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CCR2 Antagonism Alters Brain Macrophage Polarization and Ameliorates Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury
Open accessAbstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major risk factor for the development of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. With respect to the increasing prevalence of TBI, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed that will prevent secondary damage to primarily unaffected tissue. Consistently, neuroinflammation has been implicated as a key mediator of secondary damage following the initial mechanical insult. Following injury, there is uncertainty regarding the role that accumulating CCR2 + macrophages play in the injury-induced neuroinflammatory sequelae and cognitive dysfunction. Using CX3CR1 GFP /+ CCR2 RFP /+ reporter mice, we show that TBI initiated a temporally restricted accumulation of peripherally derived CCR2 + macrophages, which were concentrated in the hippocampal formation, a region necessary for learning and memory. Multivariate analysis delineated CCR2 + macrophages' neuroinflammatory response while identifying a novel therapeutic treatment window. As a proof of concept, targeting CCR2 + macrophages with CCX872, a novel Phase I CCR2 selective antagonist, significantly reduced TBI-induced inflammatory macrophage accumulation. Concomitantly, there was a significant reduction in multiple proinflammatory and neurotoxic mediators with this treatment paradigm. Importantly, CCR2 antagonism resulted in a sparing of TBI-induced hippocampal-dependent cognitive dysfunction and reduced proinflammatory activation profile 1 month after injury. Thus, therapeutically targeting the CCR2 + subset of monocytes/macrophages may provide a new avenue of clinical intervention following TBI.
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“Separate groups have shown that CCX872 and RS504393, two selective CCR2 antagonists, reduce post-injury macrophage recruitment and improve functional recovery after CCI and weight drop TBI (76, 77).”
From The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [76]
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“Morganti and colleagues [47] recently demonstrated that inhibition of CCL2–CCR2 signaling following TBI, using a selective CCR2 antagonist, attenuated pro-inflammatory signaling.”
BackgroundThe immune system in traumatic brain injury
Plesnila, N. (2015) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2015.10.008 · Cited by 85
Understanding Immune‐Driven Brain Aging by Human Brain Organoid Microphysiological Analysis Platform
Ao, Z., Song, S., Tian, C., Cai, H., Li, X., Miao, Y., Wu, Z., Krzesniak, J., Ning, B., Gu, M., et al. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202200475 · Cited by 77
Chen, H., Chen, C., Kuo, Y.-M., Chen, B., Kuan, I. S., Huang, H., Lee, J., Anthony, N. R., Kuan, C.-Y., & Sun, Y. (2021) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.64033 · Cited by 96
“Elucidating these issues has implications for both basic science and clinical practice, since the influx of monocytes may be impeded by targeting the MCP1-CCR2 chemo-attraction axis as shown in several past studies [17-19 , 43-46”
ResultMacrophage depletion reduced brain injury following middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice
Ma, Y., Li, Y., Jiang, L., Wang, L., Jiang, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., & Yang, G. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0504-z · Cited by 80
“Both peripheral infiltrated macrophages and brain resident microglia activation were implicated in demyelinationassociated diseases such as globoid cell leukodystrophy, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury [28–31].”
BackgroundGuglielmetti, C., Le Blon, D., Santermans, E., Salas-Perdomo, A., Daans, J., De Vocht, N., Shah, D., Hoornaert, C., Praet, J., Peerlings, J., et al. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23053 · Cited by 76
“Furthermore, in the past years, numerous studies have reported the beneficial effect operated by the shift from M1to M2-polarized immune cells in other preclinical models of MS and other models of neuroinflammation (Cash et al., 1994; Janssens et al,. 2015; Liu et al., 2013; Miro-Mur et al., 2016; Miron et al., 2013;…”
BackgroundKrukowski, K., Nolan, A., Becker, M., Picard, K., Vernoux, N., Frias, E. S., Feng, X., Tremblay, M., & Rosi, S. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.210 · Cited by 87
“While acutely microglia contribute to restoring homeostasis after the injury, persistently reactive microglia produce pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic molecules contributing to neuronal damage (18-20).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAge exacerbates the CCR2/5-mediated neuroinflammatory response to traumatic brain injury
Morganti, J. M., Riparip, L., Chou, A., Liu, S., Gupta, N. M., & Rosi, S. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0547-1 · Cited by 86
“These data align with our previous work implicating CCR2 macrophages as the predominant source for NOX2 gene expression following TBI [13].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMacrophages play an essential role in trauma-induced sterile inflammation and tissue repair
Peiseler, M., & Kubes, P. (2018) · European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00068-018-0956-1 · Cited by 79
Puntambekar, S. S., Saber, M., Lamb, B. T., & Kokiko‐Cochran, O. N. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.033 · Cited by 79
“kinetics of the macrophage response following TBI (22) .”
