-regulation, and miR-9 transfection in Schwann cells reduced PMP22 mRNA by ~30% (p<0.05) with comparable protein reduction (p<0.05).
Methods
- A2B5+ GalC− OPCs and A2B5− GalC+ oligodendrocytes were FACS-sorted from P7 Sprague-Dawley rat brains; purity was assessed by real-time PCR for neural markers and by CD11b/CD45 FACS analysis.
- miRNA microarrays and Affymetrix Rat Expression 230 2.0 microarrays were used with four biological replicates; miRNA data were validated by real-time PCR, and target bias was analyzed using TargetScan 4.0 with Fisher’s Exact Test.
- Functional assays included luciferase reporters containing full-length or fragmented/deleted PMP22 3′UTR in HeLa cells, gelshift assays, and Northern blot, Western blot, and immunofluorescence in rat Schwann cells and postnatal rat brain sections.
Limitations
- The paper states that its comparison with cortical neuronal cells is preliminary because other neural cells such as neuronal precursors and astrocytes should be included for a more accurate picture.
- The paper states that 19 additional miRNAs detected by microarray could not be conclusively validated because adequate primers and probes were absent from the multiplex PCR mix.
- The paper notes that only a few animal miRNA targets are known and that target searches mainly rely on bioinformatic predictions; evident from the text, the miR-9–PMP22 functional validation was performed largely in HeLa and Schwann cells rather than oligodendrocytes, and the target-bias analyses are correlative.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 19 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
A repeat of the (AACCAAA) sequence is located in fragment 1 between positions 73 and 134.
“A closer examination of the 3’UTR reveals that a repeat of the (AACCAAA) sequence is also located in fragment 1 between positions 73 and 134.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Only miR-9 and miR-124a predicted targets show a positive correlation signature.
“In contrast, only miR-9 and miR-124a predicted targets show a positive correlation signature (Fig. 2B and Supplemental Table 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PMP22 is a predicted target of miR-9.
“among which is the peripheral myelin protein PMP22”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The predicted targets of miR-218, miR-449 and miR-487b reverse their correlation signatures from the top A2B5+ GalC− window to the bottom A2B5− GalC+ window.
“Additionally, we found that the predicted targets of miR-218, miR-449 and miR-487b reverse their correlation signatures from the top A2B5+ GalC− window to the bottom A2B5− GalC+ window.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PMP22 mRNA increases ~2 fold during oligodendrocyte differentiation.
“the quantification revealed an increase of ~2 fold during differentiation (Fig. 3B).”
- Also stated in: § miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression · plain
“Similarly, we observed a ~2 fold increase of PMP22 mRNA level during differentiation, supporting a dynamic regulation of PMP22.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression · plain
- Findingown data
Transfection of miR-9 in Schwann cells reduces PMP22 mRNA levels.
“The Northern blot analysis of PMP22 expression reveals a reduction in PMP22 mRNA levels after transfection of miR-9 (Fig. 5A)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The first class of inversions is defined by a switch from positive to negative correlations and contains 11 miRNAs, including miR-34c, miR-146, miR-218 and miR-449.
“The first class is defined by a switch from positive to negative correlations and contains 11 miRNAs such as miR-34c, miR-146, miR-218 and miR-449 (Fig. 2C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
This analysis shows that 17 miRNAs are associated with a target bias.
“This analysis shows that 17 miRNAs are associated with a target bias (Fig. 2C and Supplemental Table 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
miR-9 down-regulates PMP22 expression.
“We demonstrate that miR-9 interacts with the 3’ untranslated region of PMP22 and down-regulates its expression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among the 98 miRNAs, 38 intronic miRNAs derive from 34 host genes.
“Among the 98 miRNAs, 38 intronic miRNAs derive from 34 host genes and the Affymetrix microarray analysis of A2B5− GalC+ cells reveals the expression of these host genes (with a Normalized Expression Value (NEV) >0.9) (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The class of abundantly expressed miRNAs in OPCs includes miR-9, miR-26a, miR-124a, miR-125b, miR-181b, and let-7 family members.
