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Cited by 180Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNeural dynamics and brain functionMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Diversity and Connectivity of Layer 5 Somatostatin-Expressing Interneurons in the Mouse Barrel Cortex

Open access
Nigro, Maximiliano José, Hashikawa-Yamasaki, Yoshiko, Rudy, Bernardo·2018·The Journal of Neuroscience
DOI 10.1523/jneurosci.2415-17.2017PMC PMC5815450
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Abstract

Inhibitory interneurons represent 10–15% of the neurons in the somatosensory cortex, and their activity powerfully shapes sensory processing. Three major groups of GABAergic interneurons have been defined according to developmental, molecular, morphological, electrophysiological, and synaptic features. Dendritic-targeting somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SST-INs) have been shown to display diverse morphological, electrophysiological, and molecular properties and activity patterns in vivo. However, the correlation between these properties and SST-IN subtype is unclear. In this study, we aimed to correlate the morphological diversity of layer 5 (L5) SST-INs with their electrophysiological and molecular diversity in mice of either sex. Our morphological analysis demonstrated the existence of three subtypes of L5 SST-INs with distinct electrophysiological properties: T-shaped Martinotti cells innervate L1, and are low-threshold spiking; fanning-out Martinotti cells innervate L2/3 and the lower half of L1, and show adapting firing patterns; non-Martinotti cells innervate L4, and show a quasi-fast spiking firing pattern. We estimated the proportion of each subtype in L5 and found that T-shaped Martinotti, fanning-out Martinotti, and Non-Martinotti cells represent ∼10, ∼50, and ∼40% of L5 SST-INs, respectively. Last, we examined the connectivity between the three SST-IN subtypes and L5 pyramidal cells (PCs). We found that L5 T-shaped Martinotti cells inhibit the L1 apical tuft of nearby PCs; L5 fanning-out Martinotti cells also inhibit nearby PCs but they target the dendrite mainly in L2/3. On the other hand, non-Martinotti cells inhibit the dendrites of L4 neurons while avoiding L5 PCs. Our data suggest that morphologically distinct SST-INs gate different excitatory inputs in the barrel cortex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Morphologically diverse layer 5 SST-INs show different patterns of activity in behaving animals. However, little is known about the abundance and connectivity of each morphological type and the correlation between morphological subtype and spiking properties. We demonstrate a correlation between the morphological and electrophysiological diversity of layer 5 SST-INs. Based on these findings we built a classifier to infer the abundance of each morphological subtype. Last, using paired recordings combined with morphological analysis, we investigated the connectivity of each morphological subtype. Our data suggest that, by targeting different cell types and cellular compartments, morphologically diverse SST-INs might gate different excitatory inputs in the mouse barrel cortex.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Layer 5 somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SST-INs) in mouse barrel cortex comprise three morphologically distinct subtypes—T-shaped Martinotti, fanning-out Martinotti, and non-Martinotti—with correlated firing patterns and different postsynaptic targets. These subtypes are estimated to make up roughly 10%, 50%, and 40% of L5 SST-INs, respectively, and they connect to distinct dendritic compartments or cell types.

Key findings

  • Morphology correlated with firing pattern: T-shaped Martinotti cells target L1 (50 ± 3% of ascending axonal length and 56 ± 4% of nodes in L1) and show low-threshold spiking with rebound spiking in 7 of 8 cells; fanning-out Martinotti cells target L2/3 (65.8 ± 6% of ascending axon and 71 ± 8% of nodes) and show adapting firing; non-Martinotti cells target L4 (87.6 ± 4% of ascending axon and 92 ± 3% of nodes) and show stuttering in all 8 cells, with fast biphasic AHP in 7 of 8.
  • A linear discriminant classifier estimated that in the SST-cre line, fanning-out Martinotti cells represent 50.8% of L5 SST-INs, T-shaped Martinotti cells 13.8%, and non-Martinotti cells 35.4% (abstract rounds these to ~10%, ~50%, and ~40%). The SST/CR line was enriched for fanning-out Martinotti cells (88.9%), while the SST/Calb line was enriched for T-shaped Martinotti cells (61.5%).
  • Both Martinotti subtypes innervated L5 pyramidal cells with similar probabilities (fanning-out: 53.6%, 9 of 16; T-shaped: 40%, 4 of 10), but their apical dendritic contact distributions differed significantly (p = 0.033): fanning-out synapses were mainly in L2/3, 150–300 µm below the pia, whereas T-shaped contacts showed a bimodal distribution with a peak in L4 (~450 µm below pia) and a second peak in L1/L2-3 border.
  • Non-Martinotti cells did not connect to L5 pyramidal cells (0 of 13) but showed high connection probability with L4 spiny stellate cells (83.3%, 5 of 6), with putative contacts located on dendrites.

