Cited by 657Cancer, Hypoxia, and MetabolismAmino Acid Enzymes and MetabolismBacterial Cancer Therapy

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Cancer cell metabolism: the essential role of the nonessential amino acid, glutamine

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Zhang, Ji, Pavlova, Natalya N, Thompson, Craig B·2017·The EMBO Journal

DOI 10.15252/embj.201696151PMC PMC5430235

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Abstract

Biochemistry textbooks and cell culture experiments seem to be telling us two different things about the significance of external glutamine supply for mammalian cell growth and proliferation. Despite the fact that glutamine is a nonessential amino acid that can be synthesized by cells from glucose-derived carbons and amino acid-derived ammonia, most mammalian cells in tissue culture cannot proliferate or even survive in an environment that does not contain millimolar levels of glutamine. Not only are the levels of glutamine in standard tissue culture media at least ten-fold higher than other amino acids, but glutamine is also the most abundant amino acid in the human bloodstream, where it is assiduously maintained at approximately 0.5 mM through a combination of dietary uptake, de novo synthesis, and muscle protein catabolism. The complex metabolic logic of the proliferating cancer cells' appetite for glutamine-which goes far beyond satisfying their protein synthesis requirements-has only recently come into focus. In this review, we examine the diversity of biosynthetic and regulatory uses of glutamine and their role in proliferation, stress resistance, and cellular identity, as well as discuss the mechanisms that cells utilize in order to adapt to glutamine limitation.

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Authors: Zhang, J., Pavlova, N. N., & Thompson, C. B.
Affiliations: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
Corresponding author: Thompson, Craig B
ORCID: Zhang, Ji
Pavlova, Natalya N
Thompson, Craig B
Venue: The EMBO Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-04-18
Volume: 36
Issue: 10
Pages: 1302-1315
ISSN: 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
1460-2075
DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696151
PMC: PMC5430235
OpenAlex: W2606441315
Cited by: 651
References: 129
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 9
FWCI: 5.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Terri Brodeur Breast Cancer Foundation
HHS|National Institutes of Health (P30 CA008748, P01 CA104838)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Bacterial Cancer Therapy
Keywords: glutamine, cancer metabolism, non-essential amino acids, glutamine synthesis, glutamine limitation, cellular stress resistance, cell proliferation, cell identity, muscle protein degradation, protein synthesis
MeSH terms: Animals, Glutamine, Humans, Neoplasms, Cell Proliferation

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Cancer cell metabolism: the essential role of the nonessential amino acid, glutamine

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