“The class of abundantly expressed miRNAs in OPCs includes many previously described brain-enriched miRNAs such as miR-9, miR-26a, miR-124a, miR-125b, miR-181b and the let-7 family encompassing let-7a, let-7b, let-7c, let-7d and let-7f members.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A comparison with miRNAs found in cortical neuronal cells shows an overlap with 58 of 98 miRNAs.
“A comparison with miRNAs found in cortical neuronal cells shows an overlap with 58 of 98 miRNAs (Supplemental Fig. 6 and Supplemental Table 7).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The study reports the presence of 98 miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells.
“We report in this study the presence of 98 miRNAs in oligodendrocyte lineage cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The miRNA expression profiles of specific neural populations (neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) have not been fully addressed.
- Findingown data
Quantification from three independent experiments shows a ~30% reduction in steady-state PMP22 mRNA level after miR-9 transfection (p<0.05).
“the quantification from three independent experiments, after normalization with 18S ribosomal RNA, shows a ~30% reduction in steady-state PMP22 mRNA level (p<0.05, Student’s t-test, compared to the co-transfection with the empty vector).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The combination of microRNAome profiling with analyses of the oligodendrocyte transcriptome reveals a target bias for a class of miRNAs which includes miR-9.
“The combination of microRNAome profiling with analyses of the oligodendrocyte transcriptome reveals a target bias for a class of miRNAs which includes miR-9.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In postnatal rat oligodendrocyte lineage cells, 98 miRNAs are expressed.
“In this study, we identify 98 miRNAs expressed by postnatal oligodendrocyte lineage cells.”
- Also stated in: § Characterization of miRNAs expressed by oligodendrocyte lineage cells · plain
“The presence of 98 miRNAs was reproducibly detected (Fig. 1B) and further validated by real-time PCR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Characterization of miRNAs expressed by oligodendrocyte lineage cells · plain
- Findingown data
20 miRNAs are up-regulated more than 2-fold during oligodendrocyte differentiation, including miR-21, miR-152, miR-142-5p and -3p, miR-338, miR-339 and miR-378.
“We also found 20 miRNAs that are up-regulated more than 2 fold during differentiation and some were previously identified from rat brain tissues: miR-21, miR-152, miR-142-5p and -3p, miR-338, miR-339 and miR-378 (Landgraf et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Landgraf et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
Schwann cells producing PMP22 protein lack miR-9.
“We found that PMP22 mRNA but not protein is detectable in oligodendrocytes, while Schwann cells producing PMP22 protein lack miR-9.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Two genes, NDRG1 and PMP22, were found in the demyelination of sciatic nerve category.
“Two genes were found in this category: -NDRG1 and PMP22.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PMP22 mRNAs are present in premyelinating O4+ cells.
“we also found by RT-PCR the presence of PMP22 mRNAs in premyelinating O4+ cells (Supplemental Fig. 7A)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Two classes of inversions in the correlation signatures were observed for 13 of 37 previously identified miRNAs.
“Interestingly, we observed two classes of inversions in the correlation signatures for 13 of 37 previously identified miRNAs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Schwann cells transfected with miR-9 expression plasmid showed weaker PMP22-like immunoreactivity compared to cells transfected with miR-Neg plasmid.
“The Schwann cells were transfected with the miR-9 expression plasmid and showed weaker PMP22-like pattern of immunoreactivity, as compared to the cells transfected with the miR-Neg plasmid (Fig. 5C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Six miRNAs are up-regulated more than 2 fold during differentiation: miR-146, miR-152, miR-222, miR-339, miR-340 and miR-378.
“The Supplemental Table 5 contains 6 miRNAs that are up-regulated more than 2 fold during differentiation: miR-146, miR-152, miR-222, miR-339, miR-340 and miR-378.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A Gene Ontology query with the overlap between the two windows containing predicted targets of miR-9 revealed that demyelination of sciatic nerve was ranked as a top category (P<2.10E-5).
“A subsequent Gene Ontology (GO) query with the overlap between the two windows containing the predicted targets of miR-9 revealed that demyelination of sciatic nerve was ranked as a top category (P<2.10E-5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Neurons and oligodendrocytes share several miRNAs such as miR-34c, miR-137, miR-146, miR-186, miR-218 and miR-449.