Methods

  • Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in acute barrel cortex slices from P20–P40 mice of either sex, using SST-cre, SST/CR, and SST/Calb transgenic lines; biocytin filling followed by confocal reconstruction.
  • Reconstructed 30 SST-INs and analyzed 11 electrophysiological parameters in 29 morphologically identified cells; used principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and a linear discriminant classifier to classify 76 additional neurons.
  • Performed dual and triple paired recordings (39 pairs) between L5 SST-INs and nearby L5 pyramidal cells or L4 spiny stellate cells, combined with morphological analysis of putative synaptic contacts.

Limitations

  • Stated: slicing artifacts can affect reconstructions, so the authors applied quality criteria and unsupervised clustering; current molecular markers are insufficient, as SST/CR labels only part of the fanning-out population and SST/Calb labels a heterogeneous population.
  • Evident: sample sizes are small for some subtypes (30 reconstructed cells, 29 electrophysiologically analyzed, 39 paired recordings), and the classifier was trained on 20 of 29 cells and made two errors in a 21-cell control group.
  • Evident: all data come from in vitro slices, so connectivity and firing properties may not fully reflect in vivo activity or circuit behavior.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1523/jneurosci.2415-17.2017

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 29 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Intersectional genetics can be used to obtain mouse lines where the expression of fluorescent proteins in specific morphological types is enriched.

    “We found that intersectional genetics can be used to obtain mouse lines where the expression of fluorescent proteins in specific morphological types is enriched.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Very little (2.2%) overlap of CR and Calb exists in the SST-cre line, especially in deep layers.

    “We found very little (2.2%) overlap of CR and Calb in the SST-cre line specially in deep layers”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In both intersectional lines, the majority of tdTomato-expressing cells coexpressed either CR or Calb.

    “In both intersectional lines the majority of tdTomatoexpressing cells coexpressed either CR or Calb”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    T-shaped Martinotti cells represent approximately 10% (13.8% in the SST-cre line) of L5 SST-INs.

    “T-shaped Martinotti, fanning-out Martinotti, and Non-Martinotti cells represent ϳ10, ϳ50, and ϳ40% of L5 SST-INs, respectively.”
    • Also stated in: § Electrophysiological properties of morphologically identified SST interneurons · plain
      “fanning-out Martinotti cells represent 50.8% of labeled cells in L5, T-Shaped cells represent 13.8% of labeled cells, and non-Martinotti represent 35.4% of labeled cells”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The ascending axon of each morphological group exhibited a specific layer distribution of relative axonal length and proportion of axonal nodes.

    “The ascending axon of each morphological group exhibited a specific layer distribution of relative axonal length and proportion of axonal nodes”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 22
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the SST/CR intersectional mouse line, approximately 47% of SST-INs in L2/3, 14% in L5a, and 4% in L5b express tdTomato.

    “in the SST/CR intersectional mouse line ϳ47% of SST-INs in L2/3, 14% of SST-INs in L5a, and 4% of SST-INs in L5b express tdTomato”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Non-Martinotti cells inhibit the dendrites of L4 neurons while avoiding L5 pyramidal cells.

    “non-Martinotti cells inhibit the dendrites of L4 neurons while avoiding L5 PCs”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Thirty neurons were morphologically reconstructed and analyzed: 8 non-Martinotti, 13 fanning-out Martinotti, and 9 T-shaped Martinotti cells.

    “We morphologically reconstructed and analyzed a total of 30 neurons: 19 in the SST-cre, 5 in the SST/CR, and 6 in the SST/ Calb mouse lines.”
    • Also stated in: § Morphological diversity of L5 SST interneurons · plain
      “8 Non-Martinotti, 13 fanning-out Martinotti, and 9 T-shaped Martinotti cells”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    L5 fanning-out Martinotti cells inhibit nearby pyramidal cells but target the dendrite mainly in L2/3.

