The energetics of CNS white matter
Open accessAbstract
The energetics of CNS white matter are poorly understood. We derive a signaling energy budget for the white matter (based on data from the rodent optic nerve and corpus callosum) which can be compared with previous energy budgets for the gray matter regions of the brain, perform a cost-benefit analysis of the energetics of myelination, and assess mechanisms for energy production and glucose supply in myelinated axons. We show that white matter synapses consume ≤0.5% of the energy of gray matter synapses and that this, rather than more energy-efficient action potentials, is the main reason why CNS white matter uses less energy than gray matter. Surprisingly, while the energetic cost of building myelin could be repaid within months by the reduced ATP cost of neuronal action potentials, the energetic cost of maintaining the oligodendrocyte resting potential usually outweighs the saving on action potentials. Thus, although it dramatically speeds action potential propagation, myelination need not save energy. Finally, we show that mitochondria in optic nerve axons could sustain measured firing rates with a plausible density of glucose transporters in the nodal membrane, without the need for energy transfer from oligodendrocytes.
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OL energy demand is enormous, reaching a maximum during early myelination and remaining at a high level throughout life.
“To perform all of their tasks, OL energy demand is enormous, reaching a maximum during early myelination and remaining at a high level throughout life [284].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [284]
The Materials and Methods section, “The energetic costs and benefits of myelination” (page unavailable), describes an initial ATP cost for making myelin and an ongoing cost of maintaining the myelinating oligodendrocyte’s resting potential. The Discussion, “The energetic cost and benefit of myelin” (page unavailable), likewise reports substantial resting-potential expenditure. These passages support energy demands during myelination and afterward, but do not establish that oligodendrocyte demand peaks during early myelination or remains high throughout life. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“Due to fewer synapses, white matter energy usage, and consequently blood flow, is 1/3 lower of that of the gray matter (Harris and Attwell, 2012).”
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- Authors
- Harris, J. J., & Attwell, D.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Attwell, David
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-01-04
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 356-371
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3272449
- OpenAlex
- W1973747802
- Cited by
- 505
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 9.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (075232)
- Fondation Leducq
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- myelination, optic nerve, corpus callosum, action potential propagation, mitochondrial energy production, glucose transporters, nodal membrane
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Cell Membrane, Central Nervous System, Energy Metabolism, Glucose, Mitochondria, Models, Neurological, Myelin Sheath, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Neural Conduction, Oligodendroglia, Optic Nerve, Synapses, Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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