“For example, neurons and oligodendrocytes share several miRNAs such as miR-34c, miR-137, miR-146, miR-186, miR-218 and miR-449.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Rat Affymetrix microarray analysis confirmed a ~2 fold increase during the transition from A2B5+ to O4+ cells.
“the rat Affymetrix microarray analysis confirmed a ~2 fold increase during the transition from A2B5+ to O4+ cells (Supplemental Fig. 7B).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
37 of 98 miRNAs show a target bias in either the top tenth or bottom tenth percentile windows.
“Interestingly, 37 of 98 miRNAs show a target bias in either the top tenth or bottom tenth percentile windows (Fig. 2A).”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“We also show that 37 of these miRNAs display a mRNA target bias”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
- Findingown data
The A2B5− GalC+ population showed marked depletion of neuronal markers (KCC2, Syt1, SNAP25) and astrocyte markers (Aqp4, GLT1, GFAP).
“The real-time PCR analysis of neural markers on the A2B5− GalC+ population shows a marked depletion of neuronal markers (KCC2, Syt1 and SNAP25) and astrocyte markers (Aqp4, GLT1 and GFAP).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For 28 of 38 intronic miRNAs, the fold changes are in agreement with the fold changes of their host genes.
“For 28 of 38 intronic miRNAs, the fold changes are in agreement with the fold changes of their host genes (Supplemental Table 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
miR-9 interacts with the 3' untranslated region of PMP22.
“We demonstrate that miR-9 interacts with the 3’ untranslated region of PMP22 and down-regulates its expression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
29 of 34 host genes are unambiguously detected in A2B5− GalC+ cells.
“In total, 29 of 34 genes are unambiguously detected in A2B5− GalC+ cells and only 4 genes (MCM7, SLIT2, SMC4L1 and an uncharacterized RIKEN sequence) are absent or moderately expressed (NEV<0.9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The miRNA expression profile of postnatal oligodendrocyte lineage cells contains 43 miRNAs whose expression dynamically changes during the transition from A2B5+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to premyelinating GalC+ cells.
“In postnatal oligodendrocyte lineage cells, the miRNA expression profile -“microRNAome” - contains 43 miRNAs whose expression dynamically changes during the transition from A2B5+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to premyelinating GalC+ cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The expression level of the predicted targets of 13 miRNAs is dynamically regulated during oligodendrocyte differentiation.
“and that the expression level of the predicted targets of 13 miRNAs is dynamically regulated during oligodendrocyte differentiation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PMP22 protein is not detectable in oligodendrocytes.
“We found that PMP22 mRNA but not protein is detectable in oligodendrocytes, while Schwann cells producing PMP22 protein lack miR-9.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The reduction of PMP22 mRNA level is accompanied by a comparable reduction at the protein level as determined by Western blot (p<0.05).
“The reduction of PMP22 mRNA level is accompanied by a comparable reduction at the protein level as determined by Western blot (p<0.05, Student’s t-test) (Fig. 5B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
miR-9 expression level inversely correlates with the expression of its predicted targets.
“In addition, miR-9 expression level inversely correlates with the expression of its predicted targets, among which is the peripheral myelin protein PMP22.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
23 miRNAs are down-regulated more than 2-fold during oligodendrocyte differentiation, including miR-9 and miR-124a.
“23 miRNAs are down-regulated (with fold changes >2) and include miR-9 and miR-124a (Fig. 1B).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
miR-219 shows strong expression in OLs.
“Notably, miR-219 shows strong expression in OLs, consistent with its tight association with glial cells in the zebrafish brain (Kapsimali et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kapsimali et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
A direct interaction between miR-9 and the 3'UTR of PMP22 was revealed using in vitro binding assays.
“A direct interaction between miR-9 and the 3’UTR of PMP22 was revealed using in vitro binding assays (Supplemental Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PMP22 mRNA is detectable in oligodendrocytes.
“We found that PMP22 mRNA but not protein is detectable in oligodendrocytes, while Schwann cells producing PMP22 protein lack miR-9.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Northern blot analysis shows absence of mature miR-9 in Schwann cells although the miR-9 precursor form is detected.