BackgroundInfluentialChou, A., Krukowski, K., Morganti, J. M., Riparip, L., & Rosi, S. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19061616 · Cited by 78
“The prevention of CCR2+ monocyte infiltration in young animals significantly reduces both proand anti-inflammatory markers and ultimately improves cognitive outcomes after TBI [17,18].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationParillaud, V. R., Lornet, G., Monnet, Y., Privat, A., Haddad, A. T., Brochard, V., Bekaert, A., de Chanville, C. B., Hirsch, E., Combadière, C., et al. (2017) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0830-9 · Cited by 68
“, in traumatic brain injury models [41, 42], they are protective in motor neuron disease ALS mice [43].”
BackgroundCCR2 deficiency alters activation of microglia subsets in traumatic brain injury
Somebang, K., Rudolph, J. D., Imhof, I., Li, L., Niemi, E. C., Shigenaga, J. K., Tran, H., Gill, T. M., Lo, I., Zabel, B. A., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109727 · Cited by 77
“, 2018), CCX872, improved TBI outcomes in WT mice (Morganti et al., 2015) when it is administered prior to trauma.”
BackgroundResultMicroglia Receptors in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury
Younger, D., Murugan, M., Rao, K. V. R., Wu, L., & Chandra, N. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1428-7 · Cited by 69
Moss, L. D., Sode, D., Patel, R. S., Lui, A., Hudson, C., Patel, N. A., & Bickford, P. C. (2021) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105173 · Cited by 63
“Prevention of aspects of the secondary inflammatory response have been shown to modulate recovery (Bachstetter et al., 2015, 2016; Morganti et al., 2015, 2019; Chou et al., 2018; Rowe et al., 2018).”
BackgroundKäufer, C., Chhatbar, C., Bröer, S., Waltl, I., Ghita, L., Gerhauser, I., Kalinke, U., & Löscher, W. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1806754115 · Cited by 61
“CCR2 antagonists are efficacious after traumatic brain injury (47) and have entered clinical trials for the treatment of neuropathic pain (48).”
BackgroundChen, H., Ji, H., Zhang, M., Liu, Z., Lao, L., Deng, C., Chen, J., & Zhong, G. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3046-16.2017 · Cited by 76
“Hsieh et al. (2014), Ka et al. (2015), and Morganti et al. (2015) reported that increased CCR2 expression may directly trigger the recruitment of macrophages to the CNS and that decreased expression impaired macrophage infiltration into the CNS.”
BackgroundWangler, L. M., & Godbout, J. P. (2023) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.008 · Cited by 61
Deletion of p38α MAPK in microglia blunts trauma-induced inflammatory responses in mice
Morganti, J. M., Goulding, D. S., & Eldik, L. J. V. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1493-5 · Cited by 59
Self-citationTraumatic Brain Injury: An Age-Dependent View of Post-Traumatic Neuroinflammation and Its Treatment
Delage, C., Taib, T., Mamma, C., Lerouet, D., & Besson, V. C. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13101624 · Cited by 72
“Following TBI, inhibition of monocyte/macrophage infiltration in aged mice prevents spatial memory deficits [203] to a greater extent than in young adult mice [104].”