    “L5 fanning-out Martinotti cells also inhibit nearby PCs but they target the dendrite mainly in L2/3”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The SST/CR mouse line targets mainly fanning-out Martinotti cells (88.9% of labeled cells), with none classified as T-shaped and 11.1% as non-Martinotti.

    “The SST/CR mouse line targets mainly fanning-out Martinotti cells, that represented 88.9% of labeled cells, whereas none of the cells was classified as T-shaped Martinotti, and non-Martinotti cells 11.1% of labeled cells”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    T-shaped cells showed a high input resistance, a low AP threshold, and a high adaptation index.

    “showing a high IR, a low AP threshold , and a high adaptation index”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Within the Martinotti group, fanning-out Martinotti cells showed an adapting type of firing pattern reminiscent of the GIN SST-INs, and T-shaped Martinotti cells showed an LTS firing pattern similar to that observed in some X98 cells.

    “Within the Martinotti group, fanning-out Martinotti cells showed an adapting type of firing pattern reminiscent of the GIN SST-INs, and T-shaped Martinotti cells showed an LTS firing pattern similar to that observed in some X98 cells (Ma et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ma et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Non-Martinotti cells had 87.6 ± 4% of their ascending axon and 92 ± 3% of their axonal nodes in L4.

    “cells belonging to this morphological group had 87.6 Ϯ 4% of their ascending axon, and 92 Ϯ 3% of their axonal nodes in L4”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    T-shaped Martinotti cells have 50 ± 3% of their ascending axonal length and 56 ± 4% of their ascending axonal nodes in L1.

    “T-shaped Martinotti cells specifically target L1, where they have 50 Ϯ 3% of their ascending axonal length, and 56 Ϯ 4% of their ascending axonal nodes”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The first three principal components account for 93% of the variance and are mostly represented by features of the ascending axon.

    “Moreover the first three principal components, accounting for 93% of the variance, are mostly represented by features of the ascending axon.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Fanning-out Martinotti cells have 65.8 ± 6% of their ascending axon and 71 ± 8% of their nodes in L2/3.

    “Fanning-out Martinotti cells are characterized by targeting mainly L2/3, where these cells have 65.8 Ϯ 6% of their ascending axon, and 71 Ϯ 8% of their nodes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Non-Martinotti cells showed a lower input resistance, a shorter AHP duration, and a higher Fmax compared with Martinotti cells.

    “Non-Martinotti cells showed several features of the quasi-fast spiking phenotype such as a lower IR, a shorter AHP duration , and a higher F max compared with Martinotti cells”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The SST/Calb mouse line showed enrichment for T-shaped Martinotti neurons (61.5% of labeled cells compared with 13.1% in the SST-Cre line), with fanning-out Martinotti cells at 30.8% and non-Martinotti cells at 7.7%.

    “The SST/Calb mouse line showed some enrichment for T-shaped Martinotti neurons that represented 61.5% of labeled cells (compared with 13.1% in the SST-Cre line), whereas fanning-out Martinotti cells represented 30.8% of labeled cells, and non-Martinotti cells represented only 7.7% of labeled cells.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the control group, the classifier correctly identified all non-Martinotti cells (n=10), 7 of 8 fanning-out Martinotti cells, and 2 of 3 T-shaped cells.

    “In the control group the classifier correctly identified all the non-Martinotti cells (n ϭ 10), 7 of 8 fanning-out Martinotti cells, and 2 of 3 T-shaped cells.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The SST/CR line is highly enriched in fanning-out Martinotti cells, while the SST/Calb line is enriched in T-shaped Martinotti cells.

    “We found that the SST/CR line is highly enriched in fanning-out Martinotti cells, while the SST/Calb line is enriched in T-shaped Martinotti cells.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The linear discriminant classifier built from firing properties accurately infers the morphological class of L5 SST-INs.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    L5 non-Martinotti cells specifically target L4 neurons and avoid L5 pyramidal cells.

    “Here we show that L5 non-Martinotti cells specifically target L4 neurons and avoid L5 pyramidal cells.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    T-shaped Martinotti form synapses onto tufts in L1, whereas fanning-out Martinotti target the apical dendrites in L2/3.

    “As expected from their axonal distribution, T-shaped Martinotti form synapses onto tufts in L1, whereas fanning-out Martinotti target the apical dendrites in L2/3 (Figs. 4, 7).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Putative synaptic contacts identified morphologically correspond to functional synapses.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Neither calretinin nor calbindin are optimal molecular markers for fanning-out and T-shaped Martinotti respectively.