“The Northern blot analysis shows the absence of miR-9 in Schwann cells although the miR-9 precursor form is detected, in agreement with the specific expression of miR-9 in the brain (Supplemental Fig. 5A and Supplemental Fig. 5B).”
- Also stated in: § miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression · plain
“Interestingly, the precursor form of miR-9 is found in Schwann cells while the mature form is not detected, in agreement with the specific expression of miR-9 in the brain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression · plain
- Findingown data
The 4 undetected host genes in OLs are expressed in OPCs.
“Additionally, the analysis of the Affymetrix microarray data of A2B5+ GalC− cells reveals that these 4 undetected genes are indeed expressed in OPCs (NEV>0.9), thus validating the miRNAs found by miRNA microarrays and PCR (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The predicted targets of miR-146, miR-152, miR-222 and miR-378 are globally down-regulated during differentiation.
“We found that miR-146, miR-152, miR-222 and miR-378 predicted targets are globally down-regulated during differentiation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Deletion of the predicted binding site did not relieve miR-9-mediated inhibition.
“We deleted the predicted binding site (del. BS) and found that this deletion did not relieve the inhibition (Fig. 4B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
miR-9 is down-regulated during oligodendrocyte differentiation.
“We show that miR-9 is down-regulated during oligodendrocyte differentiation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
miR-128 is preferentially expressed in mature neurons.
“The Venn diagram confirms the preferential expression of miR-128 in mature neurons and reveals two additional neuronal markers: miR-129 and miR-298.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
35 of the 37 correlation signatures are negative.
“In total, 35 of 37 correlation signatures are negative (Fig. 2A and 2B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The predicted binding site contains the (AACCAAA) sequence that corresponds to nucleotides pairing with the seed sequence of miR-9.
“Notably, this predicted binding site contains the (AACCAAA) sequence that corresponds to the nucleotides pairing with the seed sequence of miR-9 (underlined in Figure 4A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PMP22 mRNA is present in oligodendrocytes.
“We confirmed by real-time PCR the presence of PMP22 mRNA in oligodendrocytes (Fig. 3A)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Deletion of the (AACCAAA) repeat was sufficient to inhibit miR-9-mediated down-regulation of the 3'UTR.
“We found that the deletion of the (AACCAAA) repeat (del. repeat) was sufficient to inhibit the miR-9 mediated down-regulation (Fig. 4B) of the 3’UTR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Co-transfection of miR-9 with a luciferase reporter containing the 3'UTR of PMP22 in Hela cells produced ~50% repression of luciferase activity compared to scramble miRNA (p<0.01).
“miR-9 was co-transfected in Hela cells with a luciferase reporter construct containing the 3’UTR of PMP22 (r3’UTR) and a ~50% repression of the luciferase activity was obtained (p<0.01, Student’s t-test, compared to the co-transfection with a scramble miRNA) (Fig. 4B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The let-7 family expression is remarkably stable during oligodendrocyte differentiation.
“In contrast to the let-7 family whose expression is remarkably stable during differentiation, 23 miRNAs are down-regulated (with fold changes >2) and include miR-9 and miR-124a (Fig. 1B).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The expression level of 43 miRNAs is dynamically regulated during oligodendrocyte differentiation.
“The expression level of 43 miRNAs is dynamically regulated during differentiation, consistent with the actual spatiotemporal model of miRNA expression in the brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The presence of PMP22 mRNA in oligodendrocytes is supported by in situ hybridization studies showing PMP22 transcripts in the CNS.
“The presence of PMP22 mRNA in oligodendrocytes is also supported by in situ hybridization studies showing PMP22 transcripts in the CNS (Parmantier et al., 1995).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Parmantier et al., 1995 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The cellular prevalence of negative correlation signatures is in agreement with other genome-wide studies showing that predicted targets are expressed at lower levels in tissues where the miRNA is present compared to tissues where it is absent.
“This cellular prevalence of negative correlation signatures is in agreement with other genome-wide studies showing that the predicted targets are expressed at lower levels in tissues where the miRNA is present compared to other tissues where the miRNA is absent (Farh et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Farh et al., 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
This observation suggests the existence of a post-transcriptional mechanism that controls the maturation of the precursor form inside or outside the CNS.