BackgroundPopiołek-Barczyk, K., Ciechanowska, A., Ciapała, K., Pawlik, K., Oggioni, M., Mercurio, D., Simoni, M. G. D., & Mika, J. (2020) · Molecular and Cellular Probes · doi:10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101671 · Cited by 68
Abe, N., Choudhury, M. E., Watanabe, M., Kawasaki, S., Nishihara, T., Yano, H., Matsumoto, S., Kunieda, T., Kumon, Y., Yorozuya, T., et al. (2018) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23469 · Cited by 63
Minogue, A. M. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.02.008 · Cited by 62
“cesses required to limit tissue damage (Kapellos et al., 2016; Kumar et al., 2015, 2016; Morganti et al., 2015).”
InfluentialEffects of advanced age upon astrocyte-specific responses to acute traumatic brain injury in mice
Early, A. N., Gorman, A. A., Eldik, L. J. V., Bachstetter, A. D., & Morganti, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01800-w · Cited by 64
“17 multivariate methods to delineate the effect of injury and time [32].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationIn vivo metabolic imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury
Guglielmetti, C., Chou, A., Krukowski, K., Najac, C., Feng, X., Riparip, L., Rosi, S., & Chaumeil, M. M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17758-4 · Cited by 53
Self-citationYang, H., Zhang, M., Wu, R. T., Zheng, H., Zhang, L., Luo, J., Li, L., & Hu, X. (2020) · World Journal of Stem Cells · doi:10.4252/wjsc.v12.i2.152 · Cited by 54
STAT6 mediates the effect of ethanol on neuroinflammatory response in TBI
Heuvel, F. O., Holl, S., Chandrasekar, A., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Rehman, R., Förstner, P., Sinske, D., Palmer, A., Wiesner, D., et al. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.019 · Cited by 56
Interleukin-6 in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Janus-Faced Player in Damage and Repair
Ciryam, P., Gerzanich, V., & Simard, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2023.0135 · Cited by 55
“226 Using flow cytometry, Li and colleagues sought to identify IL-6 expression in specific cell types in the brains of mice subjected to CCI.”
Garnett, C. N., Watson, J. B., Higgins, E. K., Quan, N., & Bachstetter, A. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.688254 · Cited by 62
Castranio, E. L., Mounier, A., Wolfe, C. M., Nam, K. N., Fitz, N. F., Letronne, F., Schug, J., Koldamova, R. P., & Lefterov, I. M. (2017) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2017.05.006 · Cited by 56
“Studies have shown that the expression levels of themajority of those inflammatory factors are associated with severity of injury and outcome in TBI patients, the reduction of neurobehavioral impairments and injury volume as well as the survival rates in rodent models (Morganti et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2013).”
BackgroundRotterman, T. M., Akhter, E. T., Lane, A. R., MacPherson, K. P., García, V. V., Tansey, M. G., & Álvarez, F. J. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2945-17.2019 · Cited by 51
“…models (Ajami et al., 2011; Prinz et al., 2011; Shi and Pamer, 2011), after spinal cord injury (Donnelly et al., 2011; Evans et al., 2014) and after traumatic brain injury (Morganti et al., 2015; Katsumoto et al., 2018), and to study dorsal horn pain mechanisms after PNI (Gu et al., 2016).”
BackgroundZhao, Y., Mu, H., Huang, Y., Li, S., Wang, Y., Stetler, R. A., Bennett, M. V. L., Dixon, C. E., Chen, J., & Shi, Y. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02563-2 · Cited by 47
“Since CX3CR1 is expressed by microglia and peripheral monocytes [17], and both cells are present in the brain after TBI [29], we employed a tamoxifen pulse knockout strategy to restrict CX3CR1CreER-mediated HDAC3 knockout to microglia [17].”
BackgroundDean, T., Mendiola, A. S., Yan, Z., Meza-Acevedo, R., Cabriga, B., Akassoglou, K., & Ryu, J. K. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03092-w · Cited by 53
“These sequelae are likely responsible for TBI-induced oxidative damage and cortical loss observed in our study, and provides an underlying mechanism triggering monocyte and microglia post-TBI neurotoxicity [16, 46–49].”