    “Indeed, neither calretinin nor calbindin are optimal molecular markers for fanning-out and T-shaped Martinotti respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    SST-INs provide frequency-dependent feedback inhibition to pyramidal cells in supragranular and infragranular layers.

    “SST-INs provide frequency-dependent feedback inhibition to pyramidal cells in supragranular and infragranular layers (Kapfer et al., 2007;Silberberg and Markram, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kapfer et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Silberberg and Markram, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the neocortical L5, computational and experimental work has shown that Martinotti cells can synchronize pyramidal cells through distal inhibition.

    “In the neocortical L5, computational and experimental work has shown that Martinotti cells can synchronize pyramidal cells through distal inhibition (Li et al., 2013;Hilscher et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Li et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Hilscher et al., 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This form of inhibition is thought to underlie surround inhibition and gamma-band synchronization in L2/3 of the visual cortex.

    “This form of inhibition is thought to underlie surround inhibition, and gammaband synchronization in L2/3 of the visual cortex (Adesnik et al., 2012;Veit et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Adesnik et al., 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Veit et al., 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Long-range projecting nNos-expressing SST-INs have been described in L6.

    “Long-range projecting nNos-expressing SST-INs have been described in L6 as well (He et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites He et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    L4 SST-INs are quasi-fast spiking L4 targeting non-Martinotti cells.

    “On the other hand, L4 SST-INs have been shown to be quasi-fast spiking L4 targeting non-Martinotti cells (Ma et al., 2006;Xu et al., 2013;Mun ˜oz et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ma et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Xu et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Muñoz et al., 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    L5 non-Martinotti cells tend to show a higher input resistance and seem to be less stuttering.

    “However, L5 non-Martinotti tend to show a higher input resistance and seem to be less stuttering (Ma et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ma et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    It is likely that one or both types of Martinotti cells are also present in L6.

    “It is likely that one or both types of Martinotti cells are also present in this layer (Ma et al., 2006;Mun ˜oz et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ma et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Muñoz et al., 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The actions of different SST-INs subtypes are likely to have important computational roles in sensory perception during different behavioral states.

    “The actions of different SST-INs subtypes are likely to have important computational roles in sensory perception during different behavioral states.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    L5 non-Martinotti cells receive thalamic input from the ventral posteromedial nucleus and this input can shift thalamic feedforward inhibition from perisomatic to dendritic.

    “Using the X94 mouse line it was shown that L5 non-Martinotti cells receive thalamic input from the ventral posteromedial nucleus and that this input can shift thalamic feedforward inhibition from perisomatic to dendritic (Tan et al., 2008;Hu and Agmon, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Tan et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Hu and Agmon, 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    L4 non-Martinotti cells have been suggested to disinhibit L4 excitatory cells by primarily targeting L4 parvalbumin interneurons.

    “Indeed L4 non-Martinotti cells have been suggested to disinhibit L4 excitatory cells by primarily targeting L4 parvalbumin interneurons (Xu et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Xu et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

28 of 28

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The correlation between morphological, electrophysiological, and molecular properties and SST-IN subtype is unclear.

    “However, the correlation between these properties and SST-IN subtype is unclear.”
    “However, the relationship between the morphological and electrophysiological diversity remains poorly understood.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Little is known about the specific postsynaptic partners of different morphological subtypes of L5 SST-INs.

    “However, little is known about the specific postsynaptic partners of different morphological subtypes of L5 SST-INs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The output connectivity of non-Martinotti cells has not been studied.

    “Moreover, the output connectivity of non-Martinotti cells has not been studied.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is unknown whether both types of Martinotti cells are connected to L5 PCs and participate in feedback inhibition.

    “but it is unknown whether both types of Martinotti cells are connected to L5 PCs and participate in this type of inhibition”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The linear discriminant classifier built from firing properties accurately infers the morphological class of L5 SST-INs.

    “We used the firing properties of morphologically identified cells to build a linear discriminant classifier to infer the proportion of cells belonging to each morphological class in L5.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Putative synaptic contacts identified morphologically correspond to functional synapses.