“This observation suggests the existence of a post-transcriptional mechanism that controls the maturation of the precursor form inside or outside the CNS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The dynamic regulation of 43 miRNAs during differentiation is consistent with the spatiotemporal model of miRNA expression in the brain.
“The expression level of 43 miRNAs is dynamically regulated during differentiation, consistent with the actual spatiotemporal model of miRNA expression in the brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The contrast between neuronal and glial bias suggests that miRNAs have diverse roles that are cell-type dependent.
“The contrast between neuronal and glial bias suggests that miRNAs have diverse roles that are cell-type dependent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
CNP-EGFP+ mouse cells showed variable levels of PMP22 mRNA between P2 and P30.
“Interestingly, the CNP-EGFP+ mouse cells showed variable levels of PMP22 mRNA between P2 and P30 (Sohn et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sohn et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The restricted expression of PMP22 protein in comparison to the broad distribution of its message further supports a posttranscriptional control.
“More globally, the restricted expression of PMP22 protein in comparison to the broad distribution of its message further supports a posttranscriptional control (Amici et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Amici et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Intronic miRNAs are co-expressed with their host genes during oligodendrocyte differentiation.
“Altogether, this comparison shows the co-expression of intronic miRNAs with their host genes during oligodendrocyte differentiation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The expression changes of miR-335 and miR-21 are in line with the antagonistic action of miR-335 on miR-21.
“During oligodendrocyte differentiation, miR-335 was down-regulated while miR-21 was strongly up-regulated, in line with the antagonistic action of miR-335 on miR-21.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sathyan et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The data suggest the involvement of post-transcriptional mechanisms in the control of PMP22 expression.
“Overall, the data suggest the involvement of post-transcriptional mechanisms in the control of PMP22 expression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The two populations studied were highly enriched for oligodendrocyte lineage cells directly obtained from postnatal rat brains.
“Overall, these data indicate that the two populations studied herein were highly enriched for oligodendrocyte lineage cells directly obtained from postnatal rat brains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Our results point to a role for miRNAs in the regulation of PMP22 expression.
“Our results now point to a role for miRNAs in the regulation of PMP22 expression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Three miRNAs (miR-23, miR-26 and miR-29) found in oligodendrocyte lineage cells were previously described as enriched in astrocytes.
“Notably, three miRNAs (miR-23, miR-26 and miR-29) that are found in oligodendrocyte lineage cells were previously described as enriched in astrocytes (Smirnova et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Smirnova et al., 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The data suggest that neural cells may have in common a large number of miRNAs.
“Overall, the data thus suggest that neural cells may have in common a large number of miRNAs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The prevalence of negative correlation signatures in oligodendrocytes supports a modulatory role in the reinforcement of pre-existing transcriptional silencing mechanisms.
“In comparison, the prevalence of negative correlation signatures in oligodendrocytes supports a modulatory role in the reinforcement of pre-existing transcriptional silencing mechanisms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The fold changes obtained by miRNA microarrays and real-time PCR are similar for the 98 miRNAs (r=0.99, Pearson correlation).
“Overall, the fold changes obtained by miRNA microarrays and real-time PCR are similar for the 98 miRNAs (r=0.99, Pearson correlation) (Supplemental Fig. 2 and Supplemental Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The FACS procedure yielded high purity of oligodendrocyte lineage cells.
“The procedure was sufficient to obtain a high purity of oligodendrocyte lineage cells (Supplemental Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Three recent studies also support the active transcription of PMP22 in oligodendrocytes.
“Of note, three recent studies also support the active transcription of PMP22 in oligodendrocytes (Dugas et al., 2006; Nielsen et al., 2006; Sohn et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationown data
miR-338 may be preferentially expressed in differentiating OLs.
“The analysis also shows that miR-338, another brain-enriched miRNA (data not shown), may be preferentially expressed in differentiating OLs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
This work attributes a role for miRNAs in the post-transcriptional regulation of PMP22.
“The significance of this work is illustrated here by attributing a role for miRNAs in the post-transcriptional regulation of PMP22”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The results support models in which miRNAs can act as guardians of the transcriptome.
