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Balanced Excitation and Inhibition Determine Spike Timing during Frequency Adaptation
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In layer 4 (L4) of the rat barrel cortex, a single whisker deflection evokes a stereotyped sequence of excitation followed by inhibition, hypothesized to result in a narrow temporal window for spike output. However, awake rats sweep their whiskers across objects, activating the cortex at frequencies known to induce short-term depression at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses within L4. Although periodic whisker deflection causes a frequency-dependent reduction of the cortical response magnitude, whether this adaptation involves changes in the relative balance of excitation and inhibition and how these changes might impact the proposed narrow window of spike timing in L4 is unknown. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that spike output in L4 is determined precisely by the dynamic interaction of excitatory and inhibitory conductances. Furthermore, we show that periodic whisker deflection results in balanced adaptation of the magnitude and timing of excitatory and inhibitory input to L4 neurons. This balanced adaptation mediates a reduction in spike output while preserving the narrow time window of spike generation, suggesting that L4 circuits are calibrated to maintain relative levels of excitation and inhibition across varying magnitudes of input.
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“For example, PV+ FS interneurons receive strong thalamic inputs16–20 while SOM+ non-FS interneurons receive weaker thalamic inputs21,22.”
From Layer 4 of mouse neocortex differs in cell types and circuit organization between sensory areas (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Higley, M. J., & Contreras, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Contreras, Diego
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2006-01-11
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 448-457
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6674406
- OpenAlex
- W2040663063
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 9.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- excitation-inhibition balance, spike timing, frequency adaptation, short-term depression, layer 4, barrel cortex, whisker deflection
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Male, Synaptic Transmission, Neurons, Reaction Time, Somatosensory Cortex, Touch, Vibrissae, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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