BackgroundMethodLinks between thrombosis and inflammation in traumatic brain injury
Hubbard, W. B., Dong, J., Crúz, M. A., & Rumbaut, R. E. (2020) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.10.041 · Cited by 57
Enam, S. F., Kader, S. R., Bodkin, N., Lyon, J. G., Calhoun, M. A., Azrak, C., Tiwari, P. M., Vanover, D. A., Wang, H., Santangelo, P. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01860-y · Cited by 55
Yellowhair, T. R., Noor, S., Maxwell, J. R., Anstine, C. V., Oppong, A. Y., Robinson, S., Milligan, E. D., & Jantzie, L. L. (2017) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.002 · Cited by 57
“Notably, limiting neutrophils and macrophages improves neuropathological and functional outcomes following stroke and TBI (Semple et al., 2010; Morganti et al., 2015),”
BackgroundBlon, D. L., Guglielmetti, C., Hoornaert, C., Quarta, A., Daans, J., Dooley, D., Lemmens, E., Praet, J., Vocht, N. D., Reekmans, K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0756-7 · Cited by 56
“Although microglia and CNS-invading peripheral monocytes both act as phagocytic cells of the brain, it is currently becoming accepted that these two cell types are more distinct than generally assumed [2, 5].”
BackgroundSaber, M., Giordano, K. R., Hur, Y., Ortiz, J. B., Morrison, H., Godbout, J. P., Murphy, S. M., Lifshitz, J., & Rowe, R. K. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14611 · Cited by 46
“In male mice or mixed sex studies, monocyte-derived macrophages have increased in the brain after TBI, as have peripheral monocytes and neutrophils in the blood long-term (Morganti et al., 2015; Ritzel et al., 2018; Saber et al., 2016; Schwulst et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, Y., Xiao, L., Lu, J., Hernigou, P., & Jin, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1366398 · Cited by 42
Dwellers and Trespassers: Mononuclear Phagocytes at the Borders of the Central Nervous System
Ivan, D. C., Walthert, S., Berve, K., Steudler, J., & Locatelli, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.609921 · Cited by 55
The Immune System's Role in the Consequences of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion)
Verboon, L. N., Patel, H. C., & Greenhalgh, A. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.620698 · Cited by 63
Lee, S., Mattingly, A. J., Lin, A., Sacramento, J. A., Mannent, L., Castel, M., Canolle, B., Delbary-Gossart, S., Ferzaz, B., Morganti, J. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0544-4 · Cited by 55
“transgenic is a heterozygous mouse with bi-allelic expression of RFP and CCR2 [20, 50].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMorioka, K., Marmor, Y., Sacramento, J. A., Lin, A., Shao, T., Miclau, K. R., Clark, D. R., Beattie, M. S., Marcucio, R., Miclau, T., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48126-z · Cited by 44
Self-citationEvidence of a distinct peripheral inflammatory profile in sport-related concussion
Battista, A. P. D., Churchill, N. W., Rhind, S. G., Richards, D. W., & Hutchison, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1402-y · Cited by 51
Haar, C. V., Lam, F. C. W., Adams, W. K., Riparip, L., Kaur, S., Muthukrishna, M., Rosi, S., & Winstanley, C. A. (2016) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00166 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Morganti, J. M., Jopson, T. D., Liu, S., Riparip, L.-K., Guandique, C. K., Gupta, N., Ferguson, A. R., & Rosi, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2015-01-14
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 748-760
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC4293420
- OpenAlex
- W2140178129
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 19.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Association (IIRG-11-202064)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R21AG042016)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA133216)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS087458, R01NS067092, F32NS090805)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, CCR2+ macrophages, macrophage polarization, neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment, hippocampus, monocytes, secondary injury, pro-inflammatory mediators
- MeSH terms
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1, Animals, Brain Injuries, Cognition, Female, Hippocampus, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Receptors, Chemokine, Mice, Receptors, CCR2
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