“Our results support models in which miRNAs can act as guardians of the transcriptome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The study shows that miR-9 interacts with PMP22.
“Our study shows that miR-9 interacts with PMP22.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
miR-9 down-regulates PMP22 in vitro by binding to its 3'UTR.
“Altogether, these results show that miR-9 down-regulates PMP22 in vitro by binding to its 3’UTR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 19
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7
May combine two claims.
Findingown datamiR-129 and miR-298 are additional neuronal markers.
“The Venn diagram confirms the preferential expression of miR-128 in mature neurons and reveals two additional neuronal markers: miR-129 and miR-298.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningDuring oligodendrocyte differentiation, miR-335 was down-regulated while miR-21 was strongly up-regulated.
“During oligodendrocyte differentiation, miR-335 was down-regulated while miR-21 was strongly up-regulated, in line with the antagonistic action of miR-335 on miR-21.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe A2B5+ GalC− population has low abundance of neuronal and astrocyte markers and less than 2% contaminating microglial cells based on CD11b expression.
“Additionally, the real-time PCR analysis of purified A2B5+ GalC− cells shows the low abundance of neuronal and astrocyte markers and the FACS analysis reveals the weak presence of contaminating microglial cells (less than 2%, based on CD11b expression, Supplemental Fig. 1B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe second class of inversions is defined by a reversal from negative to positive correlations and contains only miR-9 and miR-124a.
“The second class is defined by a reversal from negative to positive correlations and only contains miR-9 and miR-124a (Fig. 2C).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataTen miRNAs are down-regulated more than 2 fold, and only the predicted targets of miR-9 and miR-124a are associated with a reversal of correlation signatures from the bottom A2B5+ GalC− window to the top A2B5− GalC+ window.
“Furthermore, 10 miRNAs are down-regulated more than 2 fold and only the predicted targets of miR-9 and miR-124a are associated with a reversal of the correlation signatures from the bottom A2B5+ GalC− window to the top A2B5− GalC+ window.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThese six miRNAs have negative target bias in the oligodendrocyte lineage but possess significant positive correlation signatures in neuronal cells.
“Interestingly, these six miRNAs have negative target bias in the oligodendrocyte lineage but possess significant positive correlation signatures in neuronal cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataPostnatal oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum of rat brains are labeled with the CC1 antibody and not with the PMP22 antibody.
“The postnatal oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum of rat brains are labeled with the CC1 antibody and not with the PMP22 antibody (Fig. 3C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe A2B5− GalC+ population contains approximately 5% CD11b positive and 7% CD45 positive cells.
“The FACS analysis reveals that ~5% of the A2B5− GalC+ cells are CD11b positive and ~7% are CD45 positive (Supplemental Fig. 1B).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOnly fragments 1 (positions 1-157) and 2 (positions 158-498) of the PMP22 3'UTR support miR-9-mediated down-regulation, while fragment 3 (positions 499-1127) does not.
“Only fragment 1 (positions 1-157 relative to the stop codon) and fragment 2 (positions 158–498) support the down-regulation (p<0.01 for fragments 1 and 2, Student’s t-test), while fragment 3 (positions 499–1127) does not.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe absence of PMP22 protein in oligodendrocytes is consistent with a previous proteomic study that did not reveal PMP22 in CNS myelin.
“The absence of PMP22 protein in oligodendrocytes is consistent with a previous proteomic study that extensively characterized proteins of CNS myelin and did not reveal PMP22 (Taylor et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Taylor et al., 2004 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationAs a positive control, the PMP22 antibody clearly stains neuroepithelial junctions in adjacent sections.
“As positive control, the PMP22 antibody clearly stains neuroepithelial junctions in adjacent sections (Fig. 3D) (Roux et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roux et al., 2004 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationmiR-9 expression is increased in oligodendroglioma compared to normal adult brain, suggesting a potential role in neoplasia.
“In oligodendroglioma, miR-9 expression is increased when compared to normal adult brain, suggesting a potential role in neoplasia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nelson et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe comparison is preliminary since other neural cells such as neuronal precursors and astrocytes should be included to obtain a more accurate picture.