    “We also quantified the putative synaptic contacts in connected pairs.”
    “All the putative contact points between non-Martinotti cells and L4 spiny stellate cells were located on dendrites (Fig. 8C,G).”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Martinotti cells are particularly abundant in layer 5 and common in layers 2 and 3, where they represent approximately 60% of SST+ neurons.

    “Martinotti cells are particularly abundant in layer 5, but they are also common in layers 2 and 3. These cells represent approximately 60% of the SST+ neurons in these layers”

    From Development and Functional Diversification of Cortical Interneurons (2018) · cites this paper as Nigro et al., 2018

  • SST+ non-Martinotti cells are found throughout layers 2 to 6, lack axons in layer 1, and have lower resting membrane potential and higher firing frequency than Martinotti cells but lower than PV+ basket cells.

    “SST+ non-Martinotti cells are found throughout layers 2 to 6 and characteristically lack axons in layer 1. They exhibit lower resting membrane potential and higher firing frequency than Martinotti cells but lower than PV+ basket cells”

    From Development and Functional Diversification of Cortical Interneurons (2018) · cites this paper as Nigro et al., 2018

  • Three previously described morphological types of L5 Pvalb cells, as well as two morphological types of L5 Martinotti cells, corresponded to different t-types.

    “We also showed that three previously described morphological types of L5 Pvalb cells5, as well as two morphological types of L5 Martinotti cells29,30, corresponded to different t-types.”

    From Phenotypic variation of transcriptomic cell types in mouse motor cortex (2021) · cites this paper as [30]

  • In the Sst subclass, morpho-electric properties varied continuously across the transcriptomic landscape, with neighbouring t-types consistently showing similar morphologies and similar rebound values.

    “We observed the same in the Sst subclass, which is known to be transcriptomically4 and morpho-electrically29,30,33 diverse in L5. Here we also found that morpho-electric properties varied continuously across the transcriptomic landscape, with neighbouring t-types consistently showing similar morphologies and similar rebound values (Fig. 4b).”

    From Phenotypic variation of transcriptomic cell types in mouse motor cortex (2021) · cites this paper as [30]

  • Recent evidence suggests that different morphological phenotypes correspond to different synaptic connectivity profiles.

    “Recent evidence also suggests that different morphological phenotypes correspond to differential synaptic connectivity profiles (Nigro et al., 2018; Naka et al., 2019; Scala et al., 2019).”

    From Integrated Morphoelectric and Transcriptomic Classification of Cortical GABAergic Cells (2020) · cites this paper as Nigro et al., 2018

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • L5 subtype proportions differ between Results and Discussion

    Major

    The Results report 50.8% fanning-out, 13.8% T-shaped, and 35.4% non-Martinotti cells in the SST-cre line. The Discussion reports 49.2%, 13.1%, and 37.7%, respectively, for the same L5 population; these differences exceed rounding.

  • Fanning-out connection probability does not match the pair count

    Minor

    Nine connected pairs out of 16 give 56.25%, not 53.6%.

    Reported 53.6 · recomputed 56.25

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Martinotti, 1889, Contributo allo studio della corteccia cerebrale, ed all'origine centrale dei nervi, Ann Freniatr Sci Affini, 1, 14
  2. Ramon y Cajal, 1891, Sur la structure de l'ecorce cerebrale de quelques mammiferes, Cellule, 7, 3

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Nigro, M. J., Hashikawa-Yamasaki, Y., & Rudy, B.
Affiliations
Neuroscience Institute (IT)
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Neuroscience
Publisher
Society for Neuroscience
Published
2018-01-11
Volume
38
Issue
7
Pages
1622-1633
ISSN
  • 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
  • 1529-2401
DOI
10.1523/jneurosci.2415-17.2017
PMC
PMC5815450
OpenAlex
W2782653800
Semantic Scholar
f587144c9781b3912ec6840b8be4b2b7202ba19d
Cited by
149
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 2
FWCI
5.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01ns030989-22)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS107257, R01-NS030989, P01NS074972, R01NS110079, R21NS093987)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords
layer 5, barrel cortex, Martinotti cells, dendritic inhibition, somatosensory cortex
MeSH terms
Animals, Dendrites, Female, Interneurons, Male, Neural Inhibition, Neural Pathways, Neurons, Somatosensory Cortex, Somatostatin, Pyramidal Cells, Mice, Electrophysiological Phenomena, In Vitro Techniques

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