The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 17 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Using Imagination to Understand the Neural Basis of Episodic Memory
Open accessAbstract
Functional MRI (fMRI) studies investigating the neural basis of episodic memory recall, and the related task of thinking about plausible personal future events, have revealed a consistent network of associated brain regions. Surprisingly little, however, is understood about the contributions individual brain areas make to the overall recollective experience. To examine this, we used a novel fMRI paradigm in which subjects had to imagine fictitious experiences. In contrast to future thinking, this results in experiences that are not explicitly temporal in nature or as reliant on self-processing. By using previously imagined fictitious experiences as a comparison for episodic memories, we identified the neural basis of a key process engaged in common, namely scene construction, involving the generation, maintenance and visualization of complex spatial contexts. This was associated with activations in a distributed network, including hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and retrosplenial cortex. Importantly, we disambiguated these common effects from episodic memory-specific responses in anterior medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus. These latter regions may support self-schema and familiarity processes, and contribute to the brain's ability to distinguish real from imaginary memories. We conclude that scene construction constitutes a common process underlying episodic memory and imagination of fictitious experiences, and suggest it may partially account for the similar brain networks implicated in navigation, episodic future thinking, and the default mode. We suggest that additional brain regions are co-opted into this core network in a task-specific manner to support functions such as episodic memory that may have additional requirements.
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Integrity signals
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Cites
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
13 Own result · 4 Own method · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 No full text of the sources · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Thus episodic memory recall can be conceptually divided into a number of component processes including a sense of subjective time (Tulving, 2002), self-processing (Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000), visual imagery (Rubin et al., 2003), narrative structure (Rubin et al., 2003), retrieval of semantic information (Wheeler et al., 1997) and multi-modal details (Wheeler et al., 2000; Gottfried et al., 2004), and feelings of familiarity (Wagner et al., 2005).”
§ Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tulving, 2002 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000 source
- Supportedcites Rubin et al., 2003 source
The citation to Rubin et al. is attached to visual imagery and narrative structure, not the other processes in the citing sentence. The paper’s “Component processes” section identifies visual imagery as a component of autobiographical memory and treats narrative coherence as a distinct feature, measured by whether a memory comes as a coherent story. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“have revealed a consistent and distributed network of associated brain regions,”
§ Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Maguire, 2001 source
- Partly supportedcites Svoboda et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 identifies a consistent, distributed network across autobiographical-memory imaging studies. Section 3.4 reports overlap in two regions for past and future thought, but cites only one imaging study directly comparing them; it does not establish a consistent distributed network across studies of both episodic recall and future thinking. The indexed copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cabeza and St Jacques, 2007 source
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“we replicated the well-established episodic memory retrieval network consistently activated in studies of autobiographical memory”
§ Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory > Results > Neuroimaging Data
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Maguire, 2001 source
- Partly supportedcites Rugg et al., 2002 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that successful episodic recollection is associated with lateral parietal activation and more variable prefrontal activation. It does not establish a consistently activated network in autobiographical-memory studies or compare recall of real memories with recall of objects; the available text points to a PDF for the full article. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites Svoboda et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says the meta-analysis identifies shared patterns of brain activation during autobiographical remembering, supporting the citing sentence’s reference to an established retrieval network. The Results and discussion (section 3.1) also describes an autobiographical-memory network. Our copy does not establish the claim’s more specific comparison of real-memory recall with recalled objects. (LLM, conf=0.84)
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, we disambiguated these common effects from episodic memory-specific responses in anterior medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus.”
§ Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory > Abstract
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter regions may support self-schema and familiarity processes,”
§ Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory > Abstract
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conclude that scene construction constitutes a common process underlying episodic memory and imagination of fictitious experiences,”
§ Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory > Abstract
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we identified the neural basis of a key process engaged in common, namely scene construction”
§ Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory > Abstract
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was associated with activations in a distributed network, including hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and retrosplenial cortex.”
§ Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory > Abstract
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“involving the generation, maintenance and visualisation of complex spatial contexts.”
§ Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory > Abstract
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This study demonstrates that imagining new experiences is a manipulable and useful experimental tool which may prove fruitful in further advancing our understanding of episodic memory and the processes underpinning it, as well as other related cognitive functions”
§ Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buckner and Carroll, 2007 source
- Not matchedcites Hassabis and Maguire, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Much recent interest has focused on the striking overlap among brain regions involved in the retrieval of autobiographical memories, the imagination of novel events, and navigation14, 47, 48.”