“However, the comparison is preliminary since other neural cells such as neuronal precursors and astrocytes should be included to obtain a more accurate picture.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn human and rodents, there are three copies of mir-9 and only two are functional.
“In human and rodents, there are three copies of mir-9 and only two are functional (Krichevsky et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Krichevsky et al., 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe predicted binding site of miR-9 is located in fragment 2 (positions 421-443) and may explain the response obtained with this fragment.
“The predicted binding site (BS) of miR-9 is located in fragment 2 (positions 421–443) and may explain the response obtained with this fragment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataIn vivo experiments show that PMP22 is transcribed in oligodendrocytes but no protein is synthesized.
“Altogether, the in vivo experiments show that PMP22 is transcribed in oligodendrocytes, however no protein is synthesized.”
- Also stated in: § miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression · plain
“Notably, we found that PMP22 mRNA is detected in oligodendrocytes and that the protein is not expressed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § miRNAs and the control of myelin gene expression · plain
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe maturation of neuroblasts is associated with a decrease in the expression level of miR-9, and its down-regulation during oligodendrocyte development is consistent with a role in proliferating neural cells of the brain.
“Furthermore, the maturation of neuroblasts is associated with a decrease in the expression level of miR-9, and its down-regulation during the course of oligodendrocyte development is consistent with a role in the proliferating neural cells of the brain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The expression of miR-9 is very high in neuroblasts and glioblasts of fetal brain.
- Rests on an assumption: The maturation of neuroblasts is associated with a decrease in the expression level of miR-9.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data9 of 16 miRNAs, including miR-9, may affect the expression level of their predicted targets and are excellent candidates for searching functional targets using DNA microarray techniques.
“Overall, this analysis shows that 9 of 16 miRNAs, including miR-9, may affect the expression level of their predicted targets and thus would be excellent candidates to consider when searching for functional targets using DNA microarray techniques.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe miRNAs in the second class may serve as buffers to silence genetic noise of unwanted transcripts arising from 'leaky' transcription, and such a role has been attributed to miR-9.
“The miRNAs in the second class may serve as buffers to silence the genetic noise of unwanted transcripts arising from “leaky” transcription (Hornstein and Shomron, 2006) and such a role has been attributed to miR-9 (Li et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Hornstein and Shomron, 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Li et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationA similar post-transcriptional event may also explain the expression pattern of other brain-enriched miRNAs such as miR-138.
“A similar post-transcriptional event may also explain the expression pattern of other brain-enriched miRNAs such as miR-138 (Obernosterer et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Obernosterer et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data19 additional miRNAs were unambiguously detected by miRNA microarrays but their validation remained inconclusive due to absence of adequate primers and probes.
“Although 19 additional miRNAs were unambiguously detected by miRNA microarrays (Supplemental Table 2), their validation essentially remained inconclusive due to the absence of adequate primers and probes in the multiplex PCR mix.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningThis work provides an important step toward the functional identification of miRNAs and how they interact with their targets to control the oligodendrocyte identity.
“Overall, this work provides an important step toward the functional identification of miRNAs and how they interact with their targets to control the oligodendrocyte identity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe miRNAs in the first class are in line with studies showing that the expression level of predicted targets is generally higher before differentiation and that some miRNAs dampen output of transcriptionally down-regulated mRNAs to facilitate faster transition in gene expression.
“The miRNAs in the first class are in line with studies showing that the expression level of the predicted targets is generally higher before differentiation, and that some miRNAs dampen the output of the transcriptionally down-regulated mRNAs to facilitate a faster transition in gene expression (Stark et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stark et al., 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe comparison supports the main expression of miR-124a in proliferating neural cells since miR-124a is shut-down during oligodendrocyte lineage progression, mirroring its down-regulation when neuronal cells differentiate.
“The comparison also supports the main expression of miR-124a in proliferating neural cells since miR-124a is shut-down during oligodendrocyte lineage progression, mirroring its down-regulation when neuronal cells differentiate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
In vivo miRNA expression profiles of defined neural populations have not been reported yet.
“In vivo miRNA expression profiles of defined neural populations have not been reported yet.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The miRNA expression profiles of specific neural populations (neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) have not been fully addressed.
“the miRNA expression profiles of specific neural populations (neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) have not been fully addressed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
NDRG1 has been previously reported to be expressed in oligodendrocytes and not PMP22.
“NDRG1 has been previously reported to be expressed in oligodendrocytes and not PMP22, thus making PMP22 an attractive candidate target of miR-9.”
The paper relies on this without support.
miR-9 is enriched in the brain and is conserved during evolution.
“miR-9 is enriched in the brain and is conserved during evolution, suggesting some important functions in neural cells.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The expression of miR-9 is very high in neuroblasts and glioblasts of fetal brain.
“The expression of miR-9 is very high in neuroblasts and glioblasts of fetal brain.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The maturation of neuroblasts is associated with a decrease in the expression level of miR-9.
“Furthermore, the maturation of neuroblasts is associated with a decrease in the expression level of miR-9”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The miR-338 cluster is expressed in human OLs.
“In summary, we provide the first evidence that miR-338 cluster is expressed in human OLs, as previously demonstrated in rodents (Lau et al., 2008; Dugas et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2010).”
From Regulation of miRNA 219 and miRNA Clusters 338 and 17-92 in Oligodendrocytes (2012) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
Regulation of miR-17-92 cluster expression during the OPC/OL transition was not reported in previous microarray studies.
“In previous microarray studies, regulation of miR-17-92 cluster expression during the OPC/OL transition was not reported (Lau et al., 2008).”
From Regulation of miRNA 219 and miRNA Clusters 338 and 17-92 in Oligodendrocytes (2012) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
Expression profiling studies with rodent OLs have reported that several miR species are dramatically regulated during OPC differentiation.
“Expression profiling studies with rodent OLs have reported that several miR species are dramatically regulated during OPC differentiation (Lau et al., 2008; Budde et al., 2010; Dugas et al., 2010).”
From Regulation of miRNA 219 and miRNA Clusters 338 and 17-92 in Oligodendrocytes (2012) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
These miRs play important roles during myelination.
“In these studies, over-expression of miR-219-5p, miR-338-5p, and miR-338-3p was shown to promote rodent OPC differentiation, indicating that these miRs play important roles during myelination (Lau et al., 2008; Budde et al., 2010; Dugas et al., 2010).”
From Regulation of miRNA 219 and miRNA Clusters 338 and 17-92 in Oligodendrocytes (2012) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
Over-expression of miR-219-5p, miR-338-5p, and miR-338-3p promotes rodent OPC differentiation.
“In these studies, over-expression of miR-219-5p, miR-338-5p, and miR-338-3p was shown to promote rodent OPC differentiation, indicating that these miRs play important roles during myelination (Lau et al., 2008; Budde et al., 2010; Dugas et al., 2010).”
From Regulation of miRNA 219 and miRNA Clusters 338 and 17-92 in Oligodendrocytes (2012) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
We confirmed the glial expression of miR-219 and miR-338.
“Similarly, we confirmed the glial expression of miR-219 and miR-338, which have been implicated previously in the differentiation of oligodendrocytes”
From Comprehensive expression analyses of neural cell-type-specific miRNAs identify new determinants of the specification and maintenance of neuronal phenotypes (2013) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Lau, P., Verrier, J. D., Nielsen, J. A., Johnson, K. R., Notterpek, L., & Hudson, L. D.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hudson, Lynn D.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-11-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 11720-11730
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2646797
- OpenAlex
- W2047606645
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 7.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Muscular Dystrophy Association
- McKnight Foundation
- Johns Hopkins University
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS041012, Z01NS002528)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › MicroRNA in disease regulation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- microRNA, miR-9, oligodendrocyte differentiation, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, PMP22, 3' untranslated region, post-transcriptional regulation, miRNAome, transcriptome, Schwann cells, microRNA target regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Brain, Cells, Cultured, Galactosylceramides, Gangliosides, Myelin Proteins, Oligodendroglia, RNA, Messenger, Sciatic Nerve, Transfection, Antigens, CD, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Nonlinear Dynamics, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Computational Biology, MicroRNAs, Microarray Analysis, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Rats
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