From Anchoring the neural compass: coding of local spatial reference frames in human medial parietal lobe (2014) · cites this paper as [48]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(20) = 13.52reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 13.52, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 13.6reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 13.60, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 11.03reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 11.03, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = -4.89reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = −4.89, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 4.36reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 4.36, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 4.41reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 4.41, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 2.88reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .009
“t(20) = 2.88, p < .01”
- Consistentt(20) = -4.77reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = −4.77, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = -6.67reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = −6.67, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 5.51reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 5.51, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 4.96reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 4.96, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 6.17reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 6.17, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 17.85reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 17.85, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 11.18reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 11.18, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 2.42reported p < .03 · recomputed p = .025
“t(20) = 2.42, p < .03”
- Consistentt(20) = 12.99reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 12.99, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 8.67reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 8.67, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = -0.89reported p = .39 · recomputed p = .384
“t(20) = −0.89, p = .39”
- Consistentt(20) = 0.51reported p = .62 · recomputed p = .616
“t(20) = 0.51, p = .62”
- Consistentt(20) = -1.97reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .063
“t(20) = −1.97, p = .06”
- Consistentt(20) = -1reported p = .33 · recomputed p = .329
“t(20) = −1.00, p = .33”
- Consistentt(20) = -0.47reported p = .64 · recomputed p = .643
“t(20) = −0.47, p = .64”
- Consistentt(20) = 1.75reported p = .1 · recomputed p = .095
“t(20) = 1.75, p = .10”
- Consistentt(20) = 3.86reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 3.86, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 4.26reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(20) = 4.26, p < .001”
- Consistentt(20) = 1.09reported p = .29 · recomputed p = .289
“t(20) = 1.09, p = .29”
- Consistentt(20) = -0.69reported p = .5 · recomputed p = .498
“t(20) = −0.69, p = .50”
- Consistentt(20) = -0.59reported p = .56 · recomputed p = .562
“t(20) = −0.59, p = .56”
- Consistentt(20) = 0.26reported p = .8 · recomputed p = .798
“t(20) = 0.26, p = .80”
- Consistentt(20) = -0.3reported p = .77 · recomputed p = .767
“t(20) = −0.30, p = .77”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190 · cited 4×
“…2005), episodic future thinking (Atance and O’Neill, 2001; Addis et al., 2007; Schacter and Addis, 2007; Szpunar et al., 2007), the default mode (Raichle et al., 2001) and daydreaming (Mason et al., 2007), leading to suggestions that it performs a general function (Buckner and Carroll, 2007;…”
BackgroundInfluential(1978) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 8,010
Episodic memory: from mind to brain
Tulving, E. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 · Cited by 4,950 · cited 11×
“…theory of mind (Kumaran and Maguire, 2005; Amodio and Frith, 2006) and episodic future thinking (Addis et al., 2007) suggesting that the amPFC and PCC might be supporting pro- cesses related to the self (Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000) and mental time travel (Wheeler et al., 1997; Tulving, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.261 · Cited by 4,089 · cited 7×
“…a purely created imagined experience does not have the same reliance or effect on the imaginer’s self-schema compared with a real episodic memory (Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Gallagher, 2000) although both likely involve the adoption of an egocentric viewpoint (Burgess, 2006) on the part…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMeeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition
Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1884 · Cited by 3,782 · cited 2×
“…bears a striking resemblance to networks found to support self-reflection (Johnson et al., 2002), theory of mind (Kumaran and Maguire, 2005; Amodio and Frith, 2006) and episodic future thinking (Addis et al., 2007) suggesting that the amPFC and PCC might be supporting pro- cesses related…”
BackgroundPhilosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science.
Gallagher, S. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01417-5 · Cited by 2,881 · cited 4×
“Moreover, by using rich imaginary memories as a well matched comparison task we were able to isolate processes specific to episodic memory, such as the use of self-schema (Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Gallagher, 2000), a sense of familiarity and mental time travel (Tulving, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought
Mason, M. F., Norton, M. I., Van Horn, J. D., Wegner, D. M., Grafton, S. T., & Macrae, C. N. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1131295 · Cited by 2,792 · cited 4×
“, 2001), and perhaps even daydreaming (Mason et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialBuckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.004 · Cited by 2,691
The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory
Burgess, N., Maguire, E. A., & O'Keefe, J. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00830-9 · Cited by 2,401 · cited 3×
“…network (also replicated in this study with the RM RO contrast) has also been activated in a variety of other circumstances including navigation (Burgess et al., 2002; Hartley et al., 2003; Spiers and Maguire, 2006), spatial tasks (Maguire et al., 2003; Kumaran and Maguire, 2005), episodic…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationRemembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2213 · Cited by 2,394 · cited 1×
“…a key component of episodic memory recall lends additional support to constructive theories of episodic memory (Bartlett, 1932; Schacter et al., 1998) and the recently proposed constructive episodic simulation function of the episodic memory system (Schacter and Addis, 2007; Schacter et al., 2007).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Bartlett FC (1932) Remembering (Cambridge UP, Cambridge).
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., & Maguire, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hassabis, Demis
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2007-12-26
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 52
- Pages
- 14365-14374
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2571957
- OpenAlex
- W1982298223
- Cited by
- 744
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 15.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (071173)
- Brain Research Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory, imagination, scene construction, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, retrosplenial cortex, anterior medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, episodic future thinking, default mode network, self-processing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-25 (prompt extract